切尔诺贝利核事故导致的人类甲状腺癌

切尔诺贝利核电站事故是人类核工业历史上空前的灾难性事故，其释放出大量的放射性核素导致北半球许多国家受到污染。近20年的研究证实，白俄罗斯是受影响最严重的国家，尤其是事故后甲状腺癌的急剧增加，是目前惟一得到确认的辐射远后效应，转染重排基因在辐射导致甲状腺癌中的作用受到了密切关注。     

切尔诺贝利核事故受照人群的甲状腺效应

综述了切尔诺贝利核事故中受到高辐射地区儿童甲状腺癌发生的现状。分析了发病的时间和地理分布，确认了甲状腺癌增多与核事故辐射照射之间的联系。预测了事故中受到高水平辐射照射儿童可能的甲状腺未来效应。     

日本福岛核电站事故对儿童甲状腺癌影响的研究进展

2011年3月, 日本福岛发生核电站爆炸事故, 大量放射性核素释放到环境中。尽管福岛事故释放的放射性核素131I的活度低于切尔诺贝利事故, 但事故可能产生的对儿童甲状腺的影响以及其他健康效应, 仍令人关注。本文简述了事故后福岛儿童甲状腺癌与辐射照射间关系的最新研究进展。事故后福岛县儿童甲状腺癌发病率与当地儿童接受外照射剂量间无明确关联, 尚无明确证据证明辐射照射对儿童甲状腺产生负面影响, 甲状腺癌发病率升高可能是过度筛查所致。     

日本福岛核电站事故对儿童甲状腺癌影响的研究进展

2011年3月,日本福岛发生核电站爆炸事故,大量放射性核素释放到环境中。尽管福岛事故释放的放射性核素¹³¹I的活度低于切尔诺贝利事故,但事故可能产生的对儿童甲状腺的影响以及其他健康效应,仍令人关注。本文简述了事故后福岛儿童甲状腺癌与辐射照射间关系的最新研究进展。事故后福岛县儿童甲状腺癌发病率与当地儿童接受外照射剂量间无明确关联,尚无明确证据证明辐射照射对儿童甲状腺产生负面影响,甲状腺癌发病率升高可能是过度筛查所致。     

切尔诺贝利核事故与甲状腺癌

1986年4月26日，切尔诺贝利核能发电站的第4反应堆发生爆炸，释放大量放射性核素。至今事故已过去20多年，但其产生的远后效应及其发生机制仍受到科学界的关注。目前的调查资料表明，甲状腺癌是事故发生后所诱发的最严重的肿瘤，且主要发生于事故当时受照射的儿童和青少年。笔者简要总结该事故所致甲状腺癌的发生及其可能的机制，为更好地预防甲状腺癌提供一些帮助。     

核与辐射事故公众心理效应及应对策略

总结日本福岛核事故,有两点警示：一是自然灾难与技术故障可能加重灾难的严重性;另一个关键问题是事故发生后,如果缺乏与公众的有效沟通,容易导致公众的不信任和恐慌。在核与辐射事故发生时,现有的辐射应急预案都是针对专业人员在辐射应急工作方面的准备,很少考虑到对公众进行辐射相关知识的科普和培训,包括中国在内的许多国家,都缺乏对公众进行辐射防护方面的预防性教育。这样容易导致在出现核与辐射事故时,公众往往被媒体不一定完全客观的报道而误导,进而产生负面心理影响。基于上述教训,进行必要的公众沟通和媒体交流显得尤为重要。     

照射和骨髓治疗活存小鼠中白内障的发生率

哺乳动物眼晶体发生白内障,是电离辐射的重要后期效应之一。人发生放射性白内障的资料来自日本原子弹爆炸幸存者、辐射事故伤员、放疗病人和辐射工作者;根据前两类人员受到一次全身不均匀丙、中射线照射后的观察,发生放射性白内障的潜伏期皆为数年以上。二次大战以后,很多国家都很重视急性     

核或放射应急医学响应

国际原子能机构（IAEA）在总结了以往突发核事件和放射事件的教训后,提出了两个问题：①切尔诺贝利事故后,为什么有多达一千多名儿童患甲状腺癌,这本来是可以避免的;②在三里岛事故中,为什么仅仅因为操作者的一个错误行为就导致了堆芯熔化.     

辐射损伤后小鼠外周血一氧化氮变化

一氧化氮(NO)是一种第一和第二信使分子,在体内NO是由L-精氨酸(L-Arg)与O2在一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的作用下合成的.机体受到一定的应激因素作用后,体内诱导型NOS的合成增加,进一步导致NO的含量增加.电离辐射作用于机体时,导致NOS的增加,诱导NO的合成[1].本研究探讨辐射损伤后外周血NO浓度的变化规律,以期为辐射事故后确定机体受照剂量提供科学依据.     

切尔诺贝利核事故对健康影响的最新报告

2006年4月24~26日在乌克兰基辅召开了切尔诺贝利核事故的第20次年会,会上世界卫生组织发布了题为"切尔诺贝利核事故对健康影响"的报告,该报告首先回顾了当年事故情况,然后从事故的辐射剂量、甲状腺癌、白血病和非甲状腺实体肿瘤、死亡率、白内障和心血管病等多个方面叙述了WHO对该事故健康影响的总结,该报告被认为是研究切尔诺贝利核事故对人类健康影响的里程碑式事件。     

福岛核事故对日本环境和食品安全的影响

笔者阐述了日本福岛核事故对当地环境的影响,系统介绍了同位素示踪技术在日本福岛事故发生后的发展和应用,分析并指出福岛核事故释放的放射性微粒对环境和辐射剂量评估带来的新挑战,总结了福岛核事故后日本当地食品安全规范和现状。希望能引起核工业从业人员、核应急管理人员以及公众的重视,并引以为鉴。     

Rays as weapons

PURPOSE: Ionizing radiation is being regarded as life threatening. Therefore, accidents in nuclear power plants are considered equal threatening as nuclear bomb explosions, and attacks with dirty bombs are thought as dangerous as nuclear weapon explosions. However, there are differences between a nuclear bomb explosion, the largest imaginable accident in a nuclear power plant, and an attack with a dirty bomb. It is intended to point them out. METHOD: The processes are described, which damage in a nuclear bomb explosion, in the largest imaginable accident in a nuclear power plant, and in an attack with a dirty bomb. Their effects are compared with each other, i.e. explosion, heat, shock wave (blast), ionizing radiation, and fallout. RESULTS: In the center of the explosion of a nuclear bomb, the temperature rises to 100Mio degrees C, this induces damaging heat radiation and shock wave. In the largest imaginable accident in a nuclear power plant and in the conventional explosion of a dirty bomb, the temperature may rise up to 3000 degrees C, heat radiation and blast are limited to a short distance. In nuclear power plants, explosions due to oxyhydrogen gas or steam may occur. In nuclear explosions the dispersed radioactive material (fall out) consists mainly of isotopes with short half-life, in nuclear power plants and in dirty bomb attacks with longer half-life. The amount of fall out is comparable in nuclear bomb explosions with that in the largest imaginable accident in a nuclear power plant, it is smaller in attacks with dirty bombs. An explosion in a nuclear power plant even in the largest imaginable accident is not a nuclear explosion. In Hiroshima and Nagasaki, there were 200,000 victims nearly all by heat and blast, some 300 died by ionizing radiation. In Chernobyl, there have been less than 100 victims due to ionizing radiation up till now. A dirty bomb kills possibly with the explosion of conventional explosive, the dispersed radioactive material may damage individuals. The incorporation of irradiating substances may kill and be difficult to detect (Litvinenko). A new form of (government supported) terrorism/crime appears possible. CONCLUSION: The differences are important between a nuclear weapon explosion, the largest imaginable accident in a nuclear power plant, and an attack with a dirty bomb. Nuclear weapons kill by heat and blast; in the largest imaginable accident in a nuclear power plant, they are less strong and limited to the plant; an attack with a dirty bomb is as life threatening as an ("ordinary") bomb attack, dispersed radiating material may be a risk for individuals.     

食品中放射性水平测量技术及标准现况调查与分析

自上个世纪六十年代起,我国已开展对粮食和水源的放射性监测工作。至今,由于2次重大核电站事故,尤其是2011年日本福岛核事故中产生的放射性核素在海洋、大气和陆地上扩散并在食物链中积聚,放射性核素对人类健康的危害程度急需量化评估,因此,食品中放射性水平的测量至关重要。笔者概述了食品中放射性核素的常用测量方法,并对福岛核事故中造成公众健康危害的主要核素的具体测量技术和依据标准进行了分析,旨在为进一步完善测量食品中放射性核素的技术和标准提供理论支撑,为核辐射的应急管理和恢复策略提供数据支持,最终实现为公众的健康提供切实的保障。     

The Chernobyl accident and its consequences: update at the millennium

A marked increase in the incidence of papillary thyroid cancer in children has been documented in regions of the former Soviet Union most heavily contaminated by radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in April 1986. Accumulation of radioactive iodines by normal iodine trapping mechanisms resulted in significant radiation doses to the thyroid gland. Although it has long been known that thyroidal radiation resulted in nuclear and chromosomal abnormalities visible by light microscopy, modern molecular biology techniques are beginning to identify much smaller alterations in chromosomal coding sequences that are associated with malignant transformation. Although stable chromosomal abnormalities can be detected in Chernobyl-associated thyroid cancers, they are much less prevalent than in thyroid cancers developing after external beam irradiation. However, several unique chromosomal breakpoints have been described in radiation-associated thyroid cancers that are not commonly found in spontaneously occurring thyroid cancer. Furthermore, activation of specific subtypes of the ret/PTC tyrosine kinase oncogene appears to be more common in radiation-associated thyroid cancers than in spontaneous thyroid cancers. In summary, thyroid cancers developing in the aftermath of the Chernobyl accident provide a unique opportunity to search for chromosomal abnormalities that may be specific for radiation-induced thyroid cancer.     

Radiocaesium and radiostrontium uptake by fruit bodies of Pleurotus eryngii via mycelium, soil and aerial absorption.

There has been an extraordinary increase in interest concerning the transfer of radioactive contamination to the fruit bodies of fungi since the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident. These investigations, however, have focused exclusively on field studies aimed fundamentally at quantifying the behaviour of the radiocaesium component of the contamination. The results have shown great variability. As a contribution towards this body of knowledge, we have made a comparative study of the temporal evolution of the transfer of 85Sr and 134Cs via three routes of radioactive contamination--from the mycelium, from the surface layer of the soil, and directly onto the caps of the fruit bodies--for the saprophyte species, Pleurotus eryngii, under controlled laboratory conditions. The results indicate that the last of the above three uptake routes is the most efficient, and that the temporal evolution of the transfer is closely related to the radionuclide and the radioactive contamination route being considered.     

The Fukushima nuclear accident temporarily increased patients reluctance for nuclear medicine investigations

Only mentioning the word "nuclear" already creates anxiety and distress. We attempted to assess the impact of the media hype about the Fukushima event on patients admitted in nuclear medicine units to undergo diagnostic investigations. The number of patients denying scintigraphic studies over half a year after the Fukushima accident was compared with the same period of the 2 previous years 2009 and 2010. Data were separately analyzed into thyroid vs. other organ scintigraphies. Physicians' referrals to nuclear medicine showed no decline. Patients undergoing various organ scintigraphies asked questions related to the accident but only few of them denied the investigation. Questioning and denial for nuclear medicine tests were more frequent in females as compared to males and especially in child-bearing females. Among patients referred in the initial post-event phase for thyroid function tests, more than 10% denied thyroid scintigraphy and 2.75% questioned this test. Again, questioning and denial was higher with females, especially in child-bearing age. In conclusion, this study showed that nuclear accidents and perhaps irresponsible media reports may affect behaviour of patients referred for nuclear medicine studies and in particular for thyroid scintigraphy even if these accidents had no radioactive effect to them.     

Radiation decontamination unit for the community hospital

"Freestanding" radiation decontamination units including surgical capability can be developed and made operational in small/medium sized community hospitals at relatively small cost and with minimal plant reconstruction. Because of the development of nuclear power plants in relatively remote areas and widespread transportation of radioactive materials it is important for hospitals and physicians to be prepared to handle radiation accident victims. The Radiological Assistance Program of the United States Department of Energy and the Radiation Emergency Assistance Center Training Site of Oak Ridge Associated Universities are ready to support individual hospitals and physicians in this endeavor. Adequate planning rather than luck, should be used in dealing with potential radiation accident victims. The radiation emergency team is headed by a physician on duty in the hospital. It is important that the team leader be knowledgeable in radiation accident management and have personnel trained in radiation accident management as members of this team. The senior administrative person on duty is responsible for intramural and extramural communications. Rapid mobilization of the radiation decontamination unit is important. Periodic drills are necessary for this mobilization and the smooth operation of the unit.     

DNA reviews: DNA identification following CBRN incidents

Chemical, biological, radioactive, or nuclear (CBRN) incidents can occur due to accident or deliberate action, and may result in substantial loss of life. Whatever the cause, the requirement for identification of the deceased may necessitate the removal of contaminated samples to a DNA laboratory for processing. This review looks at the potential types of CBRN that may result in the requirement for DNA identification of the deceased and investigates the potential risks and difficulties associated with processing samples of this type.     

Environmental radiation and radioactive releases

Today the most important anthropogenic radiation comes from atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons carried out 20-30 years ago, authorized discharges to the sea from nuclear reprocessing plants, and from the Chernobyl accident in 1986. In the past decade the International Union of Radioecologists (IUR) has contributed to improved international co-operation among radioecologists from all parts of the world through its creation of a number of working groups for specific radioecological problems. More than 30 years of radioecological studies have probably made the radioactive contamination of our environment the best-understood of all present pollution problems. This review indicates the doses to man received from the important anthropogenic sources, as well as those from natural background radiation. It appears that in a global perspective the latter is by far the most important contributor.     

Analysis of the 50-year records of the atmospheric deposition of long-lived radionuclides in Japan

Long-lived anthropogenic radionuclides ((137)Cs, (90)Sr, and Pu isotopes) have been determined in monthly atmospheric deposition samples collected in Japan since 1956. The maximum annual deposition occurred in 1963 after the large-scale atmospheric nuclear weapons testing of 1961-1962. In the 1980s, the fallout from the Chinese nuclear weapons tests was observed and the released radionuclides from the Chernobyl accident affected radioactive deposition in Japan until the early 1990s. Recently, the deposition rates have been boosted by the resuspension of radionuclides in deposited particles, the (239,240)Pu content of which may originate from dusts from the East Asian continent deserts and arid areas.