西宁地区急性呼吸窘迫综合征行肺保护性通气的临床研究

目的:观察西宁地区急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)应用肺保护性通气治疗的临床疗效.方法:将40例急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者随机分为两组,实验组20例,采用肺保护通气;对照组20例,采用传统通气,观察两组患者血气指标、呼吸动力学指标、呼吸机相关性肺损伤发生率及对预后的影响.结果:治疗第7天实验组动脉血氧分压( PaO2)较对照...     

无创机械通气治疗严重胸外伤后急性肺损伤45例分析

目的探讨无创机械通气治疗严重胸外伤后急性肺损伤（ALI）的可行性和安全性。方法对无创通气治疗急性肺损伤共45例与常规给氧31例进行回顾性对比分析。结果两组治疗前呼吸频率（RR）、急性生理和慢性健康状态评分（APACHEⅡ）、氧合指数（OI）、动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、血氧饱和度（SaO2）均相似,无创通气均可耐受。两组气管插管机械通气分别为：无创通气6.67%（3/45）,普通给氧者19.35%（6/31）。给氧治疗后各组PaO2均上升,OI逐渐纠正,但无创通气改善快、明显,常规给氧慢且在早期还有恶化倾向,各组OI升高比较差异均有显著性（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论无创通气在严重胸外伤后ALI或急性呼吸窘迫综合征早期患者拒绝气管插管时应用是安全可行的。     

肺复张策略治疗内源性和外源性急性呼吸窘迫综合征效果的比较研究

目的对比研究肺复张策略对肺内/外源性急性呼吸窘迫综合征治疗效果。方法18例急性呼吸窘迫综合征机械通气的患者,分肺内源性组和肺外源性组,其中肺内源性急性呼吸窘迫综合征10例,肺外源性急性呼吸窘迫8例。在肺保护性通气策略基础上行肺复张,在镇静、非肌松状态下,采用高水平持续正压通气,呼吸末正压为40 cm H2O,持续时间40 s。结果与肺复张前比较,两组复张后10 min3、0 min1、h2、h动脉血气分析氧饱和度、动脉氧分压均有提高（P〈0.05）,两组比较肺外源性组升高较为明显（P〈0.05）;复张前后两组二氧化碳分压均无明显变化（P〉0.05）,呼吸系统顺应性在复张后明显提高（P〈0.05）;气道峰压、平台压、中心静脉压、平均动脉压在复张过程中时提高（P〈0.05）,但复张后5 min与治疗前比较没有明显变化（P〉0.05）;复张前后心率没有明显变化（P〉0.05）。结论肺复张措施对急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者能改善氧合、对血流动力学影响短暂、安全有效,对于肺外源性急性呼吸窘迫综合征治疗效果更明显。     

机械通气配伍山莨菪碱对高海拔地区ARDS病人的治疗

目的 研究小潮气量 PEEP机械通气配伍山莨菪碱治疗高海拔地区急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的临床疗效.方法 收集我院确诊的ARDS患者54例,随机分治疗组30例和对照组24例,治疗组采用小潮气量 PEEP机械通气配伍山莨菪碱治疗.对照组用传统小潮气量 PEEP机械通气治疗.结果 治疗组PaO2(91.80±2.31)mmHg,较对照组(83.93±1.40)mmHg在通气24小时时明显升高(P<0.001);病死率明显下降(P<0.05);通气时间明显缩短(P<0.05).结论 小潮气量 PEEP机械通气配伍山莨菪碱治疗高海拔地区ARDS较传统方法明显降低病死率.     

急性肺损伤及急性呼吸窘迫综合征机械通气治疗进展

机械通气是治疗急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征的重要措施之一.40年来的时间,尤其是近10年来,人们试图探寻能降低急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征病死率的通气策略.小潮气量通气能降低急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征的病死率,其最佳潮气量为6～9 ml/kg;低呼气终末正压(小于10 cm H2O)、适当高的呼吸频率、维持相对安全的pH值和PaCO2,对降低急性肺损伤和急性呼吸窘迫综合征的病死率有重要的作用.近年来,非常规通气支持治疗的研究包括俯卧位通气、部分液体通气及气管内吹气等,也有一定成果.     

高海拔地区急性呼吸窘迫综合征诊断标准参数的评判

目的:评判兰州会议制定的高海拔地区急性呼吸窘迫综合征(H-ARDS)诊断标准.方法:调查西宁地区(海拔2 261m)符合平原地区ARDS诊断标准的71例胸外伤及以胸部损伤为主的多发伤,按机械通气与否分为两组,与平原标准与兰州标准进行对比,并将机械通气组的血气指标与兰州及上海同类报道进行对比.结果:无机械通气组血气指标达到平原标准,机械通气组的血气指标与H-ARDS诊断标准相近.结论:海拔2 002m～2 500m H-ARDS诊断标准基本适合于西宁地区该类病人的诊断.     

体位护理对ARDS患者通气效果的影响

目的研究不同体位条件下ARDS患者的通气效果,为采取最佳体位通气方法提供参考。方法将120例ARDS患者分为A、B、C三组,分别接受侧卧位、侧俯卧位和完全俯卧位通气。监测三组患者呼吸、心率、血压等参数变化并进行对比分析。结果本研究死亡17例,103例患者经改变体位后氧合情况改善,住ICU病房5~23天后转至普通病房。结论 ARDS患者采取间歇侧俯卧位后能明显改善通气效果,从而尽早脱离呼吸机,减少监护病房住院时间,提高救治成功率。     

重症胸外伤致急性呼吸窘迫综合征30例

目的　探讨胸外伤致急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS)的诊断和治疗。　方法　对 30例严重胸外伤并急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS)患者进行回顾性研究 ,分析其血气、PaO2 FiO2 、Qs Qt等与诊断及治疗的关系。　结果　本组患者ARDS占同期胸外伤 (30 6例 )的 9.8% ,占严重胸外伤(730例 )的 41.1%。早期血气分析显示PaO2 为 (6 .5 1± 0 .97)kPa,PaCO2 为 (4.6 4± 1.0 9)kPa ,Qs Qt为 (2 4.72± 8.93) % ,PaO2 FiO2 为 (12 .11± 2 .99)kPa。 30例均给予机械通气 ,平均 6 .8d ,并发肺炎13例。全组死亡 4例 ,死亡率为 13.3%。治愈者平均住院 34 .2d。　结论　早期诊断和治疗ARDS ,正确地使用呼吸机治疗并及时处理多发伤和休克是降低本病死亡率的有效措施。同时 ,早期处理并发症和合理应用抗生素也相当重要。     

危重病患者半仰、俯卧位机械通气的肠内喂养比较

 目的探讨俯卧位有创机械通气的危重患者进行早期肠内喂养的耐受情况.方法接受有创机械通气开始后24h内选择患者69例分成2组:半仰卧位组35例,俯卧位组34例.每天经14 F胃管注入,行肠内喂养18 h.当吸入氧浓度(FiO2)0.6、呼气末正压(PEEP) 10cmH2O,氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)＜150时,即进行6 h俯卧位,同时头部轻度抬高.每6 h测量1次胃残留量,共5 d.结果俯卧位组与半仰卧位组患者比较基础氧合指数低(P＜0.01),与半仰卧位组相比俯卧位组患者胃残留量在第1、2、4天明显增高,并且俯卧位组比半仰卧位组更容易发生呕吐(P＜0.05).俯卧位组与半仰卧位组患者相比肠内喂养量明显偏低.俯卧位组俯卧位期间比半仰卧位期间呕吐发生率高(P＜0.01).结论俯卧位有创机械通气的危重患者难以耐受早期肠内喂养,半仰卧位对于俯卧位有创机械通气的危重患者可以增强胃排空和预防呕吐.     

呼吸机在急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用研究

目的分析呼吸机机械通气在急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析我院2004年12月～2006年6月收治的22例ARDS患者采用呼吸机通气治疗为核心的综合治疗的经验。结果22例ARDS患者,带机时间为1～20d,平均带机时间6d;机械通气治疗后,心率、呼吸、血压、PH、PaO2、PaCO2较治疗前明显好转,对比差异有显著性意义;18例存活,4例死亡,病死率18.18%。结论早期及时有效的使用呼吸机通气治疗为核心的综合治疗是防治创伤造成的急性呼吸窘迫综合征的重要方法。     

Relationship of condylar position to disc position and morphology

INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess whether condylar position, as depicted by magnetic resonance imaging, was an indicator of disc morphology and position. METHODS AND MATERIAL: One hundred and twenty two TMJs of 61 patients with temporomandibular joint disorder were examined. Condylar position, disc deformity and degree of anterior disc displacement were evaluated by using magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Posterior condyle position was found to be the main feature of temporomandibular joints with slight and moderate anterior disc displacement. No statistical significance was found between the condylar position, and reducing and nonreducing disc positions. On the other hand, superior disc position was found to be statistically significant for centric condylar position. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that posterior condyle position could indicate anterior disc displacement whereas there was no relation between the position of condyle and the disc deformity.     

Prone position in hysterosalpingography

The authors discuss the importance of prone hysterosalpingography to the aim of a careful tubal examination. Nearly all the complete or partial tubal obstructions, observed during supine hysterosalpingography, have been resolved by the simple prone position. The high percentage (91%) of successes, without pharmacological help, recommends the routine use of this simple method in all cases of doubtful tubal obstructions.     

Comparison of the dorsal position with the semi-lateral position for irradiation of the breast

In breast-conserving therapy of the mamma, patients are irradiated in a dorsal or hemi-lateral position. Both positioning techniques were investigated in twelve patients and then compared in order to assess the effect of the position on the dose distribution. It was shown that, in dependence on the individual conditions, both irradiation techniques can be used to optimize the dose distribution.     

Head and neck position sense

Traumatic minor cervical strains are common place in high-impact sports (e.g. tackling) and premature degenerative changes have been documented in sports people exposed to recurrent impact trauma (e.g. scrummaging in rugby) or repetitive forces (e.g. Formula 1 racing drivers, jockeys). While proprioceptive exercises have been an integral part of rehabilitation of injuries in the lower limb, they have not featured as prominently in the treatment of cervical injuries. However, head and neck position sense (HNPS) testing and re-training may have relevance in the management of minor sports-related neck injuries, and play a role in reducing the incidence of ongoing pain and problems with function. For efficacious programmes to be developed and tested, fundamental principles associated with proprioception in the cervical spine should be considered. Hence, this article highlights the importance of anatomical structures in the cervical spine responsible for position sense, and how their interaction with the CNS affects our ability to plan and execute effective purposeful movements. This article includes a review of studies examining position sense in subjects with and without pathology and describes the effects of rehabilitation programmes that have sought to improve position sense. In respect to the receptors providing proprioceptive information for the CNS, the high densities and complex arrays of spindles found in cervical muscles suggest that these receptors play a key role. There is some evidence suggesting that ensemble encoding of discharge patterns from muscle spindles is relayed to the CNS and that a pattern recognition system is used to establish joint position and movement. Sensory information from neck proprioceptive receptors is processed in tandem with information from the vestibular system. There are extensive anatomical connections between neck proprioceptive inputs and vestibular inputs. If positional information from the vestibular system is inaccurate or fails to be appropriately integrated in the CNS, errors in head position may occur, resulting in an inaccurate reference for HNPS, and conversely if neck proprioceptive information is inaccurate, then control of head position may be affected. The cerebellum and cortex also play a role in control of head position, providing feed-forward and modulatory influences depending on the task requirements. Position-matching tasks have been the most popular means of testing position sense in the cervical spine. These allow the appreciation of absolute, constant and variable errors in positioning and have been shown to be reliable. The results of such tests indicate that errors are relatively low (2-5 degrees). It is apparent that error is not consistently affected by age, a finding similar to studies undertaken in peripheral joints. Furthermore, the range of motion in which subjects are tested does not consistently affect accuracy in a predictable manner. However, it is evident that impairments in position sense are observed in individuals who have experienced whiplash-type injuries and individuals with chronic head and neck pain of non-traumatic origin (e.g. cervical spondylosis). While researchers advocate comprehensive retraining protocols, which include eye and neck motion targeting tasks and coordination exercises, as well as co-contraction exercises to reduce such impairments, some studies show that more general exercises and manipulation may be of benefit. Overall, there is limited information concerning the efficacy of treatment programmes.     

Arm position during daily activity

A new method of evaluation for functional assessment of the shoulder during daily activity is presented. An ambulatory system using inertial sensors attached on the humerus was used to detect the ability to work at a specific position of the shoulder. Nine arm positions were defined based on humerus elevation. The method was tested on 31 healthy volunteer subjects. First, we estimated the ability of the system to detect the different elevation angles and arm positions of each subject. Following that, we evaluated their arm positions during approximately 8 h of daily activities. Each arm position was recognized with a good sensitivity (range 80–100%) and specificity (range 96–99%). During daily activity, we estimated the frequency (number/h) that the humerus reached each arm position during the periods of 0–1 s (period P1), 1–5 s (period P2) and 5–30 s (period P3). Our data showed that all subjects had 96% of their arm position reached under the 5th level (100–120°). No significant difference was observed between dominant and non-dominant sides for the frequency and duration of arm positions (p > 0.3). Our evaluation was in accordance with the clinical questionnaire (the Constant score) for the P1 duration, but differed for longer periods P2 and P3. By quantifying the arm positions and their durations for both shoulders, we proposed a new score to evaluate the ability to work at a specific level based on the symmetry index of the arms activity. Using this score, we obtained, on average, good symmetry for healthy subjects. This score can be useful in evaluating the asymmetry in arm function in patients with a shoulder disease. The proposed technique could be used in a number of shoulder diseases where problems in performing daily activities should be expressed in terms of objective measure of arm position.     

不同体位行经皮穿刺椎体成形术的比较研究

目的 评估侧卧位行经皮椎体成形术的可行性和安全性。方法 采用随机前瞻性分组方法。全组55例胸腰椎骨质疏松性单、多椎体压缩性骨折,分为俯卧位组29例（A组14例,Am组15例）和侧卧位组26例（B组14例,Bm组12例）。术前将俯卧位组不能耐爱俯卧位时间测试的患者转入侧卧位组。各组均在局部麻醉下,经单“C”型臂引导行经皮椎体成形术。观察手术时间、骨水泥注射量、术后并发症并进行组间比较。结果 A组2例,Am组3例合并严重慢性阻塞性肺病或肥胖患者分别转入B组和Bm组。各组手术时间、骨水泥注射量及术后并发症发生率之间没有显著差异。结论 侧卧位或俯卧位行经皮穿刺椎体成形术的可行性和安全性无显著差异;侧卧位有得对俯卧耐爱能力差的患者。