Short and long term outcome after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND: As an audit of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy this study not only reports the short term results, but attempted to assess the long term effect of the operation on the symptom profiles of the patients. METHODS: Three hundred unselected consecutive patients underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy from January 1991 to July 1994. Short term outcome was analysed by reviewing patient files for operation details, postoperative morbidity, complications, and gallbladder histology. Long term (median 2 years) outcome was evaluated by a detailed postal questionnaire. Symptomatic benefit ratios (BR) accruing from the laparoscopic removal of the gallbladder were calculated. RESULTS: Twelve operations (4.0%) were converted to open surgery and were excluded from long term outcome analyses. Median operation time was 93 (range 40-245) minutes. There were no deaths. Overall morbidity was 13 %. Median postoperative hospital stay was 2 days (range 1-18 days) and median time-off work 15 days (range 2-49 days). The overall response rate to the questionnaire was 87%. Only one of the 261 patients (0.4%) suffered from recurrent common bile duct stones so far. As shown by the benefit ratios the symptoms most effectively relieved by laparoscopic cholecystectomy were biliary pain (0.97), nausea (0.95), vomiting (0.96) and jaundice (0.94). Most patients with diarrhoea (0.70) and heartburn (0.66) felt relief. Constipation (0.39) and food intolerance (0.57) were unaffected. Most patients (90%) felt that the operation-initiating symptom had disappeared and 98 percent of the patients considered that they had obtained overall symptomatic improvement by the operation. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy appears to be a safe and effective way of treating the most common symptoms related to gallstone disease.     

Prognostic factors and long term outcome after surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Univariate and multivariate analysis

Aim of the study was to evaluate the surgical strategy for the treatment of the hilar cholangiocarcinoma, focusing on the clinicopathological factors influencing the outcome. Between January 2001 and December 2003 23 patients out of 33 underwent surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. All patients underwent resection of the extrahepatic biliary duct. This was the only treatment in patients with Bismuth-Corlette type I cholangiocarcinoma, or in patients not suitable for hepatic resection. In the other cases, resection of extrahepatic bile duct was associated to right or left hepatectomy. The univariate and multivariate analysis evaluated multiple clinicopathological factors in order to assess long term survival. Major hepatic resection was carried out in 19 (82%) patients. Hepatic resection extended to the segment 4 was performed in 5 patients. Also, left hepatectomy was carried out in 14 patients, while resection of the caudate lobe in 7 (30%) patients. No hospital mortality was recorded, while the overall morbidity was 43%. The 1 year survival rate was 63.2%, and the median survival rate 19 months. Recurrencies showed up in 12 patients (52%). Among the other factors, low level of albumin (p = 0.006), positive resection margins (p = 0.003) and T (p = 0.02) mostly affected the long term survival. Surgery is the gold standard for achieving curative treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. The bile duct resection, along with hepatic resection, the best option to increase long term survival of these patients. The univariate and multivariate analysis showed that low albumin levels, positive resection margins and T are the most important factors influencing long term survival.     

影响尸体肾移植长期疗效和患者预后的因素分析

目的 探讨影响尸体肾移植长期疗效和患者预后的危险因素.方法 对1984年2月至2006年4月间的2256例尸体肾移植患者的资料进行回顾性分析,其中首次肾移植2164例,二次肾移植91例,三次肾移植1例.术前行血液透析者1653例(73.3%),行腹膜透析者319例(14.1%),未进行透析者284例(12.6%).1996年之前组织配型主要采用ABO血型和淋巴细胞毒交叉配合试验;1996年后采用HIA配型和群体反应性抗体(PRA)检测,HLA抗原错配<3个者占60%.免疫抑制方案主要有由环孢素A(CsA)和泼尼松(Pred)组成的二联用药,CsA(或他克莫司)、硫唑嘌呤(或霉酚酸酯)和Pred组成的三联用药,部分病例加用抗淋巴细胞球蛋白(ALG)或抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG),2001年后将ALG(或ATG)改为达利珠单抗.应用Kaplan-Meier分析计算患者及移植肾的1、3、5、10及15年存活率以及移植肾半寿期,对影响受者和移植肾存活率的危险因素进行Log-Rank单因素分析和Cox模型多因素回归分析.结果 术后随访1～20年,患者的1、3、5、10及15年存活率分别为95.3%、89.6%、86.0%、71.3%和61.3%,移植肾的1、3、5、10及15年存活率分别为91.3%、79.3%、74.0%、52.6%和44.8%,移植肾半寿期为(11.58±0.26)年.1984-1995年、1996-2000年与2001-2006年间移植者,其移植肾1、3和5年存活率呈上升趋势(P<0.01).移植肾功能恢复延迟、急性排斥反应、感染、糖尿病及术前PRA阳性是导致移植肾存活率降低的独立危险因素(P<0.05),霉酚酸酯可显著提高移植肾存活率(P<0.01).感染、糖尿病及心脑血管疾病是导致患者存活率下降的独立危险因素(P<0.01).结论 随着移植肾存活率的上升,积极防治感染、糖尿病和心脑血管疾病等并发症,是进一步提高人、肾存活率的关键.     

Operative and long term results after surgery for chronic radiation enteritis

BACKGROUND: About one third of patients with chronic radiation enteritis will need to be operated on during follow-up. Morbidity and life expectancy after resection and conservative surgical management for chronic radiation enteritis have not been well documented. METHODS:From 1984 to 1994, 109 patients were operated on with a mean follow-up of 40 months (range 1 to 293). Postoperative mortality, early and late morbidity, long-term survival were studied in patients after resection (n = 65) and after conservative surgical management (n = 42), and in patients after planned or emergency procedure. Existence of possible risk factors for reoperation after a first surgical procedure was analyzed. RESULTS: Five (5%) patients died in the postoperative course. Operative mortality was significantly higher when the procedure was performed as an emergency (P <0.05). Although not statistically significant, mortality was higher in the resection group (5% versus 0%). Thirty-three (30%) patients experienced postoperative complications including anastomotic leak in 11. Morbidity was not statistically related to the nature of the treatment (ie, conservative versus resection) or to the indication (emergency versus elective). During follow-up, reoperation was required in 40% of the patients, because of recurrence of digestive symptoms suggestive of chronic radiation enteritis; the reoperation rate was higher in the patients of the conservative group (50% versus 34%). Overall survival, after a mean follow-up of 40 months in patients without cancer recurrence was 85% at 1 year and 69% at 5 years after surgery, respectively. Overall survival was influenced by the nature of the treatment with 51% and 71% 5-year survival after conservative and resection treatment, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Despite high initial mortality and morbidity rates, life expectancy in patients with chronic radiation enteritis without recurrence of their previous neoplastic disease was good. Resection seems to provide a smaller reoperation rate and a better 5-year survival, but a higher postoperative mortality.     

Aorto-intestinal fistula after reconstructive arterial surgery

In a group of 184 patients with synthetic, arterial bifurcation grafts, we have performed 16 operations for distal anastomotic pseudo-aneurysms and 11 for proximal anastomotic pseudoaneurysms. Four of the latter were encountered in three patients and took the form of aorto-intestinal fistulae. Excision of the arterial prosthesis, suture of the intestinal orifice and insertion of a new extra-anatomic bypass seems to be the treatment of choice. However, excision of an aortobifemoral prosthesis and replacement in situ with a new prosthesis or even suture of the aortic fistula with a patch represent acceptable treatment in certain particular situations.     

STAR假体踝关节置换的中长期疗效分析

[目的]通过对已发表的文献进行汇总分析,总结Scandinavian(STAR)假体踝关节置换术的中长期疗效,并对假体生存率、失败率和失败原因进行汇总分析。[方法]通过系统检索1995年1月~2010年12月以英文发表的关于STAR假体踝关节置换中长期疗效的文献。2名作者全文阅读并决定是否符合纳入标准或排除标准,收集相关结果和数据,总结中长期疗效;通过循证医学Meta分析方法,加权汇总STAR假体的5、10年生存率,总结假体失败率和失败原因。[结果]有12篇文献纳入研究,共包括2 005例假体。平均AOFAS得分为77.6分;Meta加权5年生存率为84.7%(95%CI:80.0~89.3),10年生存率为72.5%(95%CI:62.3~82.5);加权失败率为14.2%(95%CI:10.6~17.8),前3位失败原因为无菌性松动(6.8%)、力线异常(2.8%)和僵硬性疼痛(2.5%)。[结论]根据此项研究结果,STAR假体全踝关节置换的中长期疗效较好,5、10年生存率均较高,无菌性松动为假体失败的主要原因,应通过完善的手术操作和合理的术后配合来尽量避免。     

Short term outcome after emergency and elective surgery for colon cancer

Objective  Emergency presentation of colon cancer is common and associated with high mortality and morbidity following surgical treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate postoperative mortality and complications in a consecutive and population based series.
Method  All patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon diagnosed between 1993 and 2007 were registered prospectively. Postoperative mortality and complication rates in elective and emergency patients were compared. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent risk factors for postoperative complications.
Results  In the study period 1129 patients were admitted, of whom 279 (25%) presented as an emergency. A total of 999 (89%) patients underwent surgical treatment; 924 patients (82%) had a major resection. The mortality rate was 3.5% after elective and 10% after emergency operation with resection ( P  < 0.01), and the complication rate was 24% and 38% ( P  < 0.01), respectively. In patients with left-sided obstruction, the mortality rate after Hartmann's procedure was 19% compared to 3% after resection with primary anastomosis ( P  < 0.01). Multivariate analyses demonstrated that emergency operation, increasing age, advanced tumour stage and ASA class IV were independent risk factors for postoperative mortality.
Conclusion  Emergency operation for colon cancer was associated with high rates of complications and mortality, indicating that immediate surgery should be avoided if possible. Decompression of left sided obstruction with a stent seems promising, whereas no conclusion can be made with regard to optimal procedure if stent placement fails; in this study Hartmann's procedure was associated with high mortality and morbidity.     

对颈椎人工椎间盘置换术的远期疗效需进一步评估

<正>人工髋、膝关节等大关节置换手术几乎逐步替代了各种关节融合性手术,并取得了良好的临床效果。那么对于颈椎椎间盘这种特殊的非滑膜关节性连接,是否可在实现人工椎间盘置换的同时保持颈椎前路椎间隙减压手术的效果,各国学者一直致力于此方面的研究。我国于2003年在亚洲     

Cardiac surgery in patients receiving long term hemodialysis. Short and long term results

AIM: Cardiac surgery carries a high risk in hemodialysis patients and has been questioned for its results; the purpose of this study is to focus on the short and long term results in our institution. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the data from 124 hemodialysis patients who underwent cardiac surgery in our unit between January 1980 and December 1998; 14.5% were diabetic; 46% had isolated coronary artery disease (group 1); 29.8% had valvular disease alone (group 2); 14.5% valve and coronary disease (group 3) and 9.6% miscellaneous disease at highest risk (group 4). We analyzed the relationship between several variables (age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, previous myocardial infarction, type of disease, preoperative ejection fraction) and operative mortality (30 days) and late survival. RESULTS: The overall operative mortality was 16.9%. The only risk factor was the type of cardiac disease: operative mortality was higher in groups 3 and 4 combined than in groups 1 and 2 combined (30% versus 12.7%, p=0.07). Ninety-nine patients were followed until January 2002. Late survival rate was 46.6+/-5% at 6 years for all patients, it was significantly better in groups 1 and 2 combined than in groups 3 and 4 combined. The only risk factor for late mortality was arterial hypertension. Fifty-seven patients are still alive, 46 in groups 1 and 2, 11 in groups 3 and 4. Progression of coronary lesions occurred in 6 patients and valvular lesions in 3 patients. The remainder are doing well. CONCLUSION: Cardiac surgery seems to be justified by the severity of the lesions. Its actual results can perhaps, be improved by earlier detection of cardiac disease and better prevention of myocardial hypertrophy and cardiac calcifications.     

The remnant urothelium after reconstructive bladder surgery

The pathology of the remnant urinary tract in an increasing population of cystectomy patients with orthotopic and heterotopic bladder substitution due to primary bladder carcinoma, and its management is discussed. The incidence of urethral tumours in primary or recurrent bladder cancer in long-term studies is approximately 6% for male and 2% for female patients. Risk factors for urethral tumour occurrence are tumours at the bladder neck and recurrent multifocal tumours. CIS of the bladder not involving the bladder neck, and muscle invasive tumours with or without lymph node involvement are not significantly correlated with urethral cancer. Those patients at risk for urethral tumours need additional work-up (multiple urethral biopsies and/or urethral brushings, frozen section of the membranous urethra) before an orthotopic lower urinary tract reconstruction to the urethra should be considered. In a large series of male patients, the majority of patients with urethral tumours had a single conservative treatment session, and did not recur thereafter demonstrating the feasibility of a conservative approach for superficial urethral tumour recurrences in patients with an orthotopic neo-bladder to the urethra. The incidence of upper tract tumours following cystectomy and lower urinary tract reconstruction lies between 2.4-17%. In a group of 258 patients with an orthotopic bladder substitution, we have seen an incidence of 3.5%. Tumour multifocality, carcinoma in situ in the bladder and/or distal ureter, locally advanced bladder tumour stage, and invasion of the intramural ureter were seen as risk factors in some series. A tendency for a higher incidence can be seen in those series with longer follow-up. The median time between cystectomy and diagnosis of upper tract tumours lies between 8 and 69 months in most series. A longer observation period in larger numbers of patients with an orthotopic neo-bladder and longer survival rates in general after cystectomy may reveal an increase in the incidence of upper tract tumours over the next decade.     

异体动脉移植临床应用的中远期随访

目的　对应用同种异体动脉移植修复肢体动脉缺损病例进行中远期随访 ,综合评价其临床应用价值。方法　对应用异体动脉移植修复肢体动脉缺损 3年以上的 2 2例患者进行随访 ,通过临床、多普勒仪、彩色超声波仪和远红外线仪的检查 ,了解移植血管的通畅情况及肢体血循环的变化。结果　较大肢体血管如股动脉、腋动脉和肱动脉的血管通畅率为 10 0 %。其中股→动脉 3例 ,腋→肱动脉 3例 ,移植血管的平均长度为 16cm。血管口径 <6mm的肢体血管如桡动脉 ,尺动脉的通畅率只有 5 6% ,其中40 %移植血管的闭塞发生在术后 1年内。结论　异体动脉移植对修复动脉口径 >6mm者疗效理想 ,对缺损动脉口径 <6mm的近期效果理想 ;但随术后时间的延长其通畅率下降 ,但对于肢体抢救及急诊修复中小动脉是有效的。