骶髂关节骨折脱位的手术治疗

目的回顾性分析26例骶髂关节骨折脱位的内固定方法和临床疗效,探讨骶髂关节骨折脱位的手术方法。方法对26例骶髂关节骨折脱位的TileC型骨盆骨折病例,16例采用经皮骶髂关节空心螺钉技术固定骨盆后环,10例采用骶髂关节前路钢板技术固定骨盆后环,所有病例同时固定骨盆前环,采用Majeed功能评分进行疗效评定。结果随访6个月～6年,平均2年3个月,本组病例术后未发生骶神经损伤、伤口感染等并发症,X线片示骶髂关节复位及内固定位置良好。根据Majeed功能评分,优9例,良10例,优良率达73.1%。结论对于骶髂关节骨折脱位的TileC型骨盆骨折,经皮骶髂关节空心螺钉和骶髂关节前路钢板均可重建骨盆后环的稳定性。而经皮骶髂关节空心螺钉固定具有固定坚强、损伤小等优点,值得推广应用,但操作技术要求高,并要注意防止手术并发症的发生。     

骶髂关节及相关的解剖观测和临床意义

目的：通过骶髂关节及相关的解剖观测，为半盆脱位骶髂关节穿钉固定术提供临床应用依据。方法：观察成人干燥骨盆标本30付，并测量60侧穿钉时涉及的数据，以统计学方法计算出该组数据的国人正常值范围。结果：得出骶髂关节螺钉固定的进钉点、方向、安全范围及深度。结论：掌握骶髂关节的相关解剖及进钉要点，对临床施行半盆脱位骶髂关节穿钉固定术具有指导意义。     

腰骶髂联合固定治疗骶髂关节骨折脱位的疗效分析

目的探讨应用腰骶髂联合固定治疗骶髂关节骨折脱位的临床效果。方法对2007年7月~2010年1月收治的11例骶髂关节骨折脱位的骨盆骨折患者进行手术治疗。男6例,女5例;年龄21~60岁,平均36岁。11例均为Tile C型骨盆骨折。采用后路腰骶髂切口,椎弓根钉棒系统固定L5∕S1椎体和髂骨螺钉固定髂骨,配合患肢牵引和器械的撑开、合拢纠正垂直及分离移位。结果 11例患者术后获得12~20个月随访,平均16.5个月。术后X线片均示骶髂关节骨折脱位复位固定满意,骨盆后环形态恢复良好;下肢等长,未出现医源性神经、血管损伤,患者未出现跛行,下蹲功能满意。术后12个月Majeed评分:优9例,良2例。结论腰骶髂联合固定治疗骶髂关节骨折脱位疗效满意,且具有操作简单、并发症少的优点。     

半盆脱位的命名商榷

在骨盆骨折的文献中，半盆脱位这个名词于骨科专著中已有提及，不少作者应用半盆脱位的不同组合来指导手术，收到了良好的效果。但均未能得出准确概念，也没有半盆脱位的诊断。骨盆环涉及两个骶髂关节和耻骨联合，骶髂关节属于滑膜性微动关节，而耻骨联合是一个二级软骨关节。     

旋转和垂直不稳定型骨盆骨折临床特点与治疗方法探讨

目的：探讨旋转和垂直不稳定型骨盆骨折的临床特点及其治疗方法选择。方法：30例旋转和垂直不稳定的骨盆骨折患者，16例保守治疗，14例手术治疗，骨盆前环均行切开复位内固定；5例骨盆后环行切开复位双钢板固定，9例在CT引导经皮置人松质骨螺钉固定骶髂关节。结果：30例随访2—3年，14例手术患者全部恢复行走功能：9例cT引导经皮骶髂关节螺钉内固定骨盆外形恢复好，功能恢复快，效果满意，5例行前路切开骶髂关节双钢板固定患者中骨盆外形恢复，3例沿髂嵴切口不适；16例保守治疗患者全部骨盆畸形愈合，10例遗留骶髂关节部位酸痛。结论：旋转和垂直不稳定型骨盆骨折保守治疗效果差，宜首选内固定治疗。CT引导下经皮骶髂关节螺钉内固定操作简单、费时短、出血少、损伤轻、牢靠，是骶髂关节骨折固定的好方法。     

半盆脱位的内固定治疗

目的:探讨内固定治疗半盆脱位的临床效果。方法:前环包括耻骨支骨折采用髓内穿针,后环采用解剖定位法松质骨拉力螺丝钉或空心双头螺纹钉固定。结果:33例内固定病人获得随访,随访时间8月～32月优良率90.9％。结论:半盆脱位在血液动力学稳定后应尽早内固定手术,本法治疗半盆脱位,可解剖复位且固定牢固。减少了并发症。     

骨盆后环损伤致骶髂关节脱位的内固定手术入路研究进展

高能量冲击易导致骨盆后环损伤,并以骶髂关节脱位最为常见。骶髂关节作为躯干与下肢传递负荷的枢纽,对维持骨盆后环的稳定性至关重要,一旦发生损伤脱位,需及时开展手术恢复骨盆后环的稳定性。目前针对骶髂关节内固定的手术入路主要分为前入路及后入路,手术入路的选择直接影响到术野暴露、内固定稳定性以及患者预后,因此选择合适的手术入路及固定方式尤为重要。本文主要围绕骶髂关节手术固定点的选择、手术入路以及术后并发症展开简要综述。     

骶骨钉治疗骨盆后环损伤的体会

目的 探讨采用骶骨钉治疗骨盆后环损伤的疗效及手术指征.方法 2004～2006年采用骶骨钉治疗骨盆后环损伤病人共18例.在C型臂透视下,将骶骨钉经过髂骨、骶髂关节、椎弓根固定到骶1椎体上.结果 18例患者经半年以上随诊,获得良好的治疗效果,优良率达94.4%,无血管、神经、内脏损伤并发症发生.结论 通过对这组患者的治疗,认为骶骨钉治疗骨盆后环损伤具有创伤小,恢复快,费用低的特点,手术指征为:(1)骶髂关节损伤、脱位或骶髂韧带损伤致骨盆不稳定;(2)骶骨骨折不稳定;(3)骶髂关节脱位伴骶骨或髂骨骨折,合并骶髂韧带损伤不稳定;(4)耻骨联合分离(＞2.5cm);(5)分离、移位明显的耻骨支骨折伴骨盆不稳定.     

微创前路钢板内固定技术治疗不稳定性骨盆骨折

目的探讨应用微创前路钢板固定技术在治疗不稳定骨盆骨折中的应用,并评价其疗效。方法 2009年2月~2016年8月收治20例骨盆骨折的患者,其中男性9例,女性11例,平均年龄38.5岁,按照Tile分型,B型11例,C型9例;骨盆前环损伤类型,单侧耻骨支损伤11例,双侧耻骨支损伤9例;后环损伤类型,骶骨骨折6例,骶髂关节分离8例。骨盆前环骨折采用前路微创双切口髂腰肌下入路钢板固定,合并后环骨折的患者采用骶髂螺钉或钢板固定骶髂关节骨折脱位,并记录术中出血量和手术时间,术后应用Matta标准和Majeed评分系统对骨盆复位和功能恢复进行评价。结果20例患者均获得随访,平均26个月,手术切口一期愈合,前环骨折平均手术时间1h,出血215 m L,没有出现切口感染和神经血管损伤的手术并发症,骨折愈合时间在11周~14.5周,术后骨折复位Matta标准:优17例,良2例,一般1例。术后末次随访时Majeed功能评分:优15例,良3例,一般2例,优良率90%。1例Tile C型骨盆骨折的患者,术前合并骶丛神经损伤,术后骶丛神经没有完全恢复,遗留感觉部分障碍和跛行步态。结论对于不稳定骨盆骨折的患者采用微创髂腰肌下通道入路钢板治疗,重建骨盆前环,具有创伤小,不需显露股神经和血管等结构,手术时间短,出血少,临床疗效满意和手术安全的特点。     

骨盆后环骨折神经损伤的临床解剖学研究

目的：了解骨盆后环骨折易损神经的相对解剖位置及其与骨折的关系。方法：解剖20具骨盆标本，神经外膜下置管造影CT扫描5例，测量腰区各神经的走行特点、与骨盆壁和骶髂关节的距离。结果：腰4腰骶干支、腰5神经和腰骶干与骶骨翼的距离不超过1cm，距离骶髂关节不超过2．5cm。闭孔神经、股神经、股外侧皮神经与骨壁的距离依次渐远。CT测量结果和人工测量结果无显著性差异。结论：腰4腰骶干支、腰5神经和腰骶干是与骨盆壁和骶髂关节的关系最为紧密的神经，它们在骨盆后环骨折及其治疗时最易受损。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.