内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗消化道黏膜下肿瘤的疗效分析

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗消化道黏膜下肿瘤(submucosal tumor,SMT)的疗效及安全性。方法选取我院2008年3月-2011年6月经胃肠镜检查发现消化道黏膜下肿瘤48例,回顾性分析48例患者资料,包括患者的基本情况、病变部位、大小、治疗经过以及病理结果等,统计并发症发生情况及术后随访结果。结果病灶直径为0.8～5.8 cm,平均(3.3±0.75)cm,ESD手术时间为27～167 min,平均(71.0±22.6)min,ESD完整切除病灶45例(45/48,93.75%),穿孔3例(3/48,6.25%),其中1例大出血,1例食管患者ESD术后出现食管狭窄,经内镜下球囊扩张食管狭窄消失。所有病人均完成了术后6个月的内镜随访,1例患者见肿瘤复发。结论 ESD技术对较大病变可以整块切除,并提供完整的病理诊断资料;消化道SMT行ESD术是安全、有效的。     

How to establish endoscopic submucosal dissection in Western countries

Endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) has been invented in Japan to provide resection for cure of early cancer in the gastrointestinal tract. Professional level of ESD requires excellent staging of early neoplasias with image enhanced endoscopy(IEE) to make correct indications for ESD,and high skills in endoscopic electrosurgical dissection. In Japan,endodiagnostic and endosurgical excellence spread through personal tutoring of skilled endoscopists by the inventors and experts in IEE and ESD. To translocate this expertise to other continents must overcome two fundamental obstacles:(1) inadequate expectations as to the complexity of IEE and ESD; and(2) lack of suitable lesions and master-mentors for ESD trainees. Leading endoscopic mucosal resection-proficient endoscopists must pioneer themselves through the long learning curve to proficient ESD experts. Major referral centers for ESD must arise in Western countries on comparable professional level as in Japan. In the second stage,the upcoming Western experts must commit themselves to teach skilled endoscopists from other referral centers,in order to spread ESD in Western countries. Respect for patients with early gastrointestinal cancer asks for best efforts to learn endoscopic categorization of early neoplasias and skills for ESD based on sustained cooperation with the masters in Japan. The strategy is discussed here.     

Colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection in special locations

Colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) is considered one of the most challenging endoscopic procedures for novice endoscopists. When compared with the stomach, the colon and rectum have a narrower tubular lumen, greater angulation at the flexures, and a thinner muscle layer. These factors make endoscopic control and maneuverability difficult. ESD of the colorectum was considered more difficult than gastric and esophageal ESD. However, with learning from the experts, practicing, and selecting an appropriate technique,most of colorectal ESD could be performed successfully. Nevertheless, some colorectal locations are extremely specialized either from unique anatomy or given unstable scope position. Accordingly, the objective of this review was to provide endoscopists with an overview of the techniques and outcomes associated with ESD at these special colorectal locations. ESD at the discussed special locations of the ileo-colo-rectum was found to be feasible, and outcomes were comparable to those of ESD performed in non-special locations of the ileocolo-rectum. Practice for skill improvement and awareness of the unique characteristics of each special location is the key to performing successful ESD.     

Efficacy and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection under general anesthesia

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) under general anesthesia.METHODS: From January 2011 to July 2014, 206 consecutive patients had undergone ESD under general anesthesia for neoplasms of the stomach, esophagus, and colorectum were enrolled in this retrospective study. The efficacy and safety of ESD under general anesthesia were assessed.RESULTS: The en bloc resection rate of esophageal, gastric, and colorectal lesions was 100.0%, 98.3%, and 96.1%, respectively. The complication rate of perforation and bleeding were 0.0% and 0.0% in esophageal ESD, 1.7% and 1.7% in gastric ESD, and 3.9% and 2.0% in colorectal ESD, respectively. No cases of aspiration pneumonia were observed. All complications were managed by conservative treatment, with no surgical intervention required.CONCLUSION: With the cooperation of an anesthesiologist, ESD under general anesthesia appears to be a useful method, decreasing the risk of complications.     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗十二指肠病变的临床疗效分析

目的评价内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗十二指肠病变的临床疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2019年5月在中南大学湘雅二医院消化内科行ESD治疗的45例十二指肠病变患者(共46个病变)的临床资料,对病变特点、整块切除率、完整切除率、手术并发症、术后病理和复发情况进行统计分析。结果45例患者中男20例、女25例,年龄(52.0±11.8)岁。46个病变中位于十二指肠球部31个(67.4%),降部12个(26.1%),球降交界部3个(6.5%)。病变直径(2.4±1.9)cm。病变起源于黏膜层14个(30.4%),黏膜下层29个(63.1%),固有肌层3个(6.5%)。术后病理:Brunner腺瘤11个(23.9%),神经内分泌肿瘤9个(19.6%),异位胰腺5个(10.9%),脂肪瘤5个(10.9%),其他16个(34.8%)。45例患者46个病变均顺利完成ESD,病变整块切除率100.0%(46/46),完整切除率为91.3%(42/46)。术中出血1例(2.2%),内镜下成功止血;迟发性穿孔1例(2.2%),行急诊外科手术治疗;电凝综合征1例(2.2%),内科保守治疗好转。术后2例患者追加外科手术治疗。患者平均住院时间6.2 d(2~21 d),无一例死亡。随访41例,平均随访时间30个月(1~78个月),随访期间1例(2.4%)复发。结论ESD治疗十二指肠病变安全、有效,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

Two traction methods that can facilitate esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection

Different traction devices that can provide a visual field and attain appropriate tension at the dissection plane during endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) have been developed. Clip-with-line(CWL) is a classic traction device that can offer per-oral traction toward the direction where the line is drawn. A multicenter randomized controlled trial(CONNECT-E trial) comparing the conventional ESD and CWL-assisted ESD(CWL-ESD) for large esophageal tumors was conducted in Japan. This study showed th...     

Predictor of respiratory disturbances during gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection under deep sedation

BACKGROUND Sedation is commonly performed for the endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) of early gastric cancer. Severe hypoxemia occasionally occurs due to the respiratory depression during sedation.AIM To establish predictive models for respiratory depression during sedation for ESD.METHODS Thirty-five adult patients undergoing sedation using propofol and pentazocine for gastric ESDs participated in this prospective observational study. Preoperatively, a portable sleep monitor and STOP questionnaires, which are the established screening tools for sleep apnea syndrome, were utilized. Respiration during sedation was assessed by a standard polysomnography technique including the pulse oximeter, nasal pressure sensor, nasal thermistor sensor, and chest and abdominal respiratory motion sensors. The apnea-hypopnea index(AHI) was obtained using a preoperative portable sleep monitor and polysomnography during ESD. A predictive model for the AHI during sedationwas developed using either the preoperative AHI or STOP questionnaire score.RESULTS All ESDs were completed successfully and without complications. Seventeen patients(49%) had a preoperative AHI greater than 5/h. The intraoperative AHI was significantly greater than the preoperative AHI(12.8 ± 7.6 events/h vs 9.35 ± 11.0 events/h, P = 0.049). Among the potential predictive variables, age, body mass index, STOP questionnaire score, and preoperative AHI were significantly correlated with AHI during sedation. Multiple linear regression analysis determined either STOP questionnaire score or preoperative AHI as independent predictors for intraoperative AHI ≥ 30/h(area under the curve [AUC]: 0.707 and 0.833, respectively) and AHI between 15 and 30/h(AUC: 0.761 and 0.778, respectively).CONCLUSION The cost-effective STOP questionnaire shows performance for predicting abnormal breathing during sedation for ESD that was equivalent to that of preoperative portable sleep monitoring.     

富马酸伏诺拉生与雷贝拉唑联合黏膜保护剂对内镜黏膜下剥离术后人工溃疡疗效的随机对照研究

目的　比较富马酸伏诺拉生与雷贝拉唑治疗内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）后人工溃疡的疗效。方法　纳入2021年12月至2023年8月间在江苏省人民医院接受胃ESD治疗的患者进行前瞻性随机对照研究,将其随机分为两组,分别在ESD术后第4天起服用富马酸伏诺拉生联合瑞巴派特（富马酸伏诺拉生组）或雷贝拉唑联合瑞巴派特（雷贝拉唑组）,8周后复查内镜,比较两组手术创面愈合情况。结果　最终纳入91例患者,其中富马酸伏诺拉生组51例,雷贝拉唑组40例。服药8周后,通过内镜观察到富马酸伏诺拉生组受试者的溃疡面积缩小率比雷贝拉唑组显著提高（92.86%±3.80%比90.04%±4.28%,t=3.281,P=0.001）,完全愈合率与雷贝拉唑组比较差异无统计学意义［15.69%（8/51）比7.50%（3/40）,χ2=1.414,P=0.234］。两组不良事件发生情况差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论　富马酸伏诺拉生在不增加不良事件风险的前提下可以达到更好的溃疡治疗效果。     

Management of the complications of endoscopic submucosal dissection

Endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) is currently widely accepted as a standard treatment option for early gastrointestinal neoplasms in Korea.However,ESD has technical difficulties and a longer procedure time than conventional endoscopic resection.So it may have a higher risk of complications than conventional endoscopic resection techniques.We,the ESD study group of Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy,have experienced many complications,mostly treated by endoscopic or conservative management.Her...     

Mallory-Weiss tear during gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection

A 78-year-old woman was referred to our department for treatment of an early gastric cancer. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) demonstrated a flat elevated lesion and a polypoid lesion on the greater curvature of the antrum. Histological analysis of, endoscopic biopsy samples taken from these lesions revealed an adenocarcinoma and a hyperplastic polyp, respectively. ESD was conducted for removal of the lesions. Carbon dioxide (CO2) in- stead of room air was used for insufflation, and the patient was adequately sedated without struggling or vomiting during the treatment. No significant bleeding from the lesion was observed during ESD, but fresh blood was identified endoscopically. Surprisingly, a Mallory- Weiss tear with active bleeding was detected on the lesser curvature of the gastric corpus. A total of eight hemoclips were applied for hemostasis. Both lesions were completely removed en bloc, and no bleeding or perforation developed after ESD. Histologically, the first lesion was apapillary carcinoma limited to the mucosal layer and without lymphovascular invasion or involvement of the surgical margins, while the second lesion was a benign hyperplastic polyp.     

Repeat endoscopic submucosal dissection for recurrent gastric cancers after endoscopic submucosal dissection

AIM: To clarify the safety and efficacy of repeat endoscopic submucosal dissection (re-ESD) for locally recurrent gastric cancers after ESD.METHODS: A retrospective evaluation was performed of the therapeutic efficacy, complications and follow-up results from ESD treatment for early gastric cancers in 521 consecutive patients with 616 lesions at St. Luke`s International Hospital between April 2004 and November 2012. In addition, tumor size, the size of resected specimens and the operation time were compared between re-ESD and initial ESD procedures. A flex knife was used as the primary surgical device and a hook knife was used in cases with severe fibrosis in the submucosal layer. Continuous variables were analyzed using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test and are expressed as medians (range). Categorical variables were analyzed using a Fisher’s exact test and are reported as proportions. Statistical significance was defined as a P-value less than 0.05.RESULTS: The number of cases in the re-ESD group and the initial ESD group were 5 and 611, respectively. The median time interval from the initial ESD to re-ESD was 14 (range, 4-44 mo). En bloc resection with free lateral and vertical margins was successfully performed in all re-ESD cases without any complications. No local or distant recurrence was observed during the median follow-up period of 48 (range, 11-56 mo). Tumor size was not significantly different between the re-ESD group and the initial ESD group (median 22 mm vs 11 mm, P = 0.09), although the size of resected specimens was significantly larger in the re-ESD group (median 47 mm vs 34 mm, P < 0.05). There was a non-significant increase observed in re-ESD operation time compared to initial ESD (median 202 min vs 67 min, respectively, P = 0.06).CONCLUSION: Despite the low patient number and short follow-up, the results suggest that re-ESD is a safe and effective endoscopic treatment for recurrent gastric cancer after ESD.     

Esophageal diverticulum exposed during endoscopic submucosal dissection of superficial cancer

Endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) is now widely accepted as a strategy to treat superficial esophageal neoplasms.The rate of adverse events,such as perforation,has been decreasing with the improvement of devices and techniques.In this paper,we report a case of esophageal cancer that had a diverticulum under cancerous epithelium.The diverticulum was not detected during preoperative examination,and led to perforation during the ESD procedure.Our case shows that,although rare,some diverticula can exist underneath the mucosal surface without obvious depression.If there is any sign of hidden diverticula during ESD,surgeons should proceed with caution or,depending on the case,the procedure should be discontinued to avoid adverse events.     

内镜黏膜下剥离术和内镜隧道技术对胃异位胰腺的诊治价值

目的 探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)和内镜隧道技术(STER)在胃异位胰腺诊断及治疗中的临床价值.方法 2009年10月至2013年3月胃镜疑诊为胃异位胰腺并强烈要求内镜切除的患者40例住院接受ESD或STER,切除标本行病理学检查明确诊断,随访观察治疗效果和安全性.结果 术后病理确诊胃异位胰腺25例,其中位于胃窦20例,胃底体交界3例,胃体2例;胰腺组织成团块状20例,散在分布状5例;25例中21例施行ESD术,4例行STER术,完整切除率88％ (22/25),余3例剥离后有少许组织残留.术后迟发性出血1例(4％),予多枚钛铗止血成功无需另加手术,无术中及术后穿孔.术后随访1 ～30个月未见复发.结论 ESD能完整大块的切除病变组织,不仅能提供标本获得准确的病理学诊断,同时起到微创治疗的作用,是胃异位胰腺有效且安全的诊治手段,内镜隧道剥离切除术可能为胃异位胰腺的诊治提供一种新的方法.     

Polysomnographic assessment of respiratory disturbance during deep propofol sedation for endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric tumors

AIM To investigate that polysomnographic monitoring can accurately evaluate respiratory disturbance incidence during sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy compare to pulse oximetry alone.METHODS This prospective observational study included 10 elderly patients with early gastric cancer undergoing endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) under propofol sedation. Apart from routine cardiorespiratory monitoring, polysomnography measurements were acquired. The primary hypothesis was tested by comparing the apnea hypopnea index(AHI), defined as the number of apnea and hypopnea instances per hour during sedation, with and without hypoxemia; hypoxemia was defined as the reduction in oxygen saturation by ≥ 3% from baseline.RESULTS Polysomnography(PSG) detected 207 respiratory disturbances in the 10 patients. PSG yielded a significantly greater AHI(10.44 ± 5.68/h) compared with pulse oximetry(1.54 ± 1.81/h, P 0.001), thus supporting our hypothesis. Obstructive AHI(9.26 ± 5.44/h) was significantly greater than central AHI(1.19 ± 0.90/h, P 0.001). Compared with pulse oximetry, PSG detected the 25 instances of respiratory disturbances with hypoxemia 107.4 s earlier on average.CONCLUSION Compared with pulse oximetry, PSG can better detect respiratory irregularities and thus provide superior AHI values, leading to avoidance of fatal respiratory complications during ESD under propofol-induced sedation.     

Dehiscence following successful endoscopic closure of gastric perforation during endoscopic submucosal dissection

Gastric perforation is one of the most serious complications that can occur during endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). In terms of the treatment of such perforations, we previously reported that perforations immediately observed and successfully closed with endoclips during endoscopic resection could be managed conservatively. We now report the first case in our medical facility of a gastric perforation during ESD that was ineffectively treated conservatively even after successful endoscopic closure. In December 2006, we performed ESD on a recurrent early gastric cancer in an 81-year-old man with a medical history of laparotomy for cholelithiasis. A perforation occurred during ESD that was immediately observed and successfully closed with endoclips so that ESD could be continued resulting in an en-bloc resection. Intensive conservative management was conducted following ESD, however, an endoscopic examination five days after ESD revealed dehiscence of the perforation requiring an emergency laparotomy.     

内镜黏膜下剥离术后发热相关危险因素分析

目的探讨消化道黏膜或黏膜下病变经内镜下黏膜剥离术后发热情况及其相关危险因素。方法回顾分析自2009年11月至2012年4月间270例因消化道黏膜或黏膜下病变行内镜下黏膜剥离术（ESD）患者的相关临床、内镜及病理资料,统计分析以下相关因素：（1）患者相关因素：如性别、年龄、糖尿病史、呼吸系统等其他慢性病史,吸烟史、过敏史、术前预防性使用抗生素情况、白细胞计数。（2）病变相关因素：病变位置、病变大小、浸润深度。（3）操作相关因素：麻醉方式、是否整块切除、术中出血量、操作时间、是否穿孔。结果纳入研究者总共有病例270例,病变275处。56例患者发生ESD术后发热,发生率为20．7％,其中31例（55．4％）在术后24h内发生,发热持续时间为1—8d,平均（1．7±1．4）d,通过单因素及多因素分析,术中穿孔（OR值7．121,95％ CI： 1．740～29．151）及病变位于食管（OR值0．181,95％CI：0．091—0．361）是ESD术后发热的相关危险因素。结论术中穿孔及病变位于食管是ESD术后发热的危险因素,对于食管病变及术中出现穿孔的病例,应警惕术后发热,并予相应处理。     

Feasibility and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection for lower rectal tumors with hemorrhoids

AIM: To evaluate the feasibility and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) for lower rectal lesions with hemorrhoids.METHODS: The outcome of ESD for 23 lesions with hemorrhoids(hemorrhoid group) was compared with that of 48 lesions without hemorrhoids extending to the dentate line(non-hemorrhoid group) during the same study period. RESULTS: Median operation times(ranges) in the hemorrhoid and non-hemorrhoid groups were 121(51-390) and 130(28-540) min. The en bloc resection rate and the curative resection rate in the hemorrhoid group were 96% and 83%, and they were 100% and 90% in the non-hemorrhoid group, respectively. In terms of adverse events, perforation and postoperative bleeding did not occur in both groups. In terms of the clinical course of hemorrhoids after ESD, the rate of complete recovery of hemorrhoids after ESD in lesions with resection of more than 90% was significantly higher than that in lesions with resection of less than 90%.CONCLUSION: ESD on lower rectal lesions with hemorrhoids could be performed safely, similarly to that on rectal lesions extending to the dentate line without hemorrhoids. In addition, all hemorrhoids after ESD improved to various degrees, depending on the resection range.     

Training in endoscopic submucosal dissection

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) represents an important advancement in the therapy of early neoplastic gastrointestinal lesions by providing higher en-bloc curative resection rate with lower recurrence compared to endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and by sparing the involved organ and protecting patient’ s quality of life. Despite these advantages ESD is associated with long procedure times and a higher rate of complications, making ESD a challenging procedure which requires advanced endoscopic skills. Thus, there has been a recognized need for structured training system for ESD to enhance trainee experience and, to reduce the risks of complications and inadequate treatment. ESD has a very flat learning curve. However, we do not have uniformly accepted benchmarks for competency. Nevertheless, it appears that, in Japan, more than 30 supervised gastric ESD procedures are required to achieve technical proficiency and minimize complications. A number of training algorithms have been pro-posed in Japan with the aim to standardize ESD training. These algorithms cannot be directly applied in the West due to substantial differences including the availability of highly qualified mentors, the type of pathology seen, choice of devices, and trainee’s background. We propose a training algorithm for Western physicians which integrates both hands-on training courses, animal model work as well as visits to expert centers. No specific preceptor training programs have been yet developed but there is a consensus that these programs are important for permeation of ESD worldwide.     

Efficacy and safety of 0.4 percent sodium hyaluronate for endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric neoplasms

AIM:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of sodium hyaluronate solution(SH) in endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) of gastric neoplasms.METHODS:A prospective multicenter randomized,double blind,controlled trial was designed and utilized in this study.A total of 76 patients with 5-20 mm sized gastric neoplasms were enrolled at three academic hospitals in South Korea from June 2011 to October 2011.Patients were randomly assigned to the 0.4% sodium hyaluronate or control groups.All lesions underwent endoscopic ESD.ESD was performed with 0.4%SH and normal saline(NS) solution for submucosal injection.Efficacy was assessed using en bloc resection and the number of additional injections.Secondary evaluation variables were the volume of injection material,steepness of mucosal elevation,bleeding rate,procedural time and operator satisfaction.Finally,the safety was assessed by analyzing adverse events during the study.RESULTS:The usefulness rate in the 0.4%SH group and the controlled group had statistically significant difference under intention to treat(ITT) analysis(90.91% vs 61.11% P = 0.0041).Under per protocol(PP),the usefulness rate is statistically significant different(93.10% vs 61.76%,P = 0.0036).The difference in volume of the solution injected between 0.4%SH group and the controlled group and NS group was also statistically significant under intention to treat and per protocol analysis(ITT:0.03 ± 0.02 mL vs 0.06 ± 0.03 mL,P = 0.0003,PP:0.03 ± 0.02 mL vs 0.06 ± 0.03 mL,P = 0.0004).Satisfaction above the grade good was significantly higher in the SH group under intention to treat and per protocol analysis(ITT:90.91% vs 61.11%,P = 0.0041,PP = 93.11% vs 61.77%,P = 0.0022).Adverse events above grade 3 were not noticed in either group.All adverse events were treated and were judged as not associated with the submucosal injection solutions.CONCLUSION:0.4%SH solution is a safe and effective agent that doesn’t cause any significant adverse events and is useful for submucosal injection during ESD.