不同危险度的高血压病人血管内皮功能

目的根据"内皮-高血压-心血管事件"链的病理发展进程,进一步了解高血压病与血管内皮功能的相互关系,以及降压药物对高血压患者血管内皮功能的影响.方法 54例高血压患者按危险性分组,其中低中危组32例,高极高危组22例,对照组30例.采用超声测量3组肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能,并测定血浆内皮素、血管性血友病因子.然后采用氨氯地平或氨氯地平 卡维地洛治疗,12周以后复查上述指标.结果静息状态下,3组间肱动脉内径、流量无明显差异;压迫后高极高危组内径扩张程度低于对照组(6.6%vs 12.1%;P＜0.01),低中危组与对照组无显著性差异(10.2%vs 12.1%;P＞0.05);血浆内皮素、血管性血友病因子在高极高危组较对照组有显著升高(P＜0.05),低中危组与对照组相似(P＞0.05);经氨氯地平和卡维地洛治疗12周,血压下降,肱动脉超声内皮功能和血液内皮标志物均有改善.结论高血压患者内皮功能受损与血压增高和伴随的靶器官损伤有关.降压治疗可改善高血压患者血管内皮功能.     

彩色多谱勒超声对原发性高血压患者血管内皮功能的评价

目的探讨彩色多谱勒超声(CDU)评价高血压患者血管内皮功能的临床意义。方法将50例原发性高血压患者分为Ⅰ(低/中危组)、Ⅱ(高/极高危组)两个实验组,并设对照组Ⅲ,实验组患者给予卡维地洛(Carvedilol)治疗12周,用CDU测定治疗前后基础状态下、反应性充血时和含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径及血流量变化。结果(1)原发性高血压患者反应性充血时肱动脉内径的扩张程度及血流量与正常对照组相比有显著性差异;(2)原发性高血压患者卡维地洛治疗12周后反应性充血时肱动脉内径扩张程度及血流量与治疗前相比显著改善。结论应用CDU可较准确、简便、有效地评价高血压患者血管内皮功能,并对临床药物治疗效果的评定也有一定参考价值。     

氨氯地平对老年高血压患者内皮功能及颈动脉内中膜的影响

目的了解氨氯地平降压治疗对老年高血压患者血管内皮依赖性舒张功能、颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)及血浆内皮素(ET)、一氧化氮(NO)、神经肽Y(NPY)的影响. 方法采用高分辨率超声技术,检测42例原发性高血压患者降压治疗前后及40例对照者休息状态、反应性充血后的肱动脉内径变化并检测颈动脉IMT值,测定高血压患者治疗前后血浆ET、NO、NPY浓度变化.结果与对照组比较,服氨氯地平5～10 mg/d,治疗4个月后,血压明显下降,肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张较治疗前明显改善,但仍低于对照.血浆ET、NPY水平明显下降,NO水平明显升高.治疗前后颈动脉IMT无显著性改变.结论经氨氯地平降压治疗4个月后,血管内皮功能明显改善,而颈动脉IMT无明显改善.     

氯氨地平对老年高血压患者内皮功能及颈动脉内中膜的影响

目的 了解氨氯地平降压治疗对老年高血压患者血管内皮依赖性舒张功能，颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）及血浆内皮素（ET），一氧化氮（NO），神经肽Y（NPY）的影响。方法 采用高分辨率超声技术，检测42例原发性高血压患者降压治疗前后及40例对照者休息状态，反应性充血后的肱动脉内径变化并检测颈动脉IMT值，测定高血压患者治疗前后血浆ET，NO，NPY浓度变化。结果 与对照组比较，服氨氯地平5－10mg/d，治疗4个月后，血压明显下降，肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张较治疗前明显改善，但仍低于对照。血浆ET，NPY水平明显下降，NO水平明显升高。治疗前后颈动脉IMT无显著性改变。结论 经氨氯地平降压治疗4个月后，血管内皮功能明显改善，而颈动脉IMT无明显改善。     

高血压前期患者血管内皮功能的变化

目的探讨高血压前期患者血管内皮功能的变化。方法选择高血压前期患者76例（A组）、正常血压者80例（B组）和原发性高血压患者80例（C组）,采用酶联免疫吸附双抗体夹心法检测受试对象的血浆血管性假血友病因子（VWF）和单核细胞趋化蛋白1（MCP-1）水平。采用高分辨率血管超声法检测患者肱动脉血流介导的血管舒张功能。结果 A、C组VWF、MCP-1水平高于B组（P〈0.05）。A、C组反应性充血后肱动脉内径变化率低于B组（P〈0.05）;含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径变化率各组间比较无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。结论高血压前期患者已经存在血管内皮功能障碍。     

依那普利联合卡维地洛对慢性心力衰竭患者心功能、神经内分泌功能及血管内皮功能的影响研究

目的探讨依那普利联合卡维地洛对慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者心功能、神经内分泌功能及血管内皮功能的影响。方法选取2012年3月—2013年3月平顶山市第二人民医院收治的CHF患者94例,随机分为治疗组和对照组,各47例。对照组患者在常规治疗基础上采用依那普利治疗,治疗组患者在常规治疗基础上给予依那普利联合卡维地洛治疗,3个月为1个疗程,共治疗2个疗程。比较两组患者临床疗效,治疗前后心功能、神经内分泌功能及血管内皮功能指标,观察两组患者治疗期间药物不良反应发生情况。结果治疗组患者临床疗效优于对照组(u=2.546,P0.05)。治疗前两组患者左心室舒张末期内径、左心室收缩末期内径、左心房内径、左心室射血分数及左心室短轴缩短率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后治疗组患者左心室舒张末期内径、左心室收缩末期内径及左心房内径小于对照组,左心室射血分数和左心室短轴缩短率高于对照组(P0.05)。治疗前两组患者血浆肾素活性、血管紧张素Ⅱ及醛固酮水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后治疗组患者血浆肾素活性、血管紧张素Ⅱ及醛固酮水平低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗前两组患者充血后肱动脉内径、含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径、反应性充血后肱动脉内径变化率及含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径变化率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后治疗组患充血后肱动脉内径、含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径、反应性充血后肱动脉内径变化率及含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径变化率大于对照组(P0.05)。治疗期间对照组患者不良反应发生率为6.4%,与治疗组的8.5%比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论依那普利联合卡维地洛能有效改善CHF患者心功能、神经内分泌功能及血管内皮功能,从而提高临床疗效,且安全性较高。     

卡维地洛对慢性心力衰竭患者血管内皮功能及细胞因子的影响

目的:观察卡维地洛对慢性心力衰竭(心衰)患者血管内皮功能的影响,同时观察卡维地洛对患者细胞因子的影响以及与心功能的相关性.方法:入选慢性心衰患者50例,随机分为常规抗心衰组(24例)和卡维地洛组(26例),后者在常规抗心衰治疗基础上加用卡维地洛.疗程为12周.正常对照组为健康者(26例).所有慢性心衰患者治疗前后均测定左心室舒张末期内径(LVDd)和左心室收缩末期内径(LVDs)、左心室射血分数、肱动脉反应性充血状态下血管内径和血流量的变化、血一氧化氮、内皮素-1、肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素-6等指标.结果:2组慢性心衰患者肱动脉反应性充血状态下血管内径扩张程度和血流量增加程度均低于正常对照组(P＜0.01),血一氧化氮、内皮素-1、肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素-6等指标均高于正常对照组(P＜0.01).治疗12周后,卡维地洛组改善肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能优于常规抗心衰组(P＜0.01),改善LVDd、LVDs和左心室射血分数均优于常规抗心衰组(P＜0.01).同时,卡维地洛组内皮素-1、白细胞介素-6等指标的下降也优于常规抗心衰组(P＜0.01和P＜0.05).另外,50例慢性心衰患者治疗前左心室射血分数与肿瘤坏死因子α和白细胞介素-6存在一定的负相关(r=-0.56,P＜0.01)和(r=-0.57,P＜0.01).结论:慢性心衰患者存在着内皮功能紊乱,肿瘤坏死因子α及白细胞介素-6等细胞因子被激活;卡维地洛可改善慢性心衰患者的心功能和血管内皮功能,缩小心腔,降低肿瘤坏死因子α及白细胞介素-6等细胞因子.     

应用彩超检测高血压患者血管内皮功能的临床意义

目的探讨彩超检测对高血压患者血管内皮功能的临床意义。方法选取本院2013年12月~2014年12月收治的高血压患者77例为观察组,并在同年选取健康体检志愿者46例为对照组。对高血压组应用彩超检测,观察反应性充血前后的肱动脉内径的变化,并与对照组进行比较。结果检测结束后,高血压组的肱动脉内径基础值为(3.67±0.23),低于对照组的肱动脉内径基础值(4.81±0.43),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);高血压组反应性充血后的肱动脉内径扩张值为(9.86±1.42),显著低于对照组反应性充血后的肱动脉内径扩张值(12.95±1.78),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对于高血压患者而言,采用彩超检测血管内皮功能,能有效提高评价的准确性,并对高血压并发症进行有效的预防和治疗,具有较高的临床价值,值得在临床中广泛推广和应用。     

氯沙坦治疗高血压病前后血管内皮功能的变化——与血管紧张素Ⅱ和内皮素对比

目的　研究氯沙坦治疗高血压病前后血管内皮功能和血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ和内皮素的变化。方法　 5 0例高血压病患者氯沙坦治疗 4～ 6周前后根据所达目标血压(根据舒张压 <90mmHg调整降压药每天剂量 5 0mg到 10 0mg ,部分加噻嗪类利尿剂 2 5mg) ,观察氯沙坦治疗前后肱动脉超声检测血管内皮功能和血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ和内皮素浓度的变化。结果　肱动脉内径基础值及含服硝酸甘油前后肱动脉内径变化均无显著性差异 (3 78± 0 5 7对 3 82± 0 6 3,18 7± 4 5对 2 0 1± 7 2 ,P >0 0 1) ,反应性血管充血引起肱动脉内径的变化治疗前后有显著性差异 (4 32± 0 71、9 38±4 1、P <0 0 1)。氯沙坦治疗前后血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ浓度变化显著 (38.6± 6 .8对 76 9± 15 3 ,P <0 0 1)。氯沙坦治疗前后血浆内皮素浓度变化显著 (10 3 12± 2 4 5 9对 73 81±18 2 6 ,P <0 0 1)。结论　氯沙坦在有效降压的同时 ,能有效改善血管内皮舒张功能。肱动脉超声用于观察降压药物对血管内皮功能的变化具有无创、简便、重复性高的特点。     

盐敏感性加重高血压患者血管内皮功能的损伤

目的探讨原发性高血压患者盐敏感性与血管内皮功能障碍的关系。方法根据急性静脉盐水负荷和呋喃苯胺酸缩容试验将204例原发性高血压患者分为盐敏感性高血压(SS)(n=96)和盐不敏感性高血压(NSS)(n=108),46例正常人设为对照组。采用双抗体夹心固相免疫法测定血清血管性血友病因子(v WF)、放免法测定内皮素1水平,用超声诊断仪测定肱动脉血流介导的内皮依赖性血管舒张功能(FMD)。结果SS组vWF、内皮素1较NSS组高(P<0.05),FMD较NSS组为低(P<0.05)。相关分析显示SS组FMD与血清v WF、内皮素1水平呈负相关(r分别为-0.362,-0.431,均P<0.01),而NSS组FMD与v WF、内皮素1无相关(r分别为-0.146,-0.172,P>0.05)。多元线性回归分析显示,盐敏感性(β=-0.193)、v WF(β=-0.286)、内皮素1(β=-0.322)与FMD独立相关(均P<0.01)。结论盐敏感性会加重高血压患者血管内皮功能的损伤。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.