大学生学业自我效能感、自尊、领悟社会支持与学习倦怠的关系研究

目的探讨大学生学业自我效能感与学习倦怠之间的关系以及自尊在其中的中介效果和领悟社会支持的调节作用。方法以学业自我效能感量表、自尊量表、领悟社会支持量表和学习倦怠量表为调查工具,运用问卷测量法于2019年4—5月对河南省3所高校268名大学生进行调查,并对数据进行分析。结果 (1)学业自我效能感和学习倦怠呈显著的负相关(r=-0.45,P<0.01),与自尊呈显著的正相关(r=0.32,P<0.01),自尊和学习倦怠呈显著的负相关(r=-0.49,P<0.01)。(2)自尊的中介效应的95%CI为-0.132～-0.052,不包括0,说明自尊在学业自我效能感和学习倦怠之间起中介作用,中介效应占总效应的34.2%。(3)领悟社会支持对自尊的中介效应起调节作用(F=4.46,P<0.05)。结论学业自我效能感能直接负向预测学习倦怠,自尊在学业自我效能感和学习倦怠之间起中介作用,领悟社会支持调节了该中介效应的后半段路径,即调节了自尊和学习倦怠之间的关系。     

留守经历大学新生自我效能感社会支持及心理健康的相关性

探讨留守经历大学新生自我效能感、社会支持及心理健康之间的关系,为对大学生心理问题进行早期干预,提高其心理健康水平提供依据.方法 采用整群抽样的方法,对福州某高校1 579名大学新生进行症状自评量表(SCL-90)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、一般自我效能感量表(GSES)以及自编大学新生留守基本情况问卷测试.结果 留守新生中阳性检出率(SCL-90总分大于160分)为19%.留守经历新生心理健康得分高于无留守经历新生,在总分、躯体化、强迫症状、人际关系敏感因子上差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-2.127,-3.149,-2.045,-2.608,P值均<0.05).留守经历新生群体内部在性别、生源地、留守开始年龄、对家庭喜欢程度等变量上部分因子差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01).SSRS总积分、GSES总分等各因素对大学生心理健康影响的结构方程模型拟合度良好(χ2/v=6.22,RMSEA=1.214,其他拟合指数NFI,IFI,TLI,CFI值均>0.90).结论 留守经历新生的自我效能感和社会支持对其心理健康水平有预测作用.高校心理健康教育应高度重视留守经历新生,从自我效能感与社会支持两方面采取措施加以改善.     

留守流动经历大学生核心自我评价在领悟社会支持和心理健康状况间的中介作用

探讨童年期流动、留守经历大学生心理健康、领悟社会支持和核心自我评价的现状和相互关系,为改善童年期流动、有留守经历大学生心理健康状况提供参考.方法 采用问卷调查524名留守经历(留守组),223名流动经历(流动组),182名既有留守又有流动经历(留守+流动组),1 161名普通大学生(普通组)的心理健康、核心自我评价和领悟社会支持.结果 有流动经历大学生心理健康、核心自我评价和领悟社会支持得分与普通组差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05);留守经历大学生心理健康、核心自我评价、家庭支持得分均低于普通组和流动组(P值均<0.05);留守+流动经历大学生心理健康、核心自我评价、领悟社会支持得分均低于普通组和流动组(P值均<0.05).4个群体中心理健康、核心自我评价、领悟社会支持间均有统计学意义相关(P值均<0.01).在4个群体中,核心自我评价在领悟社会支持和心理健康的关系间均发挥完全中介作用.结论 童年期流动经历对大学生心理状况无负面影响,留守经历对大学生心理状况有持续的负面影响.     

农村留守经历大学生社会支持逆境信念与孤独感的相关性

探讨社会支持和逆境信念与农村留守经历大学生孤独感的关系,为提高相关人群的心理健康水平提供参考.方法 采用UCLA孤独量表、领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)、中国人逆境信念量表,对采用整群抽样、自愿参加的贵州10所高校的497名农村留守经历大学生进行调查.结果 农村留守经历大学生的家庭支持、朋友支持、其他支持和逆境信念与孤独感均呈负相关(r值分别为-0.33,-0.47,-0.46,-0.27,P值均<0.01).朋友支持、其他支持、逆境信念负向预测农村留守经历大学生孤独感(β值分别为-0.28,-0.22,-0.09,P值均<0.05),累积解释总变异量的25.50%.逆境信念在农村留守经历大学生朋友支持、其他支持与孤独感的关系中均起部分中介作用,中介效应占总效应比值分别为8.70%,8.94%.结论 朋友支持、其他支持和逆境信念能有效降低农村留守经历大学生孤独感.     

自尊与青少年创造力的关系：有调节的中介模型

目的 探讨自尊与青少年创造力之间的关系,考察心理韧性在两者之间的中介作用及领悟社会支持的调节作用。方法 采用整群随机抽样法抽取419名初中生进行问卷调查,运用自尊量表、创造力自我报告量表、青少年心理韧性量表、领悟社会支持量表,分析考察自尊、创造力、心理韧性及领悟社会支持之间的关系。结果 调查对象的自尊、创造力、心理韧性和领悟社会支持得分,分别为(23.05±4.32)、(3.13±0.74)、(91.23±15.19)和(58.34±15.92)分。不同性别、年级,是否独生子女4个量表得分差异均无统计学意义(t值为-1.93～1.12,P值均>0.05)。自尊与创造力、心理韧性及领悟社会支持得分,领悟社会支持与创造力、心理韧性得分,心理韧性与创造力得分均呈正相关(P值均<0.01)。心理韧性在自尊和创造力水平之间起部分中介作用,中介效应值为0.09,占总效应36.00%;自尊对创造力的直接预测作用和心理韧性在两者之间的中介作用均会受到领悟社会支持的调节(创造力：β=0.07,t=4.47;心理韧性：β=0.04,t=2.79;P值均<0.01)。结论 自尊可以通过心理...     

留守初中生应对方式在自我效能感与社会适应间的中介作用

探讨留守初中生自我效能与社会适应之间的关系以及应对方式在其中所起的中介效应,为研究留守初中生社会适应问题提供心理学依据.方法 采用一般自我效能感量表(GSES)、中学生应对方式量表和中学生社会适应量表(SAS-SSS),对整群随机抽取的湖南省3所乡村中学共641名留守初中生进行调查,对数据进行相关与回归分析及结构方程模型的建立.结果 留守初中生自我效能感以及应对方式的问题解决、求助、退缩、发泄、幻想与社会适应各维度之间的相关均存在统计学意义(r值分别为0.503,0.602,0.299,0.488,0.126,-0.102,P值均<0.01),且自我效能感、问题解决、求助、退缩均能正向预测社会适应(P值均<0.01).留守初中生的问题解决和求助在自我效能感与社会适应之间起着部分中介作用,中介效应分别占总效应的36.0%和7.1%.结论 留守初中生的自我效能感、问题解决和求助是影响社会适应的重要因素.     

大学生情绪调节方式在社会支持与抑郁间的中介作用

了解大学生领悟社会支持与抑郁之间的关系及情绪调节方式在其中的中介作用,为维护和促进大学生心理健康提供理论依据.方法 采用领悟社会支持量表、自评抑郁量表和GROSS情绪调节方式问卷,对整群抽取的湛江市某所高校1 080名大学生进行测查.结果 大学生女生领悟社会支持和抑郁得分(5.21±0.88,1.95±0.34)均高于男生(5.05±0.92,1.89±0.36)(t值分别为-4.52,-3.99,P值均<0.01);城市学生的抑郁得分(1.95±0.35)高于农村学生(1.92±0.34),文科生抑郁得分(1.96±0.34)高于理科生(1.91±0.34)(t值分别为2.15,-3.47,P值均<0.05);不同人口统计学特征大学生情绪调节策略的差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).大学生领悟社会支持与认知重评策略呈正相关(r=0.22,P<0.01),与抑郁水平、表达抑制策略呈负相关(r值分别为-0.38,-0.10,P值均<0.05);大学生抑郁水平与认知重评呈负相关(r=-0.25,P<0.01),与表达抑制呈正相关(r=0.10,P<0.05).大学生认知重评在领悟社会支持与抑郁之间具有中介效应,表达抑制在领悟社会支持与抑郁间无中介作用.结论 大学生认知重评策略的使用在领悟社会支持和抑郁之间起中介作用.     

流动儿童自我效能感与领悟社会支持及孤独关系研究

目的探讨流动儿童自我效能感与领悟社会支持及孤独感之间的关系,为开展心理健康教育提供理论依据和现实指导。方法使用自我效能感量表、领悟社会支持量表和儿童孤独量表,对合肥市601名小学四～六年级儿童(流动儿童309名,非流动儿童292名)进行测查。结果流动儿童的孤独感显著高于非流动儿童;自我效能感显著低于非流动儿童;流动儿童孤独与自我效能感、领悟社会支持之间存在显著负相关;自我效能感在领悟社会支持与孤独间起着部分中介作用,其中介效应占总效应的36.15%。结论提高流动儿童对社会支持的主观感知能力,提高其自我效能感水平,有利于促进流动儿童孤独感的降低。     

大学生运动情绪自我效能感与心理健康之间的关系

目的探索运动对情绪、自我效能感和心理健康的影响,为制定缓解大学生心理健康的体育运动干预策略提供科学依据。方法采用心境状态量表(POMS)、一般自我效能感量表(GSES)和症状自评量表(SCL-90),随机整群抽取扬州大学468名女大学生进行调查。结果运动群体的情绪、自我效能感和心理健康水平得分与非运动群体相比有统计学意义(P值均0.05);情绪、自我效能感与其心理健康状况之间存在较强的相关关系(P0.05),且对心理健康回归非常显著(P0.01)。结论运动能直接影响心理健康,又能通过改善情绪、提高自我效能感间接促进心理健康,即情绪、自我效能感在运动对心理健康的影响中均起部分中介效应。     

医学院校贫困女大学生的社会支持对心理健康的影响

[目的]探讨医学院校女大学生的社会支持和经济状况对其心理健康的影响,为做好医学院校女大学生的心理健康教育提供依据。[方法]采用社会支持评定量表(SSRS)和一般自我效能感量表(GSES)、自尊量表(SES)等对146名贫困生和483名非贫困生进行测查。[结果](1)男、女大学生在客观支持、主观支持、支持利用度一般自我效能感各项目的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),女生在状态焦虑项目上得分低于男生(P0.05)。(2)不同经济状况女大学生客观支持、主观支持、社会支持总分3项得分的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。贫困女大学生的支持利用度得分和一般自我效能感得分均低于非贫困女大学生(P0.05),而贫困女大学生的状态焦虑得分高于非贫困女大学生(P0.05)。城乡女大学生的客观支持、主观支持、社会支持总分、状态焦虑和一般自我效能感得分的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(3)不同社会支持的女大学生在客观支持、主观支持、支持利用度、一般自我效能感和状态焦虑等各项的得分均有统计学意义(P0.05),高社会支持组的女大学生各项的得分均优于低社会支持组。(4)分别以女大学生的状态焦虑和一般自我效能感为因变量,社会支持为自变量进行线性回归分析,结果社会支持与状态焦虑呈负相关(P=0.000)[结论]经济状况和社会支持对医学院校女大学生的心理健康有明显影响。     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

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Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

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La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

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Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.     

Eggs enriched in omega-3 fatty acids and alterations in lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and in blood pressure

Effects of dietary eggs enriched with omega-3 fatty acids on lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and blood pressure were determined in 11 men and women in two groups. Group 1 consumed four omega-3 eggs per day during the first 4-wk period and four control eggs for the second 4-wk period. Group 2 ate the same number of eggs in the reverse order. Mean plasma cholesterol concentration was significantly increased by control eggs (P less than 0.01) but unchanged by omega-3 eggs. Mean plasma triglyceride concentration was decreased by omega-3 eggs but increased by control eggs. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lowered by omega-3 eggs in group 1 whereas only systolic pressure was significantly decreased on omega-3 eggs in group 2. The control eggs did not change blood pressure. In conclusion, the omega-3 eggs may be more healthful than the control eggs.     

Bacteriology and constitutional health--genomics and proteomics: concepts in medicine and concepts in health insurance in the past and future

Future discussions on health issues on the individual or society level will be fundamentally linked to genetic dispositions. This genetic world will become reality in the same way the world of hygiene and bacteriology has become real for everyone. Approaches of molecular medicine for public health issues have not yet been created so far. The secret dreams of molecular eugenics must be made public and critically discussed. Up to now only a few monogenetically recessive hereditary diseases can be detected by screening. This kind of screening should be carefully considered. However, for the sciences, for medicine and thus for the physicians in practice, for health care sciences as well as for public health care, new tasks will emerge from genetics and molecular medicine. In individual as well as public health these new tasks will at first mainly turn in on the sphere of diagnosis and specific screening as well as health education and consultation. With regard to the considerable social implications the public health care sector should be aware of the coming issues of molecular medicine in time.     

Selenium levels in human blood and tissues in health and in disease.

The levels of selenium in human sera and pancreatic, hepatic and synovial tissues were measured. An attempt was made to correlate the selenium level with certain disease states. Selenium was determined by nerutron activation analysis, using the 17.4 second half-life isotope 77mSe with a sensitivity of 2ppb. Serum-bound selenium was determined in normal individuals and individuals with various malignancies, and medical and surgical disorders. Tissue selenium was assayed in diseased and normal pancreases, livers, and synovial membranes. A wide variation was observed both in the serum selenium content of patients with a malignancy and in postmoren pancreatic and synovial showing histopathological changes. Significantly lower selenium values were observed in sera from cancer patients than from normal individuals. Higher values were generally observed in patients with primary neoplasms of the reticuloendothelial system. Higher tissue concentrations were obtained in synovia from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in pancreatic tissues associated with histopathological changes.