Estimation of Iron Physiological Requirement in Chinese Children using Single Stable Isotope Tracer Technique

Objective This study is to obtain precise data on iron physiological requirements in Chinese children using single stable isotope tracer technique.Methods Thirty boys(10.6 ± 0.2 years) and 27 girls(10.4 ± 0.2 years) were received oral 6 mg 57Fe each day for 5 consecutive days.Venous blood samples were subsequently drawn to examine the change of total iron concentration and 57Fe abundance at day 0,14,28,60,90,180,360,450,540,630,720.The iron physiological requirement was calculated by iron loss c...     

Nutrient intake and growth of adolescents in southern Sri Lanka

OBJECTIVE: Growth and dietary intake data are essential for formulation of nutritional policies and interventions for children. DESIGN: 945 school children (11-16 years) were subjected to growth assessment and their nutrient intake was determined using the 24-hour dietary recall method on three consecutive days. RESULTS: 21.3% of boys and 21.1% of girls were stunted (-2SD below the median height-for-age). 141 (14.9%) children were both stunted and wasted (-2 SD below the median weight-for-age). Mean body mass index of girls was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than boys at all ages. The mean daily dietary intake of energy was 3.2 (+/- 2.4) MJ, protein 29.1 (+/- 2.1) g, fat 4.5 (+/- 1.1) g, iron 11.5 (+/- 1.0) mg, and zinc 0.8 (+/- 0.7) mg among boys. Among girls, energy intake was 4.2 (+/- 1.8) MJ, protein 29.0 (+/- 2.3) g, fat 4.4 (+/- 1.0) g, iron 11.4 (+/- 1.0) mg, and zinc 0.5 (+/- 0.6) mg. Fat comprised about 4.0% of the daily energy intake. CONCLUSIONS: High rate of growth deficiency and undernutrition among adolescents mandates innovative nutritional intervention strategies. The observed mean intakes of nutrients in the sample showed a worrisome deviation from the recommendations of the dietary guidelines for Sri Lanka.     

Evaluation of lifestyle, food consumption and nutrient intake patterns among Irish teenagers

Lifestyle, food consumption and nutrient intake patterns from a randomly selected group of 390 secondary pupils aged between 12–18 were evaluated. Demographic information and anthropometric measurements included weight, height, and skinfold thickness were taken. Nutrient intake was assessed using the 7-day dietary history method, using a photographic atlas as an aid. Mean energy intakes for boys and girls aged 12–15 and 15–18 were 11.3MJ and 14MJ and 9.1MJ and 8.9 MJ respectively. As percentage energy, protein fat and carbohydrate intakes varied little between the different age-sex groupings and were approximately 13.7–14.5, 35.4–37 and 46.8–50 per cent respectively. For boys micronutrient intake for iron and folate achieving only 83 and 78 per cent and 98 and 90 per cent of the recommended nutrient intake (R.N.I.) for ages 12–15 and 15–18 respectively. Mean dietary fibre intakes were approximately 19.6–25g/day for boys aged 12–18 and 17g/day for girls of a similar age. The main sources of energy were bread, meat and meat products, potatoes/chips, confectionery and preserves. Fruit and vegetable consumption was low for all groups. The majority of those surveyed consumed the traditional main meals. Snacking was also common practice. The snack foods consumed were generally of a high fat/high sugar content. 1.1 per cent boys and 2.6 per cent of girls aged 12–15 and 5.5 per cent and 8.2 per cent of boys and girls aged 15–18 respectively had a BMI greater than 26 indicating a risk of overweight. Greater than 68 per cent of girls and 79.5 per cent of boys surveyed participated in some form of sport. Boys were more physically active than girls and older girls less active than younger. In conclusion, changes from present day practices would be beneficial to reduce incidence of chronic disease for present day teenagers. This survey was supported by a grant from the Kellog Company of Ireland Ltd.     

西宁地区大学生硫胺素与核黄素营养水平分析

目的　了解西宁地区大学生硫胺素与核黄素营养状况。方法　随机抽取 12 0名学生 ,进行 4小时尿负荷试验 ,以荧光法测定尿中核黄素的含量。结果　有 15 .83%的学生硫胺素处于缺乏状态 ;2 0 %的学生核黄素处于缺乏状态 ,无男女性别差异。结论　高海拔地区学生可从日常膳食中获取足量的硫胺素与核黄素。     

Evaluation of Erythrocyte Iron Incorporation in Beijing Prepubertal Children Using a Single Stable Isotope Tracer Method

Objective To analyze the rate of erythrocyte iron incorporation and provided guidance for the iron nutrition for prepubertal children.Methods Fifty-seven prepubertal children of Beijing were involved in this study and each subject was orally administered 3 mg of 57 Fe twice daily to obtain a total of 30 mg 57 Fe after a 5-d period. The stable isotope ratios in RBCs were determined in 14 th day, 28 th day, 60 th day, and 90 th day. The erythrocyte incorporation rate in children was calculated using the stable isotope ratios, blood volume and body iron mass.Results The percentage of erythrocyte 57 Fe incorporation increased starting 14 th day, reached a peak at 60 d(boys: 19.67% ± 0.56%, girls: 21.33% ± 0.59%) and then decreased. The erythrocyte incorporation rates of 57 Fe obtained for girls in 60 th day was significantly higher than those obtained for boys(P 0.0001).Conclusions The oral administration of 57 Fe to children can be used to obtain erythrocyte iron incorporation within 90 d. Prepubertal girls should begin to increase the intake of iron and further studies should pay more attention to the iron status in prepubertal children.     

中国9～11岁小学生体育锻炼、静态行为和超重与肥胖的关系

目的：研究全国9~11岁小学生体育锻炼、静态行为和超重与肥胖的关系,并探索是否存在性别差异以及各省的异质性,为预防和控制超重与肥胖提供科学依据。方法： 选取2010年全国学生体质健康调研资料中40 692名9~11岁汉族小学生,利用学生的身高、体重数据以及体育锻炼、视屏行为以及做家庭作业的时间数据,在不同性别的学生中分析体育锻炼、静态行为与超重与肥胖的关系,并采用Meta分析检验这些相关性在各省之间的异质性。结果： 男生的超重与肥胖检出率高于女生（分别为27.1%和12.9%）,城市学生的超重与肥胖检出率高于农村学生（分别为23.8%和15.6%）,学生超重与肥胖检出率在“好”、“中”、“差”3类经济片区中分别为22.6%,19.2%和17.5%。男生每天体育锻炼时间≤1 h的学生的超重与肥胖率高于每天体育锻炼时间>1 h的学生,OR值为1.09（95%CI：1.02, 1.17）。女生每天视屏行为时间＞1 h、每天做家庭作业的时间＞2 h是超重与肥胖的危险因素,OR值分别为1.13（95%CI：1.02, 1.26）、1.18（95%CI：1.03, 1.35）,女生每天静态行为时间＞135 min的学生超重与肥胖率较高,OR值为1.19（95%CI：1.08, 1.33）。男生每天体育锻炼时间≤1 h、女生每天静态行为时间＞135 min对超重与肥胖的OR值在各省之间的异质性差异均没有统计学意义（P> 0.05）。结论：小学生体育锻炼、静态行为时间和超重与肥胖有关,其关联存在性别差异,没有发现各省之间的异质性,未来应该针对不同性别的特点开展肥胖防控工作。     

337名青春期学生体格发育及膳食营养现况分析

目的调查青春期男女学生体格发育及膳食营养现况。方法对337人(平均年龄13.6岁)开展现况调查,测量身高、体重,计算体质指数BMI,通过膳食问卷调查膳食热量及营养素摄入情况。结果男生的身高显著高于女生(P0.05),男、女生体重和BMI差异无统计学意义(P0.05);按照BMI标准判定,营养状况正常的学生比例为59.0%,男生营养状况正常的学生达到57.8%,女生为59.9%。男、女生营养状况是消瘦的分别为24.3%和26.3%;男、女生分别有17.9%和13.8%属于超重和肥胖。男生的总能量摄入量及三大营养素摄入量均显著高于女生(P0.01),女生能量和蛋白质摄入量均没有人达到RNI/AI值(推荐摄入量),男生蛋白质和总能量摄入量分别只有4.2%和1.8%的人达到RNI值。走读生的体重显著高于寄宿生(P0.05);走读生营养状况正常比例为63.1%,而寄宿生仅为53.9%;走读生的总能量摄入量及三大营养素摄入量均显著高于寄宿生(P0.05)。结论北京市青春期学生体格发育和营养素摄入情况不理想,体重不足、肥胖等现象仍然比较突出。     

血压身高比在吉林省延吉市青少年高血压筛查中的应用

目的：探讨采用血压身高比（BPHR）筛查吉林省延吉市青少年高血压的最佳截断值,为了解吉林省延吉市青少年高血压患病率提供依据。方法：2016年9—10月选取吉林省延吉市城镇23所中学和高中,采用整群抽样方法,选取12~17岁学生共18 244人（男生9 567人,女生8 677人）,测量其血压（BP）、身高和体质量,计算收缩压身高比（SBPHR）和舒张压身高比（DBPHR）,采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线确定BPHR预测青少年高血压的最佳截断值,并评估该截断值的敏感度、特异度、阴性预测值（NPV）和阳性预测值（PPV）。结果：12~17岁朝鲜族和汉族青少年高血压患病率男生分别为12.8%和13.0%,女生分别为5.9%和6.2%;不同性别的2个民族调查对象高血压患病率比较差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.091,P>0.05;χ²=0.295,P>0.05）;总高血压患病率男生为12.9%,女生为6.1%,不同性别高血压患病率比较差异有统计学意义（χ²=242.072,P<0.01）。男生在15岁时高血压患病率达到高峰,高血压患病率随年龄而变化的曲线呈突增突降趋势;随着年龄增长,女生高血压患病率变化较小。在12~17岁时,各年龄段男生高血压患病率均明显高于女生（P<0.05）。男生的年龄与SBPHR呈负相关关系（r=-0.085,P<0.01）,女生的年龄与SBPHR无相关关系（r=-0.018,P>0.05）。男生的年龄与DBPHR呈负相关关系（r=-0.080,P<0.01）,女生的年龄与DBPHR无相关关系（r=-0.017,P>0.05）,但相关系数均小于0.1,判定为无关联。在12~17岁时,采用SBPHR筛查SBP的阈值,男生为0.73mmHg·cm^-1（敏感度为92.2%,特异度为88.9%,PPV为52.6%,NPV为98.8%）,女生为0.75 mmHg·cm^-1（敏感度为95.6%,特异度为89.5%,PPV为33.6%,NPV为99.6%）;采用DBPHR筛查DBP的阈值,男生为0.49 mmHg·cm^-1（敏感度为91.6%,特异度为93.9%,PPV为35.3%,NPV为99.6%）,女生为0.51 mmHg·cm^-1（敏感度为89.8%,特异度为94.3%,PPV为26.7%,NPV为99.8%）。结论：吉林省延吉市12~17岁青少年高血压患病率低于全国平均水平,BPHR可作为筛查吉林省延吉市12~17岁青少年高血压的指标。     

新疆昌吉市小学生2018年健康状况调查

目的了解昌吉市小学生的身体健康状况,为制定有针对性的健康干预措施提供科学依据。方法根据《国家学生体质健康调研手册》的规定和要求,对昌吉市3099名小学生进行健康检查,并对检查结果及数据进行统计学分析。结果6岁和8岁男生平均身高均高于同龄女生,差异有统计学意义(t=3.916、2.679,P<0.05);6~11岁男生平均体重均高于同龄女生,差异有统计学意义(t=6.031、3.617、4.362、4.531、4.608、2.398,P<0.05)。小学生健康检查问题依次为龋齿(60.14%)、视力低下(31.04%)、肥胖(24.62%)、超重(20.07%)、贫血(2.06%)、沙眼(0.06%);女生视力低下的检出率高于男生,差异有统计学意义(χ^2=31.252,P<0.01);女生龋齿的检出率高于男生,差异有统计学意义(χ^2=9.291,P<0.05);男生超重和肥胖的检出率均高于女生,差异有统计学意义(χ^2=23.911、58.020,P<0.05)。结论昌吉市小学生龋齿、视力低下、超重和肥胖检出率较高,应组织学校或社区开展相关的健康教育工作,加大常见病的防治力度。     

Dairy Consumption and Associations with Nutritional Status of Chinese Children and Adolescents

Objective This study aimed to describe frequency and quantity of total dairy consumption of Chinese children and adolescents and explore the associations between dairy consumption and nutrition status, including stunting, wasting, overweight, and obesity. Methods Participants included 28,250 children and adolescents aged 6-17 years old. A food frequency questionnaire(FFQ) including 100 kinds of food was used to collect information about frequency and quantity of dairy consumption. Determination of stunting was with a height cutoff value for age and gender, and determination for wasting, overweight, and obesity was with BMI for age and gender. Results Of the total sample, 36.1% of children aged 6-17 reported consuming dairy food more than once per day(≥ 1/day). The average total dairy intake of all the participants was 126.7 g/day. For boys, dairy consumption had an inverse correlation with stunting and wasting after controlling for confounders. For girls, dairy consumption was negatively associated with stunting and obesity after controlling for confounders as above. Conclusion Dairy consumption in Chinese children and adolescents was relatively lower than that in developed countries, and was negatively associated with stunting and wasting for boys and with stunting and obesity for girls.     

The case for scoliosis screening in Australian adolescents

A survey of 3660 Year 10 students, with an average age of 15 years, was carried out in a random sample of Adelaide secondary schools to determine the prevalence of structural scoliosis and the need for implementing a programme of scoliosis screening. By means of the Forward Bending Test and a specially devised scoring system 144 (3.9%) children were found to have signs that were suggestive of scoliosis; all but 12 were assessed subsequently by standardized clinical and radiological examinations. One hundred and three children were found to have structural scoliosis of 5 degrees or more; this represented a prevalence of 3.1%. The prevalence in girls (4.3%) was significantly higher than in boys (1.9%), and girls tended to have more severe curves and require treatment more frequently. Only one third (34) of the cases of structural scoliosis had been detected before this survey; most (28) of these had been detected through an earlier, subsequently discontinued, school screening programme. This study concludes that screening for scoliosis by means of a scored Forward Bending Test should be carried out in South Australian schools for all students in Year 8 and for girls in Year 10. The policy of screening boys in Year 8 should be the subject of further research. An educational programme for health professionals, parents, students and physical education teachers should support the programme.     

榆林市高新区学龄儿童体格发育状况

目的 分析榆林市高新区儿童体格发育状况,为促进榆林市儿童健康成长提供科学依据。方法 采用随机整群抽样方法,抽取高新区4所小学在校学生,共3 180人。检测身高、体重、坐高、胸围、腰围、视力等身体发育指标,由医务人员一对一严格按照规范进行测量。结果 榆林市高新区6~12岁儿童的身体发育各项指标随着年龄的增大而增加,各个年龄段男童、女童的身高和体重,均高于2005年制定的全国同龄儿童标准（均为P<0.05）;6~12岁男童身高平均值范围为125~156 cm,女童身高平均值范围为123~156 cm,10岁之前,各年龄段男童均高于女童（均为P<0.05）;各个年龄段男童坐高个体差异较大,女童分布比较集中,在10岁之前,各年龄段男童身高均高于女童（均为P<0.05）;6~12岁男童体重平均值范围为26.53~50.30 kg,女童体重平均值范围为24.65~48.02 kg,12岁之前,各年龄段男童高于女童（均为P<0.05）,男童的超重和肥胖率为19.53%,高于女生的15.40%,表现在9~、10~岁;各个年龄段男童胸围分布比较分散,女童较男童集中,在12岁之前,各年龄段男童均高于女童（均为P<0.05）;各个年龄段男童的腰围分布较分散,女童分布较集中,各年龄段男童均高于女童（均为P<0.05）。结论 榆林市高新区儿童的各种生长发育指标随年龄的增大而增加,符合儿童生长发育规律,但超重和肥胖率较高,应引起相关部门的重视。     

成都地区3—16岁儿童,青少年恒牙生理成熟度研究

Dental maturity was studied in a group of 903 healthy children (boys: 465, girls: 438) born in Chengudu from 1972 through 1988. Dental maturity was estimated by the method of Demirjian and Goldstein, which is based on the development of seven left mandibular permanent teeth; teeth formation was studied. The standard and curves of dental maturity for Chengdu children (boys and girls) were constructed. At 3-5 years old, boys had their dental maturity slightly earlier than girls; there was no significant difference between boys and girls (P greater than 0.05). At the age of 7-14, girls were more advanced than boys (P less than 0.05). Developmental curves of seven left mandibular permanent teeth were plotted. The sexual difference was smaller at the crown developmental stage, and it increased during the root development. In all, girls were more advanced by 0.45 year than boys. The maximum average difference was 0.85 year for the canine. The time that each developmental stage has taken was shorter in 50% of girls as compared with that in boys, and it was longer in 28% of girls. There was no difference between boys and girls in the remaining 22% of cases.     

长沙市学龄前儿童营养不良及肥胖发生率分析

目的 了解长沙市城区学龄前儿童营养不良及肥胖发生情况,为加强社区儿童保健工作提供科学依据。方法 按随机整群抽样的方法选择长沙市10所幼儿园。对10所幼儿园的学龄前儿童用统一的仪器和方法进行身高和体重测量。采用世界卫生组织(WHO)推荐的Z评分方法对研究对象的生长发育和营养不良发生率进行评价和判断;肥胖的确定采用WHO推荐的身高标准体重法,体重超过身高标准体重中位数的10%为超体重,超过20%为肥胖,20%～29%为轻度肥胖,30%～49%为中度肥胖,超过50%为重度肥胖。结果 2 530名学龄前儿童的低体重检出率为0.24%,生长迟缓检出率为率为0.83%,消瘦检出率为0.28%;发现超重儿童208人,超重发生率为8.22%,发现肥胖儿童共190人,肥胖发生率为7.51%;轻度肥胖134人,中重度肥胖56人。男孩肥胖发生率高于女孩,女孩中则以4～5岁肥胖发生率最高。结论 ①长沙市城区学龄前儿童的营养状况较好,低体重率、生长发育迟缓率、消瘦率均低于全国平均水平;②长沙市城区学龄前儿童肥胖发生率高于全国水平,男孩肥胖发生率高于女孩,4～5岁儿童肥胖发生率高于其他年龄儿童。 【关键词】 学龄前儿童 营养不良 肥胖     

潮州市农村小学生营养知识、态度、行为和体质指数调查与分析

目的 了解潮州市农村小学生营养知识、态度、行为与体质指数(BMI)现状,为提高其健康水平提供科学依据。 方法 2015年5月随机抽取潮州市3所农村小学的983名学生,根据《国家学生体质健康标准》要求,测定学生身高、体重,计算BMI指数,根据BMI判断小学生的营养状况,同时采用自编营养与健康调查表对他们进行问卷调查,用SPSS 11.6对数据进行统计分析。 结果 983名学生中,低体重、超重和肥胖的检出率分别为15.56%、4.88%和1.63%,男生和女生低体重、超重和肥胖的检出率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),男生低体重检出率在六年级时最高,女生则出现在五年级;男生超重检出率以三年级为最高,为6.72%,而女生则出现在四年级,占4.42%;肥胖检出率在潮州市农村小学生中相对较低。农村小学生的营养与健康知识水平较低,并且与文化程度有关;营养态度积极乐观;不良的饮食习惯、三餐比例不合理、营养摄入不均衡等行为广泛存在于小学生中。 结论 潮州市农村小学生营养不良和营养过剩同时并存,营养知识欠缺,有必要加强对农村小学生的营养教育和干预,提高学生的营养知识水平,使学生养成良好的饮食习惯,改善其营养健康状况。      

1020例儿童血铅检测结果分析

目的:对儿童血铅水平进行早期筛查,对铅中毒患儿及时干预和治疗,减少铅对儿童的损害,提高儿童的健康水平。方法:采用原子吸收分光光度法检测我院1020例门诊儿童血铅含量,并对男女不同性别组间及不同年龄段之间检测结果进行比较和分析。结果:1020例儿童中,高铅血症者36例,检出率为3.52%(36/1020),其中,男童检出率为3.62%(22/607),女童为3.38%(14/413),两者比较差异无统计学意义(x~2=1.416,P>0.05);高铅血症患儿中,男童血铅水平为(152.83±37 46)μg/L,高于女童(131.74±31.57)μg/L,差异有统计学意义(t=2.16,P<0.05)。不同年龄组的儿童随年龄增加血铅中毒百分率呈逐渐增高的趋势,各年龄组间差异有统计学意义。结论:儿童男女性别间铅中毒发生率差异无统计学意义,但随着年龄的增大,儿童血铅浓度及铅中毒率均呈增高趋势,铅对儿童健康有很大的影响,应重视儿童高铅血症的预防。     

Blood pressure distribution in an Iranian adolescent population: "Tehran Lipid and Glucose study"

Significant hypertension in adolescence is defined according to Blood Pressure (BP) distribution among general population. The present study was conducted to determine the BP distribution in Iranian adolescents. In a population-based study held in Tehran, BP data for 2560 participants aged 10-17 years (1247 boys and 1313 girls) were collected. The 90th and 95th percentiles of systolic (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were obtained for different age and height subgroups of boys and girls. While the 90th and 95th percentiles of SBP obtained in our study were generally lower than international guidelines, the corresponding percentiles of DBP were higher. Significant associations were found between BP and age, height, weight and BMI. According to our findings, it is necessary to prepare BP reference tables according to regional surveys.     

合肥某高校大学生口臭发病情况的流行特征调查分析

目的：了解在校大学生的口臭发病情况,为口臭预防工作提供基础资料。方法随机抽取合肥市某高校200名大学生进行问卷调查,采用口腔卫生指数评价口腔卫生状况,应用感觉测定法和口气测试仪检测口臭情况。结果感觉测定和口气测试仪检测大学生口臭在2度及以上的比例分别为28．0%和29．5%,男生口臭检出率明显高于女生( P<0．05)。牙龈炎症、结石指数、软垢指数、舌苔均与口臭呈正相关。结论大学生中患口臭的人数占有相当比例,男生多于女生,口腔卫生情况、牙龈炎症、舌苔与口臭密切相关。     

南京市80户居民膳食模式分析

1990年4月,我们调查了南京市四个区、80户308名居民的膳食模式,发现除铁和视黄醇外,热能和其它营养素的摄入量都较我国推荐的每日膳食中营养素供给量低。热能低于2400kcal.蛋白质、硫胺素、核黄素、尼克酸、抗坏血酸及钙的摄入量分别是63、0.8mg、0.36mg、8.8mg、58mg及583mg。建议增加粗粮、标准米面、奶、豆、鱼、禽及水果类的摄入量。     

成都地区汉族少年,儿童骨矿含量的测量

The bone mineral contents of radius of 255 boys and 243 girls (7 to 16 year old of the Han nationality, living in Chengdu) were measured with Bone Mineral Analyzer (Type:SPA-I). The standard values of g/cm was made. There was a positive correlation between the value in boys or girls and chronological age, height or weight. The coefficients were respectively 0.83, 0.77, 0.64 in boys and 0.82, 0.82, 0.82 in girls (P less than 0.005). At the age of 13 (in boys or in girls) the value of the g/cm was the highest.