浙江沿海地区居民环境健康风险评价中涉水和涉气活动的皮肤暴露参数研究

目的探讨浙江沿海地区居民涉水、涉气活动的皮肤暴露参数。方法于2010年7—10月对浙江温岭某农村地区的1 432名居民开展问卷调查,对涉水、涉气活动的皮肤暴露参数进行分析研究,并与日本、美国的暴露参数比较。结果温岭地区男性总体表面积为1.82 m2,女性为1.58 m2,与美国成人相比分别低7.1%和6.5%,比日本成人分别高7.7%和4.6%。温岭地区成年人群身体各部位占总体表面积的比例与美国成人有明显差异。温岭地区男性涉水时间低于女性,日本、美国、温岭人群平均洗澡时间依次为美国人群<温岭人群<日本人群。温岭人群的室内活动时间为18.2 h/d,高于日本人群15.19%,低于美国人群12.92%;室外活动时间为5.9 h/d,是日本人群的4.9倍,是美国人群的1.9倍。结论在评价温岭人群的皮肤暴露参数时,若直接引用美国的参数,会造成涉水活动和涉气活动下的日均暴露剂量偏低,分别带来1.66%～26.06%和10.90%～13.75%的偏差;若直接引用日本的数据,会造成涉水活动下的日均暴露剂量偏高17.53%～27.41%,男性涉气活动下的日均暴露剂量偏低,女性偏高,带来1.34%～1.55%的偏差。     

太湖流域人群活动行为模式暴露参数研究

目的 探讨太湖流域人群活动行为模式暴露参数.方法 于2011年7月-2012年4月,以入户问询的方式对太湖流域(无锡、常州、镇江3个城市)4225名居民进行多暴露途径的活动行为模式调查,对涉水、涉气及经口和皮肤接触暴露参数进行研究.结果 太湖流域男性平均身高、体重分别为167.86 cm、66.55 kg,女性平均身高、体重分别为160.20 cm、57.97 kg;男性平均室内外活动时间分别为14.52、9.48 h/d,女性分别为15.67、8.33 h/d;女性平均接触水的总时间为110.13 min/d,比男性(64.17 min/d)高71.62％.太湖流域人群每日的睡眠、轻度、重度活动时间均小于美国,中度活动时间大于美国;主食和蔬菜摄入量高于美国,肉蛋类摄入量低于美国.太湖流域人群的直接饮用水、间接饮水量、日均饮水量分别为2030.05、1627.53、3657.58 ml/d;直接饮水中公共用水的摄入率最大,间接饮水中粥和汤摄入率最大.结论 太湖流域人群的活动行为模式暴露参数与其他国家和地区有所不同,本研究为提高太湖流域人群健康风险评价的准确性奠定了基础.     

太湖流域人群呼吸暴露参数研究

目的 研究太湖流域人群的呼吸暴露参数.方法 于2011年7月-2012年4月对太湖流域江苏南部3个城市(无锡、常州、镇江)4 225名居民开展问卷调查,结合人体能量估算模型,计算该地区不同年龄组人群的呼吸速率,并与国内外人群呼吸暴露参数进行对比.结果 太湖流域18～30岁、31～60岁男性人群呼吸速率分别为19.28、17.91 m3/d,女性人群呼吸速率分别为13.87、14.28 m3/d;男、女性人群的呼吸速率平均值分别为18.68、14.03 m3/d,均低于我国成年男性和女性人群,比温岭男性和女性人群高33.91％和28.95％;太湖流域男性呼吸速率比美国男性低12.71％,女性比美国高18.90％.太湖流域成人的平均呼吸速率为16.47 m3/d,比日本成人低4.80％.结论 太湖流域人群呼吸速率与其他国家和地区有所不同,本研究为提高流域人群健康风险评价的准确性奠定了基础.     

郑州市成人涉水活动皮肤暴露参数调查分析

目的了解郑州市成人涉水活动皮肤暴露参数的情况,为进行饮用水暴露途径的健康风险评价提供针对性的参数依据。方法于2015年8月和2016年1月,采用分层抽样的方法在郑州市开展成人居民饮用水暴露参数的调查,以问卷调查和自填式日志相结合的方式获取涉水活动相关情况。结果郑州市成人居民皮肤体表面积为1.736 m~2,其中男性为1.849 m~2,女性为1.633 m~2;夏季、春秋季和冬季的皮肤暴露面积分别为0.435、0.174和0.087 m~2。日常活动皮肤总涉水时间中位值为41.57 min,女性(49.45 min)高于男性(32.99 min),夏季(48.18 min)高于冬季(35.00 min),差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。不同年龄组涉水活动时间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论成人涉水活动时间受多种因素影响,在饮用水健康风险评价时应采用本地化参数,综合考虑实际情况和影响因素。     

场地周边人群环境暴露参数调查研究——以山西某焦化厂为例

目的 以山西某焦化厂为例,开展场地周边人群的身体特征参数、摄入量参数以及时间-活动模式参数调查,为开展区域性的环境健康风险评估提供数据支持。方法 2021年4—5月,在山西省某焦化厂周边5 km范围内,通过摇号随机抽取1所小学及中学,按照分层整群抽样的方法抽取各年级2～3个班级的学生家属(家庭住址在场地周边5 km范围内且是半年以上常住人口)作为研究对象,采用问卷调查的方法获得暴露参数,并与国内外相关暴露参数值进行差异性比较。结果实际调查892名,其中男性445人,女性447人。调查区成年男女平均体重分别为(70.1±9.3)和(60.5±8.8)kg,平均皮肤表面积分别为(1.78±0.12)和(1.59±0.12)m²,平均长期呼吸量分别为17.6和14.3 m³/d,成年男性工作日和休息日室外平均活动时间为225和210 min/d,成年女性工作日和休息日室外平均活动时间为165和180 min/d。成年男性平均体重、皮肤表面积、长期呼吸量、室外活动时间均高于女性,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。调查区不同年龄组人群体重(F=...     

浙江省部分健康体检人群体重指数与血脂和胰岛素抵抗指数相关性分析

目的 了解浙江省城镇健康体检人群体重质量超重、肥胖发生率及其与血脂和胰岛素抵抗(IR)的相关性.方法 测量体检人员体重、身高,空腹抽血检测血糖(GLU、血脂及胰岛素水平,计算体重指教(BMI)及IR并进行分析.结果 浙江省城镇健康体检人群体重质量超重、肥胖发生率男性为47.3％、15.8％,女性为22.2％、4.2％,男性组明显高于女性组(P＜0.01),男女性体重质量超重、肥胖发生的平均年龄高于体重质量正常组(P＜0.01),超重、肥胖人群IR、GLU、胆固醇(TCHO)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)指标均高于体重质量正常组(P＜0.01),而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)值均低于体重质量正常组(P＜0.01),男性肥胖人群IR、GLU、TCHO、TG水平也明显高于体重质量超重组(P＜0.01),而HDL-C明显低于体重质量超重组(P＜0.01).结论 浙江省城镇健康体检人群体重质量超重、肥胖发生率为38.9％、11.9％,男性超重、肥胖的发生率高于女性,男女性超重、肥胖发生的年龄高于体重质量正常组,男女性血脂水平及IR与BMI的高低密切相关.     

温岭地区人群呼吸暴露参数研究

目的 探讨浙江温岭地区人群的呼吸暴露参数。方法 于2010年采用问卷调查的方法对浙江温岭地区964名务工人群和468名务农人群进行时间-活动模式的研究,同时结合人体能量估算模型,计算该地区人群的呼吸速率参数,并与国内外进行对比。结果 温岭务工人群每天室内外活动时间分别为19.2和4.9 h,务农人群为16.1和7.9 ...     

我国成人洗澡相关暴露活动模式研究

目的为了解我国成人涉水皮肤暴露行为模式(洗澡),为水环境暴露风险提供基本暴露参数。方法基于中国人群(成人)环境暴露行为模式研究,采用调查问卷获得我国31个省、自治区、直辖市居民洗澡场所、方式和时间,分析了相关的分布特征和影响因素。结果我国仍有1.2%的居民具有直接在江、河、湖等地表水中洗澡的行为,其中农村居民直接在地表水中洗澡的人数比例为1.7%,城市居民为0.6%。低年龄段的人群具有该行为的人数比例较高;受教育程度越高的人群,具有该行为的人数比例越低;我国居民采用淋浴和盆池浴的比例分别为72.6%和25.4%。我国居民日均洗澡时间为7 min,低于美国、韩国和日本;城市(8 min)高于农村(6 min)。结论我国居民洗澡时间呈现显著的性别、城乡、年龄和地区差异,开展我国居民洗澡涉水暴露评价时应结合实际情况,选择合适的暴露参数。     

无锡地区居民饮用水暴露情况分析

目的了解无锡地区居民饮水暴露参数情况,为无锡地区居民饮水健康风险评价提供参数依据。方法于2015年8月和12月,采用分层随机整群抽样的方法,在无锡市随机选取3个小区18岁及以上的成人居民进行饮用水暴露参数的调查,采用问卷调查和自填式日志相结合的方法获得饮用水相关情况。结果无锡地区居民主要饮用自来水,以开水为主。日均饮水量中位数为1 510 m L,夏季(1 685 m L)高于冬季(1 355 m L),男性(1 658 m L)高于女性(1 373 m L)。不同年龄层的人群日均饮水量差异有统计学意义(H=27.329,P=0.000),以≥65岁年龄段为最高(1 649 m L),(18~24)岁年龄段最低(1 357 m L)。不同的BMI人群之间的日均饮水量有差异,以肥胖人群(BMI≥28 kg/m~2)人群最高(1 721 m L),偏瘦人群(BMI18.5 kg/m~2)人群最低(1 256 m L)。无锡地区人群的日均涉水活动时间为40.8 min,夏季(45.9 min)明显高于冬季(37.4 min),女性(54.8 min)明显高于男性(31.4 min),在不同年龄段人群日均涉水活动时间有差异,以≥65岁年龄段为最高(68.6 min)。结论无锡地区日均饮水量和涉水活动时间受多因素影响,在评价人体对污染物暴露和健康风险时应综合考虑各因素条件下的参数。     

2005年部分福建籍出国体检人员身体发育状况分析

[目的]探讨福建地区出国人群身体发育状况。[方法]对2005年在北京和睦家医院移民体检诊所进行健康体一检的居住地为福建省的1006名出国人员身高、体重进行调查分析。[结果]检测1006人，身高随着年龄的增长逐渐降低，平均身高男性为169．84cm，女性为158．60cm体重随着年龄的增长逐渐上升，平均体重男性为61．43k，女性为52．75kg。BMI≥25者102人，占10．14％。[结论]福建籍出国体检人群身高较低，但随年代逐步升高；肥胖和超重者所占比例较低。     

Phthalate exposure and human semen parameters

BACKGROUND: There is scientific and public concern about commonly used chemicals, including phthalates, that are associated with reproductive toxicity in laboratory animals and are hormonally active. People are exposed to phthalates through diet, consumer products and medical devices. The present study explored whether environmental levels of phthalates are associated with altered semen quality in humans. METHODS: We recruited 168 men who were part of subfertile couples and who presented to the Massachusetts General Hospital andrology laboratory for semen analysis between January 2000 and April 2001. Semen parameters were dichotomized based on 1999 World Health Organization reference values for sperm concentration (< 20 million/ml) and motility (< 50% motile), as well as Tygerberg Strict criteria for morphology (< 4% normal). The comparison group was men for whom these semen parameters were all above the reference values. In urine, eight phthalate metabolites were measured with high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Specific gravity-adjusted phthalate metabolite levels were categorized into tertiles. RESULTS: There was a dose-response relation between tertiles of mono-butyl phthalate and sperm motility (odds ratio per tertile = 1.0, 1.8, 3.0; P-value for trend = 0.02) and sperm concentration (1.0, 1.4, 3.3; P-value for trend = 0.07). In addition, there was a dose-response relation between tertiles of mono-benzyl phthalate and sperm concentration (1.0, 1.4, 5.5; P-value for trend = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: There were dose-response relations for monobutyl phthalate and monobenzyl phthalate with one or more semen parameters, and suggestive evidence for monomethyl phthalate with sperm morphology. The lack of a relation for other phthalates may indicate a difference in spermatotoxicity among phthalates.     

Influence of occupational low-level lead exposure on renal parameters

The influence of lead exposure on renal function was examined. In 155 lead workers and 126 control workers, lead in blood (PbB) and zinc protoporphyrin in blood (ZPP) were measured as indicators of exposure to lead; various proteins in urine were measured as parameters of renal functions. Regression and matched-pair analyses suggest that tubular parameters may be more influenced by lead exposure than glomerular parameters. Changes in renal function parameters may already occur at PbB levels below 3 mumol/liter (600 micrograms/liter). The excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase appears to be the most consistent and sensitive parameter of an early effect on the tubular function.     

利用相似接触组研究低浓度苯接触对工人血液指标的影响

目的　研究不同相似接触组 (SEG)工人的血液指标与苯的接触剂量的关系。方法　研究对象为某鞋厂成型车间的制鞋工人 ,采用观察法和采样法相结合的方法划分SEG ,个体采样泵采集每个SEG中 5个工人呼吸带处接触水平 ,体检收集工人的血样、职业史 ,多元回归分析苯的接触水平对血常规的影响。结果　根据SEG的定义及该车间的实际情况 ,划分为 5个SEG ,除年龄有差异外 ,各SEG工人的工龄、吸烟、饮酒、血常规、主诉症状方面差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;多元回归分析发现 ,外周血白细胞计数随空气中苯浓度的增加而减少 ,两者之间呈负相关 (r=- 0 .36 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ;接苯工龄与红细胞计数也存在负相关 (r =- 0 .2 9,P <0 .0 5 ) ;而红细胞和血小板的计数与苯接触之间没有发现类似的相关关系 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　SEG研究发现 ,苯的接触剂量与白细胞计数之间存在剂量 -反应关系 ,今后应该通过增加样本量 ,进一步研究低浓度的苯接触对工人外周血液指标的影响。     

Studies on some biochemical parameters in human manganese exposure.

Biochemical studies were carried out in 35 male workers exposed to low concentrations of manganese in a ferromanganese alloy plant and in 24 workers not occupationally exposed (control group). Adenosine deaminase, total and HDL cholesterol in plasma, inorganic phosphate, calcium and urea in plasma and urine and 17-ketosteroids in urine, as well as urinary manganese were determined in order to assess their validity as early diagnostic measures in Mn intoxication. Significant increases in plasma inorganic phosphates, HDL cholesterol, urinary calcium, plasma and urinary manganese were found in the exposed while the other parameters remained unchanged.     

Occupational exposure to antineoplastic agents and parameters for renal dysfunction

 To study the nephrotoxic effects of occupational exposure to antineoplastic agents, the early renal effect parameters retinol-binding protein (RBP) and albumin (ALB) were determined in the urine of 11 hospital workers involved in the preparation and administration of antineoplastic agents and in 23 hospital workers not involved in drug handling, who served as nonexposed controls. No significant difference was found between the exposed group and the nonexposed control group with respect to the early renal effect parameters RBP and ALB. Although it was demonstrated that the hospital workers were exposed to cyclophosphamide (CP) and probably other antineoplastc agents, the results of the present study show that these exposure levels did not cause nephrotoxic effects. Received: 2 November 1995/Accepted: 2 May 1996     

Investigation of noise exposure effect on heart rate variability parameters

This paper deals with the study of the effect of 135 min exposure to noise with intensity Leq 95 dB(A) in experimental conditions. Three experimental sessions: before, at the onset, and at the end of the noise exposure were conducted. The comparison of heart rate variability (HRV) parameters before and on the onset of the experiment showed tendency for significant decrease of the cardiointervals variability parameters: standard deviation (SD), sum of positive differences between successive cardiointervals (S), total wave energy in the cardiotachogram (S*Ns), mean difference between successive cardiointervals (V). Statistically significant increase of the mean value was found at HRV parameters related to the distribution of the cardiointervals: control adequacy parameter (IARP), equilibrium autonomic parameter (IVE), autonomous balance (IVB), homeostasis parameter (HI). At the end of the third experimental session HRV parameters were almost restored, but they did not achieve the initial values. An elevation of the sympathetic activity under noise exposure effect was found. In this aspect, the heart rate variability parameters were interpreted as a sensitive indicator for the quality of cardiac rhythm and they can be used for assessment of the functional status and the level of preserving of the adaptive reserves of the investigated persons.     

Effects of chromic acid exposure on immunological parameters among electroplating workers

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the immunological parameters of chromic acid exposure among electroplating workers. METHODS: Forty-six subjects were selected from five electroplating plants in central Taiwan. Each subject was interviewed by questionnaire, and urine chromium (urine-Cr) concentration was assessed. Immunological parameters were evaluated by interleukin (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma) and levels of lymphocyte subsets (T-cell, B-cell, T4, T8 and T4/T8). RESULTS: Levels of IL-6 and IL-8 significantly increased in subjects with high urine Cr concentration, but TNF-alpha levels decreased. IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-gamma were undetected. Flow cytometry was used to determine levels of lymphocyte subsets: only B-cells percentage had a negative correlation with urine-Cr. Smoking was an important factor that influenced levels of lymphocyte subsets. CONCLUSION: Exposure to Cr has a detrimental effect on the immune system, so it is evident that worker exposure to chromic acid in the electroplating workplace must be reduced to a minimum.     

Real-time recording of neuropsychophysiological parameters during 50 Hz magnetic field exposure

In order to assess the possible effects of occupational levels of 50 Hz magnetic fields (MF) on human performance it is preferable to monitor performance during rather than subsequent to MF exposure. We previously reported studies of heart rate and cognitive behaviour where the issue of contamination was not a serious one. Our present study involves electrophysiological measures, which have a greater capacity to identify the effects and assist in localising them. The contamination of EEG signal by the MF exposure is clearly a problem in this type of study. Previous investigators have not reported these types of measurement concurrent with MF exposure due to the contamination difficulty; but this paper reports means of accomplishing this. Overall a combination of 12 methods for reducing pickup were employed. These were: 1) Distancing recording instruments from the MF source; 2) Shielding the devices and wiring; 3) Appropriate choice of cables; 4) Grounding the instrumentation; 5) Orientation of conduits; 6) Isolation of electrical mains power supplies; 7) Balancing the input impedances; 8) Applying a driven shield technique; 9) Improved electronics design incorporating pre-amplification and circuit impedance level control; 10) Analogue filtering; 11) Signal Averaging; and 12) Post acquisition digital filtering using frequency and time domain techniques.