孕期参加孕妇学校改善父母D型人格对学龄前儿童行为问题的影响

目的 以学龄前儿童为研究对象,探讨父母D型人格（type D personality,TDP）与学龄前儿童行为问题的关系,以及母亲孕期参加孕妇学校对2者之间关系的影响,为开展学龄前儿童行为问题研究提供参考依据。方法 对深圳市龙华区2017年9月份新入幼儿园小班儿童进行横断面调查,采用一般情况问卷、Conners儿童行为问卷（父母用）、D型人格量表（DS14）收集儿童一般情况、儿童行为问题和父母TDP特征情况等资料。使用Logistic回归分析父母TDP与儿童行为问题的关系,并评价母亲孕期参加孕妇学校在2者关系中的中介作用。结果 本研究共发放17 245份问卷,纳入15 022份有效问卷,其中男童8 062名,女童6 960名,平均年龄为（3.54±0.35）岁。不同性别、父母亲学历、家庭月收入、父母婚姻状况对学龄前儿童行为问题的影响差异有统计学意义（P<0.05或P<0.01）。二元Logistic回归分析显示,父母TDP与学龄前儿童的行为问题呈独立正相关,母亲孕期参加孕妇学校可改善父母TDP对学龄前儿童行为问题中的学习问题、冲动-多动与多动指数的影响。结论 母亲孕期参加孕妇学校教育可以改善父母TDP对学龄前儿童行为问题中的学习问题、冲动-多动和多动指数等3个维度的影响。     

海口市学龄前儿童特应性皮炎流行病学调查

目的 调查海口市学龄前儿童特应性皮炎(atopic dermatitis, AD)流行病学特征及患病危险因素。 方法 2020年10—11月采用问卷与体检相结合的方式调查海口市3~6岁学龄前儿童AD的流行病学特征,并采用logistic回归分析确定患病危险因素。 结果 海口市学龄前儿童AD总患病率为4.79%,其中男性为5.20%,女性为4.33%,3~4岁儿童为5.65%,5~6岁儿童为4.10%,男女及各年龄段患病率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。AD患儿病情以轻中度为主,64.95%的患儿在1岁内首次发病,45.36%的患儿合并其他过敏性疾病。经logistic回归分析显示父母过敏史、居住城市、儿童被动吸烟、居住环境潮湿、母亲孕期及儿童出生后居住新装修半年内房屋是学龄前儿童AD患病的独立危险因素。 结论 海口市3~6岁学龄前儿童AD患病率较高,父母过敏史、居住城市、儿童被动吸烟、居住环境潮湿、儿童出生后及母亲孕期居住新装修半年内房屋是学龄前儿童AD患病的独立危险因素。     

南京市学龄前儿童行为问题及其家庭环境影响因素

目的 了解学龄前儿童的行为问题及其相关影响因素,为针对性地开展学龄前儿童心理卫生工作提供依据.方法 抽取南京市区9所托幼机构1 141名儿童为调查对象,应用Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)及心理调查问卷,调查儿童心理行为问题及相关影响因素.结果 南京市学龄前儿童行为问题检出率为9.20%,儿童行为问题男女检出比例为1: 2,女童行为问题发生率高于男童,5岁以下女童心理异常发生率高于5岁以上女童.儿童行为问题与父母文化程度密切相关,与母亲孕期精神紧张、孕期有过精神刺激、父母有神经精神疾患、父、母经常责骂孩子、父亲对儿童的关心程度有关;搬家、入园等生活事件与儿童行为问题发生有关;母亲学历、家庭关系融洽是儿童心理健康的保护因素.结论 儿童行为问题的发生是环境、社会、家庭、教养等多因素综合作用的结果.应有针对性开展学龄前儿童心理卫生工作,降低儿童心理行为问题发生率.     

学龄前儿童龋齿与母亲孕期相关因素的关联分析

目的了解母亲孕期相关因素对学龄前儿童龋齿的影响,为有针对性制定保护乳牙的措施提供参考依据。方法用病例对照的方法,对全市城区22所幼儿园3 243名3~6岁在园健康儿童作为研究对象,1 408例患龋儿童作为病例组,1 835名未患龋儿童作为对照组,同时调查母亲孕期及围生期的相关因素。结果母亲孕期患龋或牙髓炎、牙龈炎,孕期补充蛋白质、钙等、孕期吸烟或被动吸烟、早产对儿童龋齿患病率有影响,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),多因素Logitic回归分析,结果显示孕期补充蛋白质、钙剂等是学龄前儿童龋齿保护因素,母亲孕期患龋齿、母亲孕期主动或被动吸烟是儿童龋齿的危险因素。结论母亲孕期相关因素对学龄前儿童龋齿的发生有影响,应加强孕期营养、口腔和全身保健,保护乳牙,促进儿童健康成长。     

母亲孕期被动吸烟与女生超重肥胖对月经初潮提前的影响

探讨母亲孕期被动吸烟及女生超重肥胖对女生月经初潮年龄(age at menarche,AAM)的影响,为促进儿童青少年健康成长提供参考.方法 基于2016年中学新生体检工作,采用方便抽样法对广州市城区26所中学的2 722名初一女生进行问卷调查和体格检查.应用Logistic回归模型分析女生超重肥胖、母亲孕期被动吸烟与女生AAM的关系,采用四向分解法探讨女生超重肥胖在母亲孕期被动吸烟对女生AAM提前中的中介效应.结果 女生月经来潮率为90.82%(2 472/2 722).月经初潮中位年龄为12.00岁,初潮提前率为34.91%(863/2 472).与母亲孕期无被动吸烟的女生相比,母亲孕期被动吸烟≤3d/周的女生AAM提前的风险增加32%(OR调整=1.32,95%CI=1.06~ 1.65),母亲孕期被动吸烟>3 d/周的女生AAM提前的风险增加58%(OR调整=1.58,95%CI=1.21~2.07).超重肥胖女生AAM提前的风险比非超重肥胖的女生增加77%(OR调整=1.77,95%CI=1.36~2.31).四向分解结果显示,母亲孕期被动吸烟导致女儿AAM提前的风险中,79.60%归因于母亲孕期被动吸烟的直接效应(P<0.01).结论 女生超重肥胖和母亲孕期被动吸烟与女生AAM提前关联.母亲孕期被动吸烟对女生AAM提前的影响方式可能以直接作用为主.     

深圳市龙岗区学龄前儿童溺爱行为现况

目的研究深圳市学龄前儿童溺爱行为现况及其流行特征,为采取相应的干预措施提供依据。方法采用整群随机抽样的方法,对深圳市龙岗区23所幼儿园3 826名3~6岁幼儿的家长进行问卷调查。结果儿童溺爱行为检出率为79.1%,其中经常出现溺爱行为的检出率为11.8%;年龄、带养人、父母籍贯、家庭类型、父亲学历、父亲陪伴时间、母亲孕期疾病不同的儿童溺爱行为检出率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);新生儿期住院天数及4个月内喂养情况不同的儿童溺爱行为检出率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论儿童溺爱行为较为普遍,与带养人、地域文化、父亲学历及父亲陪伴时间、母亲孕期健康及儿童健康状况、非母乳喂养等有关。     

被动吸烟与儿童哮喘关系的病例对照研究

【目的】探讨被动吸烟与儿童哮喘的关系。【方法】应用1：1配对的病例对照研究方法，调查和分析儿童及其母亲在孕期被动吸烟情况与儿童哮喘的关系。【结果】131对对照病例，经条件Logistic回归分析，父亲吸烟、吸烟年限、吸烟量与子女的哮喘有关，并随着吸烟年限及吸烟量的增加，子女哮喘的危险性增加，父亲既吸烟又饮酒增加儿童哮喘的危险性。在母亲孕期父亲是否在孕妇面前吸烟，都会增加子女哮喘的危险性，且随着吸烟频度及吸烟量的增加，子女哮喘的危险性也增加。提示孕妇及儿童暴露于香烟烟雾环境，都会增加儿童哮喘的危险性。【结论】向父母宣传被动吸烟对哮喘儿童的危害性，争取家庭合作，控制被动吸烟对预防儿童哮喘意义重大。     

学龄前儿童攻击行为有关危险因素的配比研究

目的 探讨学龄前儿童攻击行为的有关危险因素,为制定干预措施提供依据.方法 采用配对病例对照方法,收集4～6岁攻击行为患儿131例,对照262例,检测全血铅、锌、铁、铜和锰的含量并调查有关家庭社会情况.结果 攻击行为组的血铅含量0.095±0.021 μg/mL显著高于对照组0.037±0.019 μg/mL(P＜0.01);母亲在孕期承受的社会心理因素2.9±1.8件/人、母亲孕期吸烟史(8.4%)与被动吸烟史(24.4%)、家庭对孩子管教方式不当(64.1%)、父母婚姻状况不和谐(44.3%)、父亲职业不稳定(17.6%)、父子相处时间少(20.6%)、3岁前儿童与父母分离史(17.6%)、儿童接触电视或电脑暴力(16.0%)等明显多于对照组(分别为1.8±1.6件/人、1.2%、9.7%、38.9%、16.8%、5.7%、8.0%、7.3%和8.8%)(P＜0.05);血锌3.73±0.92 μg/mL和血铁360.80±58.91 μg/mL水平显著低于对照组4.86±1.19 μg/mL和473.73±74.32 μg/mL(P＜0.01);多因素条件Logistic回归分析表明,学龄前儿童攻击行为的主要危险因素为较高血铅含量、不良父母婚姻状况、家庭对孩子管教方式不当和父亲工作不稳定.结论 学龄前儿童攻击行为是由儿童自身内在因素和家庭社会因素综合所致.     

乌鲁木齐市汉族3～7岁流动儿童行为问题与母亲人格、儿童气质的相关性研究

目的了解流动学龄前儿童的气质类型、行为问题在不同性别、年龄段中的分布情况及母亲人格与儿童行为问题的关系。方法采用《Conner's教师问卷量表》、《Conner's父母问卷量表》、《3~7岁儿童气质量表》及《成人艾森克人格问卷》对乌鲁木齐市3个区4所幼儿园进行测查。结果学龄前儿童气质类型分布男女差异无统计学意义(P0.05),行为问题发生率无性别差异;不同气质类型儿童在品行问题、学习问题两因子得分比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),在冲动-多动、心身障碍、多动指数、焦虑4个因子得分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。母亲人格类型与儿童气质的比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),不同气质特征与品行问题的比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论儿童气质类型与品行问题的发生有关,母亲人格特征与儿童气质类型有差异。     

母亲孕期被动吸烟和补充叶酸与其子女孤独症行为的交互作用

目的 探讨母亲孕期被动吸烟和补充叶酸与儿童孤独症行为的交互作用。方法 以2014年深圳市龙华新区新入园的小班（3岁）儿童为研究对象,由家长填写问卷,询问儿童年龄、性别、早产、低出生体重、父母学历、父母生育年龄、家庭收入等,用孤独症行为量表评估儿童孤独症行为,按筛检界值31分和诊断界值62分将儿童分为正常组（<31分）、亚临床组（31～61分）和疑似临床组（≥62分）。控制混杂因素后,采用多分类logistic回归模型,分析孕期母亲被动吸烟和补充叶酸对儿童孤独症行为的主效应和交互作用。结果 孕期母亲被动吸烟与儿童孤独症行为呈正相关（亚临床组：OR=1.48,P<0.05;疑似临床组：OR=2.85,P<0.05）,孕期母亲补充叶酸与儿童孤独症行为的关联无统计学意义（亚临床组：OR=1.04,P>0.05;疑似临床组：OR=0.75,P>0.05）。分层分析显示,孕期母亲未被动吸烟的儿童中,孕期母亲补充叶酸与儿童孤独症行为呈负关联（疑似临床组：OR=0.30,P<0.05）;孕期母亲补充叶酸的儿童中,孕期母亲被动吸烟与儿童孤独症行为显著正关联（亚临床组：OR=1.52,P<0.05;疑似临床组：OR=4.45,P<0.05）。进一步交互作用分析显示,孕期母亲被动吸烟和补充叶酸对儿童孤独症行为疑似临床组的交互作用明显（OR=5.30,P<0.05）。结论 孕期母亲被动吸烟和补充叶酸与儿童孤独症行为关联,且存在交互作用。     

儿童远视储备影响因素研究进展

近年来,我国儿童青少年的近视问题呈现普遍化、低龄化、重度化趋势,近视发生前的远视储备受到越来越多的关注。远视储备过早消耗是近视快速和过早发生的预测因素,儿童远视储备消耗受很多因素影响,如妊娠并发症、孕期营养、早产、母乳喂养、生长速度、户外活动、视近作业和睡眠等。本文通过对儿童远视储备的生理变化及其影响因素进行综述,旨在为儿童青少年近视防控抓早抓小提供科学依据。     

Mothers' school-related identities and possible selves for their children

In this study, we explored how mothers' school-related identities influence their current expectations of school identities for their children using a possible selves framework. Forty-seven mothers of preschool-aged children participated in semi-structured interviews about their school-related histories and children's school preparation. A thematic analysis revealed two main themes: the feared self and the desired self. The feared self included maternal fears that their children would be an alternative learner, dropout or social outcast. The desired self included hopeful expectations that their children would become an honour roll or well-rounded student. This study suggests that mothers' recalled identities guide their expectations for the children's school identities as well as activities aimed at preparing children for the school setting. Implications for early childhood professionals and family outreach personnel are discussed.     

黄山市学龄前儿童睡眠问题与身心健康的相关性

了解黄山市区学龄前儿童睡眠问题的流行特征及其与营养状况和行为问题的关系,为学龄前儿童睡眠问题预防控制提供基础资料.方法 采用自编调查问卷,对方便抽取的黄山市区2 395名儿童家长进行问卷调查,调查儿童一般人口学特征、睡眠问题以及行为问题等,同时对儿童进行体格发育和血红蛋白检测.结果 学龄前儿童总体睡眠问题报告率为89.0%,最常见的为就寝习惯问题(64.1%).就寝习惯、入睡潜伏期延长问题表现为年龄越小,报告率越高;而睡眠持续时间、白天睡眠问题表现为年龄越大检出率越高,不同年龄组间差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).有白天困倦问题的儿童低体重检出率相对较高,有睡眠持续时间问题、白天困倦问题的儿童营养性贫血检出率相对较高,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).除是否有夜醒外,其他睡眠问题维度均表现为有睡眠问题儿童内化性行问题、外化性行为问题以及总行为问题检出率均高于无睡眠问题者,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).结论 学龄前儿童睡眠问题异常普遍,学龄前儿童睡眠问题与营养状况、贫血和行为问题关系密切.     

Voices of children,parents and teachers: how children cope with stress during school transition

This study explores how children's perceptions of stress factors and coping strategies are constructed over time. Children were interviewed before and after they made the transition from preschool to primary school. This study also explores teachers' and parental strategies in helping children to cope with stress at school. The sample included 53 six-year-old children, their parents and teachers. The findings show that children generally could make accurate predictions of unhappy things that might happen during the transition to primary school. Children reported being incompetent in fulfilling teachers' expectations regarding learning, self-help skills and conforming to rules. Children also reported peer conflicts and being nervous about authority. Children learned direct problem-solving skills, seeking social support and emotional regulation at preschool, but had only used the first two coping strategies at school. A majority of parents thought that transition problems affected children's emotions, whereas most teachers thought that transition problems affected children's learning.     

Processes Underlying Children's Adjustment in Families Characterized by Physical Aggression*

The hypothesis that physical aggression in the family affects children's adjustment through both observational learning/modeling and through its impact on parenting was tested (via LISREL) using data from a representative sample of Canadian children (N = 11,221 ). Results showed that observational learning and disrupted parenting provide reasonable, if only partial explanations, of mothers' assessments of children's adjustment in families characterized by physical aggression. Models for preschool (4–5 years), young (6–9 years), and older school‐age (10–11 years) children fit acceptably and showed similar but weak effects. Children reported to witness more aggression also were reported to behave more aggressively. Mothers who reported being less warm and responsive in parenting reported that their children were more aggressive, had more internalizing behaviors, and had fewer prosocial behaviors.     

Mothers of young children with disabilities: perceived benefits and worries about preschool

A child's move from early intervention (EI) to special education preschool is considered to be a critical transition point for both the child and family. Family concerns during this process are heightened by changes in service delivery systems. Although much has been written about the transition from EI services, little is known about the parents' perceptions of the early preschool experience. Data from a sample of 105 mothers and their children from the Early Intervention Collaborative Study [Hauser-Cram, P., Warfield, M.E., Shonkoff, J.P., & Krauss, M.W. (2001). Children with disabilities: A longitudinal study of child development and parent well-being. Society for Research in Child Development Monographs, 66, 1–131] were used to analyse mothers' reports on a study-developed measure designed to capture their views of children's preschool experiences immediately following transition. Factor analysis indicated two distinct factors, ‘benefits of school’ and ‘worries about school.’ Each of these factors was then regressed on child, family, and preschool classroom characteristics to examine predictors of maternal perceptions about her child's new preschool experience. Implications for the receiving special education programmes and preschool teachers' practices are discussed.     

Fathering and adolescents' psychological adjustment: the role of fathers' involvement, residence and biology status

Background Studies on fathering and child mental health are now increasingly looking for specificity in children's psychological adjustment, indicating whether the impact of fathering is diagnostically specific or non‐specific. Methods Data from 435 fathers of secondary school‐aged children in Britain were used to explore the association between resident biological fathers', non‐resident biological fathers' and stepfathers' involvement and children's total difficulties, prosocial behaviour, emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity and peer problems (all measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) in adolescence. Results After controlling for child‐, father‐ and family‐related factors, fathers' involvement was negatively associated with children's total difficulties and hyperactivity, was positively associated with children's prosocial behaviour, and was unrelated with children's emotional symptoms, conduct problems and peer problems. There was no non‐resident biological father effect. Compared with resident biological fathers, stepfathers reported more total difficulties, conduct problems and hyperactivity in their children even after adjusting for involvement. Conclusions Whether this reflects stepfathers' low tolerance levels or biological fathers' complacency, as sociobiologists would argue, or whether this is due to pre‐existing predispositions of children in families which separate and restructure, to the effects of these multiple family changes or to the high exposure of children in restructured families to parental risk factors, is, given the data available and the study design, unclear. However, this study showed that, compared with their peers in biological father families, adolescents in stepfather families are perceived to be at higher risk of behaviour problems, and that father involvement is related to specific aspects of child adjustment.     

A longitudinal study of children's voices in regard to stress and coping during the transition to school

This study explores (1) how parental and teacher scaffolding and children's coping strategies contribute to children's adjustment during the transition from preschool to school; and (2) how children's perception of stress and coping are constructed over time. The sample included 216 six-year-old children, their parents and teachers. The parents, teachers and children reported that many children encountered social stress and being incompetent at school, and most of the children used either direct problem-solving or seeking social support to cope with stress, but had not used emotion-focused coping strategies learnt at preschool. Compared with the parents’ and teachers’ responses, the children reported more incidences of social stress. Compared with the children's responses, more parents and teachers reported children being incompetent in learning or self-help skills at school. Implications of the study were discussed at the end of the article.     

Maternal caffeine intake in pregnancy is inversely related to childhood peer problems in Japan: The Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study

Objectives: The present prebirth cohort study examined the association between maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy and behavioral problems in Japanese children aged 5 years.

Methods: Subjects were 1199 mother–child pairs. Dietary intake was assessed using a diet history questionnaire. Emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity problems, and peer problems were assessed using the Japanese parent-report version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Adjustment was made for maternal age, gestation at baseline, region of residence at baseline, number of children at baseline, maternal and paternal education, household income, maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy, maternal alcohol intake during pregnancy, maternal smoking during pregnancy, child’s birth weight, child’s sex, breastfeeding duration, and smoking in the household during the first year of life.

Results: The contributors of caffeine in the diet during pregnancy were Japanese and Chinese tea (74.8%), coffee (13.0%), black tea (4.4%), confectionaries (4.0%), and soft drinks (3.7%). Higher maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy was independently associated with a reduced risk of peer problems in the children: the adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) in the first, second, third, and fourth quartiles of maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy were 1 (reference), 0.61 (0.35–1.06), 0.52 (0.29–0.91), and 0.51 (0.28–0.91), respectively (P for trend?=?0.01). Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy was not evidently related to the risk of emotional problems, conduct problems, or hyperactivity problems in the children.

Conclusions: Maternal caffeine consumption, mainly from Japanese and Chinese tea, during pregnancy may be preventive against peer problems in Japanese children.