Semen quality in adult male survivors 5 years after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

The influence of the Wenchuan earthquake on semen quality of adult male survivors is unclear. We investigated the semen quality included 673 male survivors from the worse‐affected counties in the earthquake between Aug 2008 and July 2013. Semen parameters including pH, volume, concentration, motility and morphology were measured according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variance was used to examine the statistical differences between years, and a logistic regression was used to analyse the impacts caused by earthquake on the changes of semen quality. We found the medians (5th and 95th) were 2.5 ml (0.6–5.5) for semen volume, 59.0 × 10⁶ ml^?1 [(13.0–133.0)] × 10⁶ ml^?1 for semen concentration, 46% (13–64%) for sperm progressive motility and 3.0% (0–17.5%) for normal morphology for adult male survivors. Semen concentration, the percentage of sperm progressive motility, total motility and sperm normal morphology were all decreased in the first 3 years, and the differences among years 1, 2 and 3 were significant except the percentage of sperm progressive motility (P < 0.05). The casualties and heavy housing damage caused by earthquake had a negative effect on semen quality. The main findings will provide further diagnosis and therapy basis of male fertility by data, for affected populations in the earthquake.     

苏州地区2640例男性不育症患者精液质量分析

目的:研究苏州地区男性不育症患者精液质量状况。方法:采用计算机辅助精液分析技术,检测2 640例以不育为主诉的男性精液标本的质量。结果:2 640份精液标本中,各项指标均正常的精液占27.35%;a+b级精子百分率异常者占47.35%(1 250/2 640);精子活动率异常者占42.39%(1 119/2 640)。精子活动率和a+b级精子百分率随患者年龄增加呈降低趋势,尤以40岁以上男性降低更为明显。弱精子症和少精子症发病率分别为37.31%(985/2 640)和8.94%(236/2 640),且30岁以上不育男性随年龄增加有增高趋势。随着精子活动率和精子浓度的下降,精子的9项运动参数VCL、VSL、VAP、MAD、LIN、STR、WOB、ALH、BCF明显降低。结论:苏州地区不育男性主要表现为精子活动率降低,尤其是a+b级精子百分率的降低。由于精子活动率、活力以及少精子症和弱精子症的发病率均与年龄有关,提示男性亦有合适的生育年龄。     

Semen analysis from an epidemiologic perspective

The fifth edition of the World Health Organization （WHO） manual for semen analysis includes for the first time reference values for human semen characteristics. This paper considers whether such values will help to resolve the intensely debated data indicating temporal and geographical shifts in sperm counts and hypotheses that anthropogenic activities that result in the release of chemicals into the environment are detrimental to male reproductive health. The reasons that these reference values will not fulfil these purposes are also explained. Although established reference values for semen characteristics are of limited value in analytical epidemiologic research, the WHO guidelines are of utmost importance for supporting the development of appropriate research protocols. Moreover, in spite of its limitations, semen analysis is still a useful research tool in epidemiological research, and no superior alternatives are on the horizon.     

Semen quality and infertility status can be identified through measures of oxidation–reduction potential

Standard analyses for evaluating semen quality require technical expertise and are interpretive in nature. Oxidative stress (OS) alters many of the semen parameters; thus, a measure of OS could be an indicator of semen quality. Static oxidation‐reduction potential (sORP) is a universal measure of OS traditionally used in environmental applications but is increasingly used in biomedical studies. sORP was measured to determine how well it associates with semen quality and if it differentiates semen from infertile patients and fertile donors. All study participants (Infertile, n = 365 and Fertile, n = 50) underwent standard semen analyses, and sORP was measured in unprocessed semen. In infertile patients, sORP increased with decreased total sperm number, motility and morphology. sORP values were higher in samples with abnormal quality (low number, motility and/or normal morphology) compared with those of normal quality. Infertile patients had higher sOPR values compared to fertile donors. A sORP cut‐off value of 1.38 mV/10⁶ sperm/ml can differentiate normal from abnormal semen samples, while a cut‐off value of 1.41 mV/10⁶ sperm/ml, can differentiate between infertile and fertile semen samples. In conclusion, sORP provides a quick and unbiased indicator of semen quality that can be a beneficial addition to semen analysis to determine semen quality and fertility status.     

重庆市部分地区男性精液质量现状分析

目的:了解三峡库区重庆段男性精液质量现状及其地域分布特点,评估三峡库区重庆段男性生殖健康现状。方法:选择重庆市境内长江流经的6个区县(南岸区、沙坪坝区、忠县、万州区、云阳县、巫山)的1 976例男性,按照WHO第四版精液分析标准采取精液,现场进行精液质量分析,利用精液质量来评估男性生殖健康现状。结果:重庆市6区县的男性的精液参数(精液量、精子密度、精子总数、精子活动率、精子形态正常率)均值都在正常范围;精子活力(a+b)%正常仅见于沙坪坝区、云阳县和忠县男性,其他3个区的男性精子活力(a+b)%异常。6区县男性精液参数比较,差异具有显著性(P<0.05);各区县健康男性精液参数[酸碱度、液化时间、精液体积、精子密度、前向运动精子(a%)、活力(a+b)%、活动率]均正常的不足50%,正常率最高的是云阳县,为47%;而万州区,仅仅16%的男性上述精液参数完全正常。利用G IS软件将精液参数作空间分布图,6区县男性精液质量分布呈现地域性差异,云阳县男性精液质量最好,万州区和巫山县最差。结论:三峡库区重庆段男性精液质量水平较低,并随长江流向呈现地域性差异。     

Evaluation of semen quality in 1808 university students,from Wuhan,Central China

The aim of this study was to evaluate the semen quality of university students in Wuhan, the largest city in the world in terms of the number of university students. All student sperm donors recorded in the Hubei Province Human Sperm Bank from 1 March 2010 to 31 December 2013 were screened. At last, a total of 3616 semen samples from 1808 university student sperm donors were eligible and retrospectively analyzed. Each donor''s semen parameters were averaged over two samples and compared with the World Health Organization criteria, and a generalized linear regression model was used to examine several determinants of semen quality. We found that the mean and median values were 3.0 ml and 2.8 ml for semen volume, 50.2 × 10⁶ ml⁻¹ and 50.0 × 10⁶ ml⁻¹ for sperm concentration, 148.1 × 10⁶ and 142.1 × 10⁶ for total sperm count, and 58.6% and 60.0% for total sperm motility. About 85.0% of donors had parameters that were all normal. Season and duration of abstinence were critical factors affecting semen quality. We also found a decrease in sperm concentration during the 4 years observation; however, this may not be a strong evidence to confirm the declining trend of semen quality. In conclusion, semen quality of university students in Wuhan was not optimal and should be paid high attention, long-term observation and further study should be carried out to confirm the present situation.     

Semen quality in fertile US men in relation to geographical area and pesticide exposure

We conducted the first US study to compare semen quality among study centres using standardized methods and strict quality control. We present data on semen quality in partners of 493 pregnant women recruited through prenatal clinics in four US cities during 1999-2001. Sperm concentration, semen volume and motility were determined at the centres and morphology was assessed at a central laboratory. While between-centre differences in sperm morphology and sample volume were small, sperm concentration and motility were significantly reduced in Columbia, MO (MO) relative to men in New York, NY, Minneapolis, MN and Los Angeles, CA; total number of motile sperm was 113 x 10(6) in MO and 162, 201 and 196 x 10(6) in CA, MN and NY respectively. Differences among centres remained significant in multivariate models that controlled for abstinence time, semen analysis time, age, race, smoking, history of sexually transmitted disease and recent fever (all p-values <0.01). We hypothesized that poorer sperm concentration and motility in MO men relative to other centres might be related to agricultural pesticides that are commonly used in the mid-west. We investigated this hypothesis by conducting a nested case-control study within the MO cohort. We selected 25 men in this cohort for whom all semen parameters (concentration, % normal morphology and % motile) were low as cases and an equal number of men for whom all semen parameters were within normal limits as controls. We measured metabolites of eight non-persistent, current-use pesticides in urine samples the men had provided at the time of semen collection. Pesticide metabolite levels were elevated in cases compared with controls for the herbicides alachlor and atrazine, and for the insecticide diazinon (2-isopropoxy-4-methyl-pyrimidinol) (p-values for Wilcoxon rank test = 0.0007, 0.012, and 0.0004 for alachlor, atrazine and diazinon respectively). Men with higher levels of alachlor or diazinon were significantly more likely to be cases than men with low levels [odds ratios (OR) = 30.0, 16.7 for alachlor and diazinon respectively], as were men with atrazine over the limit of detection (OR = 11.3). These associations between current-use pesticides and reduced semen quality suggest that agricultural chemicals may have contributed to the reduced semen quality seen in fertile men from mid-Missouri.     

Semen analysis and external quality control schemes for semen analysis need global standardization

One semen analysis laboratory [the Institute of Reproductive Medicine (IRM), Münster, Germany] was enrolled in three external quality assurance programmes in Europe (United Kingdom External Quality Assurance Scheme, European Academy of Andrology, European Society of Human Reproduction) that control for the assessment of sperm concentration, sperm motility and sperm morphology. Agreement between the participating laboratory and the sperm concentrations designated by all three programmes was good. Disagreement between two quality control (QC) programmes providing motility assessment was particularly noticeable in the distinction between motility grades a and b. For the identification of normal sperm morphology, marked differences between the standards set by different QC programmes were apparent. One programme was stricter in its categorization of normal forms, such that an overestimation of normal forms was diagnosed at IRM, whereas agreement with the other programmes was achieved. Variation of results from technicians in the IRM internal QC programme was <13%. The discrepancies between external quality control (EQC) centres demonstrated here are challenging problems to be overcome partly by the andrology laboratories and partly by the providers of EQC services. The introduction of objective, computer-aided sperm assessment in providing designated values may help to rectify this situation. Until this is achieved, EQC programmes should develop an internal programme to monitor their materials and methods for assessment.     

乙肝病毒携带者不育男性精液质量分析

目的:分析携带乙肝病毒(HBV)的不育男性的精液质量,探讨HBV感染对男性精液质量的影响。方法:选择2018年门诊初诊的782例不育男性,年龄25~35岁,根据HBV感染情况分为小三阳组(血清学检查乙肝表面抗原、e抗体、核心抗体阳性,n=286)和大三阳组(血清学检查乙肝表面抗原、e抗原、核心抗体阳性,n=230),以未感染者作为对照组(n=266),对上述3组进行精液常规、精子顶体酶活性及精子染色质结构分析,比较3组结果是否有差异。结果:①小三阳组精子浓度[(71.49±60.03)×10^6/ml]、前向运动精子百分率[(30.70±14.79)%]、精子活率[(42.67±17.23)%]、精子存活率[(81.07±10.19)%]、正常形态精子百分率[(5.72±3.47)%]均低于大三阳组[(88.20±82.62)×10^6/ml、(34.88±15.60)%、(45.77±16.58)%、(82.55±7.55)%、(6.93±4.45)%]和对照组[(89.29±53.80)×10^6/ml、(37.82±13.63)%、(48.16±14.03)%、(85.26±6.39)%、(7.27±4.43)%],除精子存活率以外差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);大三阳组精子浓度、前向运动精子百分率、精子活率、精子存活率、正常形态精子百分率均低于对照组,其中前向运动精子百分率、精子存活率的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);②小三阳组的精子顶体酶活性[(57.07±26.38)μIU/10^6精子]显著低于大三阳组[(63.03±28.75)μIU/10^6精子,P<0.05]和对照组[(78.00±33.49)μIU/10^6精子,P<0.01];大三阳组的精子顶体酶活性显著低于对照组(P<0.01);③小三阳组精子DNA碎片指数[DFI,(14.79±9.46)%]和高可染性[HDS,(9.62±6.20)%]均高于大三阳组[(12.95±7.29)%、(8.43±4.72)%]和对照组[(11.60±5.98)%、(8.41±4.59)%],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);大三阳组的DFI和HDS均高于对照组,仅DFI的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:HBV携带者的男性精液质量显著低于未感染者,HBV感染可能是引起男性生育力降低的原因之一。     

因子分析方法在精液质量综合评价中的应用

目的:探讨因子分析方法在精液质量综合评价中的应用。方法:运用因子分析方法对正常生育力男性精液检测指标(精液量、精子浓度、精子总数、活动率、前向运动精子百分率、存活率和正常形态精子百分率、前向运动精子总数、有效前向运动精子总数、畸形精子指数(TZI)、精子畸形指数(SDI)、曲线速率(VCL)、直线速率(VSL)、平均路径速率(VAP)、精子头侧摆幅度(ALH)、直线性(LIN)、摆动性(WOB)、前向性(STR)、鞭打频率(BCF)和平均角位移(MAD)进行了分析,提取反映精液质量特征的公因子,综合评价精液质量。结果:依据累积方差贡献率达到85%的原则,共萃取6个特征值>0.8的公因子,累积方差贡献率为86.647%。6个公因子依次分别代表精子数量、运动速度、运动方向、畸形指数、精液量以及正常形态。因子综合得分的计算公式为:(36.243*F1+23.342*F2+8.910*F3+8.500*F4+5.538*F5+4.115*F6)/86.647,其中位数为-0.0180。以P5为界值,正常生育力男性各精液检测指标均达到WHO参考值范围的比例仅为79.2%;而因子综合得分达到界值的对象比例为95.1%,两者差异有统计学意义(P=0.000)。结论:在综合评价精液质量时,因子分析结果即因子综合得分指标对精液质量的判定更精确。     

Prognostic Value of Semen Analyses in infertility Evaluation (Male fertility/Life-table analysis): Der prognostische Wert der Sperma-Analyse bei der Infertilitäts-Bewertung

The aim of the present study was to evaluate which of the various parameters of semen analysis that are most significantly related to the obtainment of pregnancy. A follow up questionnaire was sent to 1953 couples, who had been examined for infertility, and 1,480 (76%) replied. We focused on 713 of these couples, in whom the female partner had a normal fertility set-up (potentially fertile). This study suggests that sperm vitality and sperm concentration bear the most significant relation to pregnancy. Evaluation of a couple's fertility potential by means of the life-table method shows a gradual increase in the pregnancy rate of all couples, irrespective of semen quality, during a observation period of 10 years. The pregnancy rate after 5 years was 14% in a group with reduced semen quality and 44% in a group with normal semen quality.     

尿毒症患者精液质量的变化

目的 :分析肾移植术前尿毒症患者精液质量的变化。　方法 :对 2 4例尿毒症患者和 12例正常男性的精液进行常规分析。　结果 :尿毒症患者的精液体积、精子活动力、存活率、精子密度及精子正常形态百分率分别为 (2 .5± 0 .4 )ml、(13.4± 3.9) %、(2 5 .4± 5 .6 ) %、(2 0 .6± 4 .5 )× 10 6/ml和 (16 .8± 2 .1) % ,明显低于正常对照组 (P均 <0 .0 1)。　结论 :尿毒症患者精液质量显著降低 ,生精功能受到严重影响。     

Sperm ultramorphology as a pathophysiological indicator of spermatogenesis in males suffering from varicocele

Varicocele of spermatic veins is considered to be one of the major causes of male infertility associated with reduction of sperm quality. The pathophysiology of this condition is not yet completely understood. The aim of this study was to shed light on the pathophysiology of varicocele by identifying semen parameters, especially sperm ultramorphology, which improve following high ligation of the spermatic vein. Seventy-five males with diagnosed varicocele were included in this study. Semen parameters were assessed prospectively using light microscopy, semen biochemistry and sperm quantitative ultramorphological analysis, before high ligation and 3-9 months after high ligation. The control group consisted of twenty-five untreated varicocele patients who underwent two semen examinations within 3-9 months. No statistical difference in any of the examined variables was found between the two examinations in the control group. The treated patients exhibited a significant improvement in sperm density, progressive motility, percentage of normally formed spermatozoa, agenesis of sperm acrosome, chromatin condensation and incidence of amorphous heads compared with the pretreatment condition (P < or = 0.01). In contradiction, no significant improvement was observed following treatment in any of the sperm tail subcellular organelles. It is concluded that varicocele may cause deleterious alterations in early spermatid head differentiation during spermiogenesis and that varicocele patients with a high incidence of sperm acrosome and nucleus malformations are appropriate candidates for varicocele correction.     

精液分析前质量控制的初步研究

目的:探讨并研究精液分析分析前质控的一些环节对分析结果的影响,结合全面质量管理(TQM)的理念加以讨论,力求减少这些环节对检验结果准确性的影响。方法:21例要求生育前体检,有烟酒嗜好并自愿禁忌烟酒72 d以上的志愿者,分别检测其禁忌烟酒前后及精液留取后的第0.5 h,1 h,2 h和3 h的精液参数。结果:禁忌烟酒后志愿者的精子密度、精子活动率,a+b级精子百分率均显著高于禁忌前,精液留取后随着时间的递增,精子密度无显著差异(P>0.05),但精子活率和a+b级精子百分率多明显下降(P<0.05)。结论:分析前质控的环节众多,影响因素烦杂,包括患者的烟酒嗜好,精液标本的采集运送以及临床医师能否正确的选择检验项目、患者准备等,均可能对分析结果构成影响。必须慎重认真对待每一个环节,以达到整个精液分析过程的TQM,为临床诊疗提供可靠的实验室依据。     

Relationship of spermatozoal DNA fragmentation with semen quality in varicocele‐positive men

The aim of the study was to assess the semen quality and levels of spermatozoal nuclear DNA fragmentation in subfertile subjects clinically diagnosed with varicocele, subfertile subjects without varicocele and healthy fertile controls. Semen samples were obtained from 302 subjects. Of them, 115 were healthy fertile controls having normal semen characteristics, 121 subfertile men diagnosed with varicocele, both, clinically and on ultrasonography, while 66 subjects were subfertile with no varicocele. Spermatozoal concentration, percentage motility, morphology and DNA fragmentation were measured. In the study population, deterioration in semen quality‐decreased spermatozoal concentration, percentage motility and normal morphology was seen in subfertile subjects, especially with varicocele. Highest spermatozoal DNA fragmentation was observed in varicocele‐positive subjects as compared with varicocele‐negative subjects and healthy fertile controls. Significant negative correlation was seen between spermatozoal DNA fragmentation and concentration (r = ?0.310), motility (r = ?0.328) normal morphology, WHO method (r = ?0.221) and Tygerberg strict criteria (r = ?0.180) in the varicocele‐positive subfertile subjects. In conclusion, this study suggests existence of a negative relationship between spermatozoal DNA fragmentation and semen quality in varicocele‐positive subfertile subjects.     

Reproductive function in middle‐aged males: healthy men versus male partners of infertile couples

The aim of this study was to compare the reproductive parameters and the health‐related, lifestyle and educational factors in middle‐aged healthy men and male partners of infertile couples. Our patient group included 164 male partners of infertile couples with a preceding period of infertility of at least 12 months and 61 men attending a prostate health screening and considering themselves healthy. Significant differences between the groups were found in testicular volume, total sperm output, density and morphology as well as oestradiol levels in serum. The analysis showed significant positive correlations between testicular volume and semen quality, while negative correlations were observed between gonadotrophin levels and sperm parameters in both groups. Physical activity and sexual capability were higher in healthy men, while coital frequency and a history of sexually transmitted diseases were higher in male partners of infertile couples. The impact of physical activity and sexual capability on semen quality for all subjects was revealed. We can conclude that impaired reproductive function, that is, semen quality, in men >45 years is related not only with general male ageing but obvious differences between subjects of infertile couples and healthy middle‐aged men can be seen. Their relations with lifestyle, environmental or physiological factors need further study.     

精液分析中精子浓度室内质量控制方法的研究

目的:建立一种可行的精子浓度检测的室内质控方法。方法:设定20×106和80×106两种浓度的冷冻精液作为高、低值室内质控品(IQC),QC-BEADSTM质控珠(以下简称质控珠)作为对照。采用双盲法,4名技术员分别通过计算机辅助精液分析(CASA)对上述假定的室内质控品及质控珠进行精子浓度的测定,绘制出各自的质控图(Xbar图和Sbar图),连续检测1个月,计算出相应的高、低浓度值批内及批间变异系数(CV%),并进行比较。结果:①假定室内质控品高、低值批内变异系数分别CV3.5%,CV2.4%;批间分别为CV10.2%、CV9.6%。质控珠高、低值批内分别为CV5.1%,CV7.1%,批间分别CV7.1%,CV8.2%。两组高、低值的批内变异均<10%,批间变异均<15%,符合(Levey-Jennings)L-J质量控制原则,均能达到室内质控目的。②两组间高、低值的批内变异系数及批间变异系数无显著性差异(P>0.05),提示假定质控品可代替质控珠行实验室内部质量控制。结论:我们建立的精子浓度测定的室内质控方法是简单、易行、可靠。     

The reference values for semen parameters of 1213 fertile men in Guangdong Province in China

Semen samples were collected from 1213 fertile men whose partners had a time-to-pregnancy (TTP) ≤12 months in Guangdong Province in Southern China, and semen parameters including semen volume, sperm concentration, total counts, motility, and morphology were evaluated according to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2010 guideline. All semen parameters analyzed were normal in ~62.2% of the total samples, whereas ~37.8% showed at least one of the semen parameters below normal threshold values. The fifth centiles (with 95% confidence intervals) were 1.3 (1.2–1.5) ml for semen volume, 20 × 10⁶ (18×10⁶–20×10⁶) ml⁻¹ for sperm concentration, 40 × 10⁶ (38×10⁶–44×10⁶) per ejaculate for total sperm counts, 48% (47%–53%) for vitality, 39% (36%–43%) for total motility, 25% (23%–27%) for sperm progressive motility, 5.0% (4%–5%) for normal morphology. The pH values ranged from 7.2 to 8.0 with the mean ± standard deviation at 7.32 ± 0.17. No effects of age and body mass index were found on semen parameters. Occupation, smoking and alcohol abuse, varicocele appeared to decrease semen quality. Sperm concentration, but not sperm morphology, is positively correlated with TTP, whereas vitality is negatively correlated with TTP. Our study provides the latest reference values for the semen parameters of Chinese fertile men in Guangdong Province, which are close to those described in the new WHO guidelines (5^th Edition).     

Semen quality in sub-fertile range for a significant proportion of young men from the general German population: a co-ordinated, controlled study of 791 men from Hamburg and Leipzig

Population studies have shown that a high proportion of Nordic men may have so poor semen quality that they can be classified as sub-fertile according to international standards. A question is whether the Nordic data are specific for the Nordic countries or they should be seen as an expression of a general trend in Europe. We therefore carried out a prospective study of semen quality of young men raised in the former East Germany (Leipzig) and West Germany (Hamburg). To enable inter-regional comparisons, we utilized a common European research protocol previously used in studies in the Nordic-Baltic region. Three hundred and thirty-four young men representative of the general population from Hamburg, and 457 from Leipzig delivered semen samples, underwent physical examinations and provided information on life-style and reproductive health parameters. The study period in Hamburg was February 2003--July 2004, and in Leipzig July 2003--April 2005. No significant differences were observed in sperm concentration (median 46, 42, and 44 million/mL for men from Hamburg, Leipzig and the combined Hamburg-Leipzig group respectively) or total sperm count (154,141 and 149 million), whereas the differences for morphologically normal spermatozoa (9.4 and 8.4%) and motile spermatozoa (67 and 81%) were significantly different. Previously published studies have shown reduced fertility with decreasing sperm concentrations below 40-55 millions/mL and normal sperm morphology below 9-19%. Thus, a large fraction of young German men seem to have impaired semen quality that may reduce their natural fertility. However, it remains to be investigated to what extent poor semen quality contributes to the low German fertility rates.     

The Isolation of a Possible Antagglutinin from Human Semen

A substance, proteinaceous in nature, with an anti-agglutinic action on clumped sperm has been extracted from human semen. It appears to exist in two forms: an active reduced form and an inactive oxidised form.
The protein was extracted from oxidised seminal plasma by salting with saturated ammonium sulphate. The extract was purified by preferential adsorption on a calcium carbonate column, the eluate being collected as fractions. The antagglutinin gave an extinction curve, as determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, similar to that as reported for the bull.
Extraction recoveries, from semen stored frozen at different temperatures, indicate that the substance is possibly enzyme labile.
An effect of the antagglutinin on clumped human sperm is illustrated.
Die Isolierung eines möglichen Antagglutinins aus dem menschlichen Sperma

Zusammenfassung

Aus dem menschlichen Sperma wurde eine Proteinsubstanz mit einer antagglutinierenden Wirkung auf verklumpte Spermatozoen extrahiert. Diese Substanz liegt offenbar in zwei Formen vor: eine aktive, reduzierte Form und eine inaktive, oxydierte Form.
Das Protein wurde aus oxydiertem Spermaplasma durch Aussalzung mit gesättigten Ammoniumsulfat extrahiert. Der Extrakt wurde durch Vorzugsadsorption an Calciumkarbonatsäule gereinigt, das Eluat wurde in Fraktionen gesammelt. Das Antagglutinin ergab eine Extinktionskurve, bestimmt durch UV-Spektrophotometrie, die ähnlich der war, welche beim Bullen ermittelt wurde. Die Extraktions-Rückgewinnung aus dem gefrorenen Sperma, das unterschiedlichen Temperaturen ausgesetzt war, bedeutet nach Ansicht der Verfasser, daß die Substanz möglicherweise enzymlabil ist. Der Einfluß des Antagglutinins auf verklumpte Spermatozoen wird dargestellt.