学龄前儿童饮食行为对蔬菜水果摄入水平的影响

目的探讨3～5岁学龄前儿童饮食行为对蔬菜水果摄入水平的影响。方法在广东、辽宁、内蒙古、上海和四川选取10个幼儿园923名3～5岁学龄前儿童作为研究对象,使用儿童饮食行为问卷量化学龄前儿童饮食行为,采用有序多分类Logistic回归分析儿童各维度饮食行为对蔬菜水果摄入水平的影响。结果本研究中3～5岁儿童蔬菜的摄入量中位数为130.5g/d(P25～P75:75.0～220.0g/d),水果的摄入量为175.0g/d(P25～P75:100.0～250.0g/d)。3～5岁学龄前儿童蔬菜和水果的消费率分别为98.5%和98.4%,达标率分别为22.1%和68.8%。儿童饮食行为中,主动性进食、外因性进食、挑食、食物响应、过饱响应、不良进食习惯、情绪性进食得分依次是(3.77±0.69)分、(2.86±0.66)分、(2.77±0.65)分、(2.48±0.66)分、(2.37 ±0.69)分、(2.27±0.64)分和(1.59±0.56)分。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,儿童挑食行为是蔬菜摄入水平的影响因素(OR=0.740,95% CI:0.608～0.899),过饱响应(OR=0.786,95% CI:0.633～0.976)和外因性进食(OR=1.297,95% CI:1.063～1.584)是水果摄入水平的影响因素。以儿童家庭年收入、儿童体格发育情况和年龄进行调整后,结果一致。结论儿童挑食行为对蔬菜摄入有负向影响;过饱响应对水果摄入有负向影响,外因性进食对水果摄入有正向影响。     

学前儿童母亲喂养行为现状及影响因素分析

了解学龄前儿童母亲不同喂养行为现状及其影响因素,为指导学龄前儿童科学喂养行为提供理论支持.方法 采用整群抽样方法,抽取上海市4所幼儿园共872名学前儿童及其母亲,母亲完成儿童喂养行为问卷、儿童行为评估问卷、童年食物缺乏情况问卷、体重感知测验.采用标准体重计和身高计测量儿童和母亲的体质量指数(BMI).结果 母亲监督饮食在不同年级、不同性别儿童间差异无统计学意义,对大班男生的限制饮食和逼迫进食行为高于大班女生(P值均<0.01).回归分析结果显示,母亲学历负向预测监督饮食(B=-0.01,P<0.01),母亲责任心和担心正向预测监督饮食(B值分别为0.16,0.17,P值均<0.01);母亲的责任心和担心正向预测限制饮食(B值分别为0.16,0.19,P值均<0.01),儿童努力控制水平、儿童的BMI水平负向预测限制饮食(B值分别为-0.08,-0.05,P值均<0.05);母亲童年时期食物的短缺、母亲对儿童体重的期望以及母亲对儿童体重的责任心正向预测逼迫进食(B值分别为0.10,0.14,0.20,P值均<0.01),母亲学历和儿童的BMI负向预测逼迫进食(B值分别为-0.14,-0.08,P值均<0.01).结论 母亲喂养行为受到母亲自身因素和儿童特点的影响.母亲应采取合理的喂养行为促进儿童的健康发展.     

母亲喂养行为对学前儿童饮食行为的影响

目的了解母亲喂养行为对学前儿童饮食行为的影响,进而从家庭喂养的角度为培养儿童良好的饮食行为习惯提供依据及建议。方法采用《儿童喂养量表》和《儿童饮食行为量表》对128例母亲的喂养态度、行为及其孩子的饮食行为状况进行评估,并采用多元逐步回归分析考察母亲喂养行为对儿童饮食行为的影响。结果限制饮食是大多数母亲在生活中经常表现出的喂养行为;过饱响应、进食缓慢以及挑食是当前儿童存在的不良饮食行为;限制饮食对食物响应、食物喜好具有显著的正向预测作用;逼迫进食对儿童过饱响应、进食缓慢、挑食、渴望饮料、情绪性饮食减少及情绪性过度饮食具有显著的正向预测作用,对儿童的食物喜好具有显著的负向预测作用。监督对儿童的挑食具有显著的负向预测作用。结论母亲喂养行为与儿童饮食行为存在密切关系。     

不同体重母亲喂养方式及学龄前儿童饮食行为比较

目的比较正常体重与超重/肥胖2种类型母亲的喂养方式和学龄前饮食行为各维度的差异,为制定有效促进学龄前儿童健康饮食行为形成的健康教育策略提供参考依据。方法于2016年10月采用综合性喂养行为问卷和学龄前儿童饮食行为问卷对浙江省杭州市1 157名母亲进行调查,评估母亲喂养方式及学龄前儿童的饮食行为,并对不同体重母亲的喂养方式及其子女的饮食行为进行比较。结果超重/肥胖母亲控制进食得分(2.69±0.53)明显高于健康体重母亲得分(2.21±0.42),而建立良好的家庭进食环境(3.81±0.72)、鼓励均衡和多样化饮食(4.01±0.45)、家长模范榜样(2.91±0.65)得分均低于健康体重母亲的得分;学龄前儿童饮食行为比较结果表明,与健康体重母亲比较,超重/肥胖母亲自报其孩子爱喝饮料(3.44±0.58)、食物喜好(3.91±0.64)得分更高,饱腹响应得分(1.97±0.63)偏低。结论超重或肥胖母亲更倾向采取不健康的喂养方式,且其孩子更可能养成喜欢喝饮料、食物喜好等不良的饮食习惯。     

气质对学龄前儿童家长喂养行为与其子女挑食关系的调节作用

目的 探讨父母喂养行为对学龄前儿童挑食的影响,检验儿童气质在其中的调节作用.方法 2020年6月采取方便抽样对上海市浦东新区6所幼儿园442名3～6岁学龄前儿童家长进行问卷调查.调查内容包括家长喂养行为、儿童挑食及儿童气质(生气沮丧、抑制控制).结果 父母鼓励健康饮食负向预测儿童挑食(β=-0.270,P＜0.001)...     

澳门学龄前儿童挑食偏食行为及家庭影响因素

了解澳门学龄前儿童挑食偏食行为及家庭背景和家庭教育行为的影响,为学龄前儿童的饮食健康教育提供参考依据.方法 根据澳门特别行政区教育暨青年局所记录的学校及学生人数,选取澳门7所幼儿园1 229名3~6岁学龄前儿童,通过问卷调查收集数据,应用SPSS 17.0对数据进行整理分析.结果 澳门3~6岁学龄前儿童进餐规律较好,能定时、定点、定量吃饭者占71.4%;70%以上的儿童能保证每日都进食水果蔬菜,但有47.3%的儿童会挑食偏食;超过70%的儿童喜欢吃零食,主要为糖果(69.8%),味道好是孩子喜爱零食、含糖饮料和西式快餐的主要原因(63.7%).88.3%的家长常在吃饭时对孩子进行饮食教育,92.8%的家长会引导孩子均衡饮食,91.5%的家长会赞赏孩子的良好饮食行为,但56.0%的家长会强迫孩子进食.家长对学龄前儿童的偏食挑食行为有很大的影响,家长强迫进食是导致孩子偏食挑食的主要家庭因素(B=0.78,P=0.00);当孩子的主要照顾者为父母(F=3.8,P<0.05)且父母的社会经济地位较高(F=3.1,P<0.05)时,孩子的挑食偏食行为就越少.结论 父母应承担起照顾儿童日常饮食的责任,以身作则并以鼓励而非强迫的方式引导孩子正确饮食,减少幼童的偏食挑食行为.     

贵州省部分儿童青少年水果蔬菜摄入情况调查

目的了解与儿童青少年健康饮食相关密切的水果蔬菜摄入情况,考察影响儿童青少年水果和蔬菜摄入的个人、家庭及社会环境因素。方法参考国内外相关研究设计调查问卷,采用整群随机抽样的方法,对贵州省9所学校1 398名在校中小学生(非住校生)进行调查。结果大多数儿童青少年都爱吃水果和蔬菜,57.9%的父母积极鼓励孩子吃水果蔬菜,但儿童青少年对摄入水果蔬菜的自我效能感并不高,家庭、社会环境对孩子们提供水果蔬菜的便利性和可获得性很低。影响因素中有13项城市高于农村,差异有统计学意义(P值均0.01)。儿童青少年对蔬菜水果的主观需求与实际摄入量之间不均衡,其中存在一个巨大的需求。结论应尝试介入家庭、学校及娱乐场所等,提高儿童青少年在与他们生活密切相关的环境中获得水果蔬菜的可及性与便利性。     

生命早期喂养模式对学龄前儿童蔬菜和水果摄入的影响

目的 了解婴儿期母乳喂养持续时间和纯母乳喂养对学龄前期儿童蔬菜和水果摄入的影响,为婴幼儿喂养指导提供更为有力的科学依据。方法 使用已经进行的儿童肥胖研究的基线调查数据进行分析,数据为通过问卷调查的方式了解儿童婴儿期喂养基本情况和儿童膳食现状,使用Logistic回归模型对可能关联进行验证。结果 在1 189名调查儿童婴儿期,纯母乳喂养持续超过6个月的占17.1%,母乳喂养持续时间超过12个月的占9.6%。纯母乳喂养持续6个月以上的儿童在学龄前期超重肥胖发生率明显低于纯母乳喂养持续时间<6个月的儿童(2.2% &3.7%,P<0.05)。学龄前儿童摄入每周≥6次的水果和蔬菜的频率比例分别为87.5%及67.7%。婴儿期持续母乳喂养12个月及以上儿童在学龄前期摄入蔬菜频率高于母乳喂养持续时间<12个月的儿童(OR=1.251; 95%CI1.115~2.563),纯母乳喂养≥6个月的儿童较纯母乳喂养时间<6个月的儿童在学龄前期摄入蔬菜的频率高,两者存在统计学关联(OR=1.015;95%CI1.002~1.105)。母乳喂养模式与学龄前期儿童摄入水果频率差异无统计学意义(OR=0.882;95%CI0.412~1.514) &(OR=0.657;95%CI0.442~1.019)。结论 长期母乳喂养及纯母乳喂养与学龄前期儿童蔬菜摄入量存在正向关联,但与学龄前期儿童水果摄入无任何关联。生命早期科学喂养方式对于儿童生命后期营养习惯的形成乃至对营养发育的影响都十分重要的,因而社会和家庭对于母乳喂养的认识和支持也需进一步深入和提高。     

母亲对学龄前儿童体重感知偏差与其喂养行为的相关性研究

目的初步分析母亲对学龄前儿童体重感知偏差对其喂养行为的影响,为今后干预家长采取科学、正确的喂养行为提供一个新途径。方法采用方便抽样,对上海市浦东新区某两所幼儿园250名学龄前儿童的母亲进行问卷调查。调查内容包括人口社会学特征、母亲对子女感知体重水平和母亲的喂养行为。结果 53.54%的母亲能够准确感知子女的体重水平,且低估体重水平者(38.89%)远多于高估体重水平者(7.58%)。在体重水平正常组中,正确评估子女体重水平的家长更可能担心其子女今后体重超重(t=3.793,P<0.001,β=0.435);在体重水平超重组中,低估子女体重水平的家长不太担心子女的体重问题,更可能采取逼迫进食而不是监督饮食的喂养方式(对子女超重的担心:t=2.823,P=0.008,β=0.681;监督饮食:t=2.142,P=0.039,β=0.539;逼迫进食:t=-2.006,P=0.052,β=-0.376)。结论母亲对学龄前儿童的体重水平的感知准确性较差,且有低估儿童体重水平的倾向。母亲对子女体重感知偏差可能会导致其采取不合理的喂养行为。     

京沪穗学龄前儿童膳食状况与偏食调查

目的 了解北京、上海、广州3地学龄前儿童的膳食摄入和偏食情况,为指导合理饮食并帮助建立良好的饮食习惯提供依据.方法 采用食物频率问卷(FFQ)收集北京、上海、广州3地城区各5所幼儿园共3 045名调查对象过去6个月中21种常见食物摄入状况.结果 调查对象蔬菜摄入不足现象较为严重,每日平均摄入量仅为89.29 g;禽肉类每日平均摄入量为55.32 g,远高于推荐量;60.26％的学龄前儿童存在严重偏食情况,其中58.46％的男童、61.41％的女童均严重偏食,男女童严重偏食率差异有统计意义(x2=24.625,P＜0.05).结论 3地学龄前儿童蔬菜摄入不足、肉类食用过多,将导致水溶性维生素、膳食纤维摄入不足及营养过剩、超重肥胖等营养不均衡现象.     

Parental pressure, dietary patterns, and weight status among girls who are "picky eaters"

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether mothers' fruit and vegetable intake and mothers' use of pressure in the feeding domain when their daughters were 7 years old predicted picky eating and dietary intake when their daughters were 9 years old, and to examine diet and weight status in picky and nonpicky eaters. DESIGN/SUBJECTS: Participants were 173 9-year-old non-Hispanic white girls and their mothers. A longitudinal analysis was used to assess maternal influences on picky eating and diet. A cross-sectional analysis was used to examine diet and weight status between picky and nonpicky eaters. Measures included maternal feeding practices, daughters' pickiness, mothers' fruit and vegetable intake, daughters' food intake, and weight status. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: t tests examined differences between picky and nonpicky eaters. Structural equation modeling examined relationships among mothers' fruit and vegetable intake; child feeding practices; daughters' pickiness; and fruit, vegetable, micronutrient, and fiber intakes. RESULTS: Mothers consuming more fruits and vegetables were less likely to pressure their daughters to eat and had daughters who were less picky and consumed more fruits and vegetables. Picky eaters consumed fewer fruits and vegetables, but also fewer fats and sweets. All girls consumed low amounts of vitamin E, calcium, and magnesium, but more picky girls were at risk for not meeting recommendations for vitamins E and C and also consumed significantly less fiber. In addition, picky eaters were less likely to be overweight. CONCLUSIONS: Mothers influenced daughters' fruit and vegetable intake via their own patterns of fruit and vegetable intake and by influencing their daughters' tendencies to be picky eaters. Both picky and nonpicky eaters had aspects of their diets that did not meet recommendations. Taken together, these findings suggest that parents should focus less on "picky eating" behavior and more on modeling fruit and vegetable consumption for their children.     

Maternal feeding practices predict fruit and vegetable consumption in young children. Results of a 12-month longitudinal study

This study aimed to explore the prospective relationship between maternal feeding practices and young children's frequency of consumption of fruits, vegetables and sweets, and also child weight-for-height z-scores. Participants were 60 mothers who completed questionnaires when their children were 1 year old and again when their children were 2 years old. Regression analyses were performed. After controlling for availability and prior child consumption of the target food, maternal use of pressure to eat at 1 year predicted lower child frequency of fruit consumption at 2 years and approached significance for lower vegetable consumption. Maternal modelling of healthy eating at 1 year predicted higher child frequency of vegetable consumption at 2 years. Restriction did not significantly predict child frequency of consumption of fruits, vegetables or sweets over time. Child weight-for-height scores at 2 years were predicted by weight-for-height at 1 year but not by feeding practices. The findings suggest that maternal feeding practices can influence child eating at a very young age. Interventions should focus on encouraging parents to model healthy eating to promote healthy eating in children.     

Demographic and Psychosocial Predictors of Fruit and Vegetable Intakes Differ: Implications for Dietary Interventions

Objective The National Cancer Institute (Rockville, Md) has launched a nationwide initiative—5 A Day for Better Health—to encourage consumption of fruits and vegetables. Because the tastes and culinary uses of fruits and vegetables differ, however, it is not known whether a general 5-A-Day message is an effective intervention strategy. This study examined whether there are differences between the demographic and psychosocial correlates of fruit and vegetable intakes.

Design Data are from the Washington State Cancer Risk Behavior Survey (1995-1996), a cross-sectional, random-digit-dial telephone survey representative of the adult population of Washington State.

Subjects/setting Interviews were completed with 1,450 adults. Data were collected about demographic characteristics, health status, health-related behavior, fruit and vegetable intakes, and the following diet-related psychosocial factors: beliefs, motives, barriers, attitudes, and stages of dietary change.

Statistical analyses Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to test whether the associations of demographic characteristics and psychosocial factors with fruit intake differed from associations with vegetable intake.

Results In general, health status, health-related behavior, and psychosocial factors were more strongly associated with fruit intakes than vegetable intakes. For example, regular exercisers consumed 0.44 more daily servings of fruits and 0.36 more servings of vegetables than nonexercisers. Compared with those in the preaction stage of dietary change, adults in the maintenance stage consumed 0.99 more daily servings of fruits and 0.68 more servings of vegetables. Intrinsic motivations for eating a healthful diet (eg, to feel better) were strongly associated with both fruit and vegetable intakes, and these associations were stronger for fruit. Extrinsic motivations were not associated with either fruit or vegetable intakes.

Applications Dietary interventions based on a general 5-A-Day message may be more effective in increasing fruit intakes than vegetable intakes. Targeted interventions that focus specifically on vegetables are probably necessary. Intrinsic motives for eating a healthful diet should be key components of interventions to increase fruit and vegetable intakes. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98:1412-1417.     

Use of the Grade of Membership method to identify consumption patterns and eating behaviors among adolescents in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

To identify food patterns and eating behaviors among adolescents and to describe the prevalence rates, this study applied the Grade of Membership method to data from a survey on health risk factors among adolescent students in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (N = 1,632). The four profiles generated were: "A" (12.1%) more frequent consumption of all foods labeled as healthy, less frequent consumption of unhealthy foods, and healthy eating behaviors; "B" (45.8%) breakfast and three meals a day as a habit, less frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables and of five markers of unhealthy diet; "C" (22.8%) lack of healthy eating behaviors, less frequent consumption of vegetables, fruit, milk, cold cuts, cookies, and soft drinks; and "D" (19.3%) more frequent consumption of all unhealthy foods and less frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables. The results indicate the need for interventions to promote healthy eating in this age group.     

Parental influences on young girls' fruit and vegetable, micronutrient, and fat intakes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate parents' fruit and vegetable intake and their use of pressure to eat in child feeding as predictors of their 5-year-old daughters' fruit and vegetable, micronutrient, and fat intakes. SUBJECTS: Data were obtained from 191 non-Hispanic white families with 5-year-old girls. DESIGN: Parent data included reports of pressure in child feeding and their own fruit and vegetable intake. Girls' intakes of fruits and vegetables, selected micronutrients, and fat were the main outcomes of interest. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Structural equation modeling was used to test a model describing relationships among parents' fruit and vegetable intake, parents' use of pressure in child feeding, and daughters' fruit and vegetable, micronutrient, and fat intakes. RESULTS: The model provided a good fit to the data, revealing that girls' fruit and vegetable intake was positively related to their parents' reported fruit and vegetable intake. Parents who consumed fewer fruits and vegetables tended to report greater pressure in child feeding and had daughters who consumed fewer fruits and vegetables. Girls' reported fruit and vegetable intakes were positively related to their micronutrient intakes and negatively associated with fat intake. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: This research demonstrates that parents' own fruit and vegetable intake may encourage fruit and vegetable intake in their daughters, leading to higher micronutrient intakes and lower dietary fat intakes. Conversely, pressure to eat may discourage fruit and vegetable intake among young girls.     

Life-course events and experiences: association with fruit and vegetable consumption in 3 ethnic groups

OBJECTIVE: To examine how life-course experiences and events are associated with current fruit and vegetable consumption in 3 ethnic groups. DESIGN: A theoretic model developed from previous qualitative research guided the development of a telephone survey. Data were collected on fruit and vegetable consumption, sociodemographic characteristics, ethnic identity, and life-course events and experiences, including food upbringing, social roles, food skills, dietary changes for health, and practice of food traditions. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Low- to moderate-income adults living in a northeastern US city were selected randomly from 3 ethnic groups: black (n = 201), Hispanic (n = 191), and white (n = 200). STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Bivariate and multiple linear regression analysis of associations between life-course variables and fruit and vegetable consumption. RESULTS: Black, Hispanic, and white respondents differed significantly in life-course experiences, family roles, socio-demographic characteristics, and place of birth. Explanatory models for fruit and vegetable consumption differed among ethnic groups and between fruits and vegetables. Among black respondents, a college education was positively associated with fruit consumption; education and family roles contributed most to differences in fruit (R2 = .16) and vegetable (R2 = .09) consumption. Among Hispanic respondents, life-course experiences such as liking fruits and vegetables in youth, making dietary changes for health, and food skills were positively associated with fruit (R2 = .25) and vegetable (R2 = .35) consumption. Among white respondents, socio-demographic characteristics, such as being married with a young child or single with no child and having a garden as an adult, were positively associated with fruit (R2 = .20) and vegetable (R2 = .22) consumption. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: An understanding of the determinants of food choice in different subcultural groups can be used to design effective nutrition interventions to increase fruit and vegetable consumption. Experiences such as eating fresh-picked fruits and vegetables while growing up or vegetable gardening as an adult may enhance fruit and vegetable consumption among members of some ethnic groups.     

Parenting Styles,Food Parenting Practices and Dietary Intakes of Preschoolers

Previous evidence suggests that children’s eating behaviors were largely influenced by the parent and home eating structure. This study examined the relationship between parenting styles (including authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and uninvolved), food parenting practices (within Structure, Coercive Control, and Autonomy Support constructs) and dietary intakes of preschoolers. Children aged 3–5 years and their parents were recruited from preschools/daycare centers and parents completed the surveys (n = 166). Dietary intakes were collected using the Harvard Service Food Frequency Questionnaire (HSFFQ), parenting style was assessed using the Parenting Dimensions Inventory-Short Version (PDI-S), and food parenting practices were measured using Comprehensive Home Environment Survey (CHES). The results showed that food parenting practices had a higher number of specific significant findings on children’s nutrient and food group intakes than parenting styles. Correlation analyses showed positive parenting practices within Structure were significantly related to healthier children’s intakes (e.g., vegetables, iron, and folate) and less unhealthy dietary intakes (e.g., sweets and total fats). Regression models show that children with authoritative parents consumed more fruits compared to children with authoritarian parents and indulgent parents. The results addressed the importance of parental influences for preschoolers’ healthy dietary intakes, which suggested that future interventions and educational programs could enhance parenting practices to impact child diet.     

Parental influences on young girls’ fruit and vegetable, micronutrient, and fat intakes

Objective To evaluate parents’ fruit and vegetable intake and their use of pressure to eat in child feeding as predictors of their 5-year-old daughters’ fruit and vegetable, micronutrient, and fat intakes.Subjects Data were obtained from 191 non-Hispanic white families with 5-year-old girls.Design Parent data included reports of pressure in child feeding and their own fruit and vegetable intake. Girls’ intakes of fruits and vegetables, selected micronutrients, and fat were the main outcomes of interest.Statistical analysis Structural equation modeling was used to test a model describing relationships among parents’ fruit and vegetable intake, parents’ use of pressure in child feeding, and daughters’ fruit and vegetable, micronutrient, and fat intakes.Results The model provided a good fit to the data, revealing that girls’ fruit and vegetable intake was positively related to their parents’ reported fruit and vegetable intake. Parents who consumed fewer fruits and vegetables tended to report greater pressure in child feeding and had daughters who consumed fewer fruits and vegetables. Girls’ reported fruit and vegetable intakes were positively related to their micronutrient intakes and negatively associated with fat intake.Applications/conclusions This research demonstrates that parents’ own fruit and vegetable intake may encourage fruit and vegetable intake in their daughters, leading to higher micronutrient intakes and lower dietary fat intakes. Conversely, pressure to eat may discourage fruit and vegetable intake among young girls. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102:58–64.     

Predictors of fruit and vegetable intakes in young adults by gender

The objective of this study was to identify predictors of fruit and vegetable consumption by gender in collegiate young adults to guide interventions to help increase intakes. A sample of 294 subjects reported demographics, self-efficacy, dietary patterns, and food group intakes from 3 days of food records. Average daily servings of fruits and of vegetables were 1.9 ± 2.0 and 3.9 ± 2.6, respectively, for men, and 2.0 ± 1.6 and 2.9 ± 1.7, for women. For both genders, living in a residence hall and frequency of eating breakfast were positively associated with intakes of fruit and of fruit juice, whereas vegetable intakes were positively associated with intakes of energy and discretionary fat (P < .01). Self-efficacy to eat fruit predicted 8% and 9% of the variance in fruit intakes for women and men, respectively, with percentages increasing to 11% and 17% when juice was removed from the total. Self-efficacy to eat vegetables did not predict vegetable intake in men as it did for women. Predictors of fruit and vegetable intakes in this group of young adults varied by gender and by whether juice was included with fruit and fried potatoes with vegetables.     

Dietary intakes of urban, high body mass index, African American children: family and child dietary attributes predict child intakes

ObjectiveTo identify family and child nutrition and dietary attributes related to children's dietary intakes.DesignAfrican American children (ages 8-11 years, n = 156), body mass index > 85th percentile, from urban, low-income neighborhoods. Baseline, cross-sectional data collected as part of an ongoing diabetes prevention intervention. Dietary intakes were collected by 3-day food diary to assess total energy, percent fat, discretionary fat, added sugar, whole grains, vegetables, fruit, meat, and dairy. Questionnaires on nutrition and dietary attributes administered to children and parents were used to develop 5 diet-related indices: child knowledge, child preferences, child snack habits, child beverage habits, and family food habits.ResultsA higher child nutrition knowledge score was significantly related to a lower starchy vegetable intake. Higher scores on the child snack habits index were significantly related to higher intakes of fruit, total fruits and vegetables, total fruits and nonstarchy vegetables, and to lower intakes of added sugars. A higher score on the family food habits index was significantly related to lower intakes of total energy and discretionary fat.Conclusions and ImplicationsTargeting both child and family food and nutrition attributes may be used to promote more healthful eating among urban, low-income, overweight African American children.