应用实时聚合酶链反应技术检测儿童呼吸道标本中的呼吸道合胞病毒

目的建立实时聚合酶链式反应（PCR）技术检测儿科呼吸道标本中呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）的方法.方法（1）根据RSV N基因序列设计合成分别用于扩增RSV A亚型和B亚型的TaqMan探针和引物,建立实时PCR方法,进行灵敏度和特异性检测.（2）采用实时PCR检测61例RSV检测阳性的冻存标本和103例新收集的呼吸道标本,并与病毒分离、间接免疫荧光、巢式PCR结果相比较.结果（1）实时PCR对A亚型RSV检测的灵敏度为5.25 pfu,B亚型为3.75 pfu,与巢式PCR相同.（2）实时PCR检测其他呼吸道病毒阳性标本,结果均为阴性;A亚型和B亚型之间无交叉.（3）实时PCR检测其他方法检测过的RSV阳性的冻存标本61例,A亚型（30例）阳性为27例（90%）,B亚型（31）阳性为27例（87.1%）.（4）103例新鲜标本中,实时PCR检出RSV 35例（A亚型7,B亚型28）,阳性率34.0%,其中巢式PCR阳性31例,阳性率30.1%;间接免疫荧光阳性22例,阳性率21.4%;病毒分离阳性9例,阳性率8.7%.实时PCR阴性的68例,其他方法均为阴性.实时PCR与三种方法的一致性检验,一致率在74.76%～96.12%（P均＜0.01）;差异性检验结果说明,实时PCR阳性检出高于间接免疫荧光和病毒分离（P均＜0.01）,而与巢式PCR差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论实时PCR检测儿科鼻咽分泌物标本中RSV的方法,敏感性、特异性和可重复性好,可用于急性呼吸道感染患儿标本中的RSV检测.     

逆转录聚合酶链反应快速检测呼吸道合胞病毒

为探索一种快速、可靠的呼吸道合胞病毒（ＲＳＶ）的检测方法，对逆转录聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）技术检测ＲＳＶ进行研究。结果：ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法可检出病毒量为１０ＴＣＩＤ５０／ｍｌ（ＴＣＩＤ５０为半数组织培养感染量）；用于扩增Ｆ蛋白基因的引物经计算机基因库检测与其他病毒无同源性，实验同步扩增其他常见呼吸道感染病毒均无阳性扩增带；实验过程６小时内完成。在ＲＳＶ好发季节对５３例拟诊为病毒性急性下呼吸道感染婴儿咽拭子进行检测，ＲＳＶ阳性２８例（５２．８％）。提示ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法检测ＲＳＶ具有快速、敏感性高、特异性好等特点，适合于临床应用。     

呼吸道感染患儿呼吸道合胞病毒核酸扩增荧光定量检测及分析

目的：核酸扩增荧光定量PCR用于病原学诊断,是目前诊断呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）感染的先进方法。通过检测呼吸道感染患儿RSV- RNA相关序列的存在,探讨其敏感性和RSV感染情况。方法：收集2007年1月至2008年10月该院儿科261例呼吸道感染住院患儿鼻咽部支气管分泌物标本,用核酸扩增荧光定量检测痰标本RSV核酸RNA。同时抽取静脉血用酶联免疫吸附法检测RSV-IgM作对照,比较两种方法的敏感性。结果：①痰标本RSV-RNA阳性率38.7%,血RSV-IgM阳性率21.1%,两种方法检测阳性率差异有显著性(P<0.01)。②年龄≤6个月组痰标本RSV-RNA阳性率43.6％,显著高于1～3岁组阳性率32.1％（P<0.01）。③毛细支气管炎痰标本RSV-RNA阳性率最高（58.5%）,与急性支气管炎和支气管肺炎痰标本比较,差异有显著性（P<0.01和<0.05）。结论：核酸扩增荧光定量PCR检测呼吸道RSV感染敏感性高,RSV是婴幼儿时期下呼吸道感染的主要病原,年龄越小感染率越高,毛细支气管炎感染率最高。［中国当代儿科杂志,2009,11（10）：825-828］     

Upper thoracic extralobar pulmonary sequestration presenting with respiratory distress in a newborn

An upper thoracic extralobar pulmonary sequestration in a newborn is presented. It was present on the initial chest radiograph taken because of respiratory distress. The sequestration was surgically removed and the infant's respiratory difficulties improved.     

Comparison between clinical and radiological classifications of infants with the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

Clinical and radiological classifications of the severity of the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) were made in 55 infants. According to the clinical classification 17 infants belonged to the first class (mild RDS), 22 to the second (moderate RDS), and 16 to the third class (severe RDS). In the classification based on radiological findings the numbers of infants in classes 1, 2 and 3 were 18, 19 and 18 respectively. On the basis of both the clinical and radiological findings, 11 infants belonged to the mild RDS class, 11 to the moderate, and 12 to the severe RDS class. Thus, 34 infants had the same clinical and radiological classification. In 21 infants there were discrepancies between the clinical and the radiological classifications, but only one infant with the most severe radiological findings belonged to the mild RDS class and only one infant with mild radiological findings belonged to the worst RDS class.     

固尔苏预防早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征的临床研究

目的 评价固尔苏预防早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征（NRDS）的临床疗效及安全性。方法 将48例胎龄27～32周、体重900～1500g的早产儿随机分为两组，预防组生后2h内气管内滴入固尔苏，对照组不用固尔苏，两组患儿均给予相同的综合治疗，比较两组发生NRDS的比例、需要呼吸机治疗的比例、开始上机时间、机械通气的时间及胸片改变的严重程度。结果 （1）预防组发生NRDS的比例、需要呼吸机治疗的例数及呼吸机辅助通气时间较对照组少，二者比较有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；（2）两组发生NRDS的患儿胸片改变预防组比对照组程度轻。结论 早产儿生后预防性应用固尔苏可以降低NRDS发生率及减轻发病程度，固尔苏使用是安全的。     

固尔苏预防早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征的临床研究

目的评价固尔苏预防早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)的临床疗效及安全性。方法将48例胎龄27～32周、体重900～1500g的早产儿随机分为两组,预防组生后2h内气管内滴入固尔苏,对照组不用固尔苏,两组患儿均给予相同的综合治疗,比较两组发生NRDS的比例、需要呼吸机治疗的比例、开始上机时间、机械通气的时间及胸片改变的严重程度。结果(1)预防组发生NRDS的比例、需要呼吸机治疗的例数及呼吸机辅助通气时间较对照组少,二者比较有统计学意义(P<0.05);(2)两组发生NRDS的患儿胸片改变预防组比对照组程度轻。结论早产儿生后预防性应用固尔苏可以降低NRDS发生率及减轻发病程度,固尔苏使用是安全的。     

小儿庚型肝炎的探讨

为了探讨一种新型肝炎病毒，即庚型肝炎病毒（ｈｅｐａｔｉｔｉｓＧｖｉｒｕｓ，ＨＧＶ）在小儿中的感染特点，检测了３６例肝炎患儿及１６例健康体检儿童血清中ＨＧＶ－ＲＮＡ（套式逆转录ＰＣＲ法）。结果表明，３６例肝炎中有１１例ＨＧＶ感染者，其中６例合并慢性ＨＣＶ感染（３例接受过干扰素治疗），２例合并慢性ＨＢＶ感染，２例为慢性非Ａ－Ｅ肝炎，１例合并ＨＢＶ＋ＨＡＶ感染。１６例健康儿童均阴性。ＨＧＶ感染率在血制品输入者１０例中７例阳性，在未输入者２２例中３例阳性（两者比较，Ｐ＜０．０１），在血制品使用情况不明者２０例中１例阳性。提示输入血制品是小儿ＨＧＶ感染的主要途径，但不排除还有其他途径，感染者主要为慢性肝炎患儿，干扰素的疗效有待进一步研究     

早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征遗传学研究进展

呼吸窘迫综合征( respiratory distress syndrome,RDS)是早产儿常见的呼吸系统疾病危重症,肺表面活性物质缺乏是其主要发病机制。近年来研究表明,遗传易患性参与早产儿RDS的发病。该文对近年来国内外关于早产儿RDS的遗传易患性及相关候选基因的研究进展作一综述。     

新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征呼吸力学动态监测及临床意义

目的探讨新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)的呼吸力学特征及其与临床的关系。方法对17例机械通气下NRDS患儿进行了呼吸力学指标、X线胸片及血气分析检查。结果呼吸系统顺应性(Crs)与NRDS病情严重程度及预后有关，Crs＜0.3mL/(cmH2O·kg)示病情严重，Crs＜0.2ml/(cmH2O·kg)病死率高；Crs与氧合指数(OI)呈负相关关系(r=-0.948)，有直线回归关系OI=64.73-82.70Crs。X线分级与Crs呈负相关关系(r=-0.768)，Crs为(0.683±0.110)mL/(cmH2O·kg)时脱机成功率为90.9％。结论时RDS患儿Crs及其动态变化进行监测，可以判断RDS患儿病情，指导呼吸机治疗，掌握脱机时机及评估预后。     

Autosomal dominant transmission of congenital hypothyroidism, neonatal respiratory distress, and ataxia caused by a mutation of NKX2-1

OBJECTIVE: To study the NKX2-1 gene in two half-siblings with elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) on state screen, prolonged neonatal respiratory distress despite term gestations, and persistent ataxia, dysarthria, and developmental delay. STUDY DESIGN: We amplified and sequenced DNA samples from blood or buccal swab for subjects and their unaffected siblings. RESULTS: The same mutation that prevents splicing together of exons 2 and 3 of the NKX2-1 gene was present in the affected siblings, their mother, and maternal grandmother but not in their unaffected siblings. The mutation was present in the heterozygous form, thus explaining the disease phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: Autosomal dominant transmission of mutations of NKX2-1 may cause congenital hypothyroidism, neonatal respiratory distress at term, and persistent neurologic findings such as ataxia, choreoathetosis, and dysarthria in families with affected subjects in multiple generations.     

Early treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome

Summary In 1983, a US National Collaborative Study (NCS) proposed criteria for the diagnosis of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), but the widespread use of pulsed Doppler cross-sectional echocardiography (PD-CSE) in neonatal intensive care units has made direct assessment of the ductus possible thus providing more timely therapy. We have compared the results in 30 premature infants with severe RDS, assessed according to the guidelines of the US NCS, with those in 51 infants whose PDA was diagnosed by PD-CSE. Together with a significant reduction in the age at treatment (7.8±3.9 vs 2.4±1.1 days), there was a reduced dependence on artificial ventilation (14.8±11.0 vs 7.8±2.7 days), a reduction in the number requiring surgical ligation of PDA (9 vs 2), a decreased incidence of bronchopulmonary-dysplasia (BPD) (40% vs 16%), and a reduction of unfavorable outcome of treatment (death or BPD) (76% vs 49%).     

Intracerebral haemorrhages in surfactant treated neonates with severe respiratory distress syndrome: age at diagnosis,severity and risk factors

Within a randomized European multicentre trial the time of onset, severity and progression of intracerebral haemorrhages (ICH) were investigated prospectively by serial cranial ultrasonography in 343 ventilated infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) following instillation of single or multiple doses of a natural porcine surfactant (Curosurf). In 148/343 infants (43%) ICH was diagnosed (grade I or II: 22%, grade III or IV: 21%). In 26 cases (8%) ICH was present on the ultrasound scan prior to surfactant instillation at a median age of 6h. Incidence and severity of ICH was similar after single- or multiple-dose surfactant treatment. Using a logistic regression model the following risk factors predictive of ICH were defined: low birth weight, allocation to certain hospitals, vaginal delivery, Apgar score6, rectal temperature on admission 36°C, primary anaemia, acidosis prior to treatment, RDS grade IV in pre-treatment chest films and poor response to surfactant treatmentOur study provides supportive evidence that multiple doses of Curosurf do not increase the risk for ICH as compared to single-dose administration.A preliminary report of this work was presented at 8th International Workshop on Surfactant Replacement, Oslo, Norway, May 21 1993. The study was supported by grants of the German government (BMFT 93 607 27) and the German Research Council (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft He 2072: 1–2). The surfactant used in the trial was prepared ang tested in Stockholm with the skilful technical assistance of Elin Arvesen, Bim Linderholm. Eva Lundberg, Gunhild Nilsson and Petru Popa (supported by the Swedish Medical Research Council (Project No. 3351) and Oscar II:s Jubileumsfond)Dedicated to the memory of Edgar (Eddi) Laufkötter, one of the most active trial collaborators, who died under tragic circumstances on April 10, 1994.     

Ventilatory requirements for respiratory distress syndrome in small-for-gestational-age infants

Neonatal ventilatory requirements and outcome were examined in 135 very preterm, small-for-gestational age (SGA) infants to determine whether fetal growth retardation protects against severe respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in very immature infants. Their results were compared to those from gestational age-and gender-matched controls. Although there was no significant difference in the median duration of mechanical ventilation between the two groups, more SGA infants required ventilation and were ventilated because of RDS. In a subgroup also matched for mode of delivery, there was no significant difference between the proportion of SGA infants requiring mechanical ventilation for RDS compared to their matched controls. The mortality was greater in the SGA group. We conclude that fetal growth retardation does not protect against severe RDS.     

不同分级的呼吸窘迫综合征早产儿围生期状况分析

目的：对不同分级的呼吸窘迫综合征（RDS）早产儿的围生期状况进行分析,以了解与RDS严重程度相关的高危因素。方法：667例早产RDS患儿根据胸片显示的分级结果分为4个组别,1级217例, 2级225例, 3级126例,4级99例,对各组围生期情况进行回顾性分析。结果：分级不同的RDS早产儿在性别、双胎、双胎之小所占的比例、母亲年龄、产前糖皮质激素应用、有无胎膜早破/胎盘早剥、受孕与分娩方式等方面的差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,但随着RDS分级的加重,患儿出生体重和胎龄在减小,而Apgar评分≤7分的患儿比例及母亲患妊娠高血压疾病的比例在逐渐增大,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：RDS的分级主要与早产程度、出生体重、围生期窒息等高危因素有关。     

呼吸力学监测在新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用

目的 探讨呼吸力学指标在新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(neonatal respiratory distress syndrome,NRDS)中的应用价值.方法 选取2006年1月至2008年12月在本院新生儿重症监护室因NRDS需机械通气的患儿55例(均使用过肺表面活性物质治疗),根据其预后分为存活组(44例)和死亡组(11例),动态监测两组患儿机械通气过程中肺动态顺应性(compliance of the respiratory system,Crs)、呼吸指数(respiratory index,RI)、肺泡-动脉氧分压差PA-aO2及氧合指数(oxygenation index,OI)值的变化,并进行比较.结果 机械通气后6h,存活组和死亡组Crs、PA-aO2、OI及RI值比较,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别=6.871,-6.450,-10.316,-8.815,P均＜0.05).在机械通气过程中,存活组RI、PA-aO2和OI值随通气时间延长而逐渐降低,不同时间点RI、PA-aO2和OI值比较,差异均有统计学意义(F值分别=215.56,147.85,384.64,＜0.05).存活组Crs值随通气时间延长而逐渐升高,不同时间点Crs值比较,差异均有统计学意义(F=292,P＜0.05).死亡组患儿死亡前融、PA-aO2和OI值明显增高,与上机后6h比较,差异有统计学意义(r值分别=-5.699,-5.578,-6.924,p均＜0.05).死亡组患儿死亡前Crs值明显降低,与上机后6h比较,差异有统计学意义(t=11.767,P＜0.05).Crs和OI、RI、PA-aO2值间均呈负相关(r=-0.813,-0.800,-0.859,P＜0.05).结论 动态监测NRDS患儿机械通气时Crs、RI、OI、PA-aO2可以判断NRDS患儿治疗效果,指导呼吸机的合理应用,掌握脱机时机及评估预后.     

早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征自发性利尿与肺功能关系探讨

目的　 探讨早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征 (RDS)自发性利尿与肺功能及预后的关系。 方法 　 31例入院日龄小于 2 4h ,需机械通气的RDS患儿 ,应用床旁肺力学监护仪动态监测、动态顺应性 (Cdyn)、潮气量 (VT) ,并记录 2 4h出 (O)入 (I)量和呼吸机各参数。利尿开始时 (O/I≥ 1)及最大利尿期的尿量、Cdyn、VT、RR、PIP、MAP、FiO2 与利尿前 8h的资料进行比较。 结果 　治愈组 2 5例 ,开始利尿时间为 (41 88± 9 19)h ,最大利尿期为 (6 0 12± 10 95 )h ,与利尿前 8h比较 :开始利尿时 ,肺功能和呼吸机各参数无明显变化 ;而在最大利尿期 ,Cdyn和VT 明显改善 (P <0 0 1) ,呼吸机各参数显著下降 (P <0 0 1)。利尿先于肺功能改善 16～2 8h。死亡组 6例无自发性利尿过程 ,肺功能无改善。 结论 　RDS患者出现自发性利尿后肺功能开始好转 ,当尿量明显增多时 ,肺功能明显改善 ,应迅速下降呼吸机各参数 ,以避免过度通气 ,减少并发症产生。不出现利尿者 ,提示预后欠佳