Applicability of the nipple-areola complex-sparing mastectomy: a prediction model using mammography to estimate risk of nipple-areola complex involvement in breast cancer patients

The purpose of this study was to develop a prediction model that can be used to identify breast cancer patients at lowest risk for neoplastic nipple-areola complex (NAC) involvement to offer total NAC-sparing mastectomy with immediate reconstruction. Medical records, pathology slides, and mammograms were reviewed for all breast cancer patients treated with total mastectomy at Rhode Island Hospital between 2000 and 2004. The distance between the nipple and the closest tumor margin was measured using mammography. NAC involvement was identified in 42% of the 31 study patients. Mammographic distance, pathologic stage, and tumor size were identified as independent predictors of malignant NAC involvement by multivariate analysis (rho < 0.05). Based on these predictors, a linear discriminant score, the NAC Involvement Score (NACIS), was computed to distinguish between the presence and absence of NAC involvement. For individual patients, positive NACIS values (> or = -0.3665) were associated with NAC involvement with a sensitivity of 92%, specificity of 77%, and negative predictive value of 93%. These preliminary findings indicate that the NACIS formula may be a useful clinical tool for selecting low-risk patients for total NAC-sparing mastectomy with immediate reconstruction.     

保留乳头乳晕复合体改良根治术的选择和比较

目的 总结乳腺癌根治术中保留乳头乳晕复合体（NAC）的效果与体会。方法 选择2018年3月至2021年3月在我院因乳腺癌进行外科手术治疗的女性患者,纳入标准：(1)原发性肿瘤位于乳晕外;(2)肿瘤距离乳晕边缘>2 cm,共有99例患者入组,包括45例实施保留NAC的改良乳癌根治术（NSM）(NAC保留组)和未保留NAC的手术44例（NAC未保留组）。观察NSM后的临床效果,比较NAC保留和未保留患者术后病理特征、并发症,观察术后NAC感觉恢复情况。结果术前检查：两组患者在年龄、NAC直径、乳头距离肿瘤、术前肿瘤分期、类型、肿瘤部位及多病灶例数间的差异没有统计学意义（P>0.05）。NAC保留组术后病理：35例（77.8%）浸润性癌,10例（22.2%）属于导管原位癌,中位肿瘤大小为2.4 cm(0.2～4.1 cm),5例发现腋窝淋巴结转移;NAC未保留组中,浸润性癌37例（84.1%）,7例（15.9%）原位癌,中位肿瘤大小为2.6 cm(0.2～4.7)cm,7例腋窝淋巴结转移。两组各有12例发生脂肪液化和血清肿,各有2例切口轻度感染,经保守治疗愈合。NAC保留组有8例...     

保留乳头乳晕的乳腺癌改良根治术159例报告

目的 总结保留乳头乳晕复合体( nipple-areola complex,NAC)的乳腺癌改良根治术经验,以期提高手术成功率。方法 对1998年1月至2009年12月行保留NAC乳腺癌改良根治术的159例患者的临床病理资料进行回顾。结果 159例患者中成功实施保留NAC乳腺癌改良根治术141例(88.68％)。术中放弃保留NAC而改变为乳腺癌改良根治术或根治术14例(8.81％),其中4例(2.52％)为术中发现NAC缺血,5例(3.14％) NAC有癌浸润,2例(1.26％)为重度不典型增生,3例(1.89％)因术中发现Ⅲ级淋巴结肿大而更改术式;术后乳头完全坏死导致手术失败4例(2.52％)。术后并发症：乳头部分缺血坏死16例(10.06％),皮瓣坏死、感染11例(6.92％),皮下积液10例(6.29％)。患者均获得随访,随访时间15 ～96个月（中位随访时间51个月）。术后局部复发5例(3.14％),远处转移2例(1.26％),NAC及其基底部未见复发。结论 保留NAC乳腺癌改良根治术在严格入组条件和手术流程的情况下是安全的术式,导致改变术式的常见原因为NAC癌浸润、NAC缺血坏死及术中分期改变等。     

保留乳头乳晕乳房切除术联合即刻乳房重建手术中乳头乳晕安全性保留预测模型的建立

目的 探讨保留乳头乳晕复合体乳房切除术（NSM）联合即刻乳房重建手术（IBR）手术中乳头乳晕复合体（NAC）安全性保留的相关危险因素,并建立预测模型。方法 回顾性分析2017年1月至2019年8月在复旦大学附属肿瘤医院乳腺外科行NSM联合IBR的474例病人的临床资料。依据乳头后方组织术后石蜡病检结果进行病例分组即NAC（+）组与NAC（-）组。分析两组病人的临床、影像及病理学特征,进行多因素分析,对独立预测指标赋值,计算不同分值的NAC阳性率,建立相应预测模型并验证。结果 474例病例中,NAC阳性率为13.71%（65/474）,单因素分析显示肿瘤位置、乳头溢液、乳头凹陷、NAC皮肤湿疹样改变、临床肿瘤大小、肿瘤至乳头距离（TND）、临床淋巴结状态、MG-乳头后方钙化、恶性特征钙化灶、合并原位癌成分、组织学类型、组织学分级、脉管癌栓、分子分型与NAC肿瘤阳性相关。多因素分析显示乳头血性溢液、乳头凹陷、NAC皮肤湿疹样改变、临床肿瘤大小、TND、临床淋巴结状态、脉管癌栓是NAC肿瘤阳性独立预测指标。建立NAC预测指数（Predictive Index of NAC,PI-NAC）预测模型提示,0～1分为NAC肿瘤累及低风险,2～4分为中风险,5分及以上为高风险。该模型内部验证ROC曲线AUC值0.85（95%CI 0.80-0.89）,具有较好预测效能。结论 乳头血性溢液、乳头凹陷、NAC皮肤湿疹样改变、临床肿瘤大小、TND、临床淋巴结状态、脉管癌栓是NAC受累的重要独立指标。预测模型有助于术前更好地评估NSM的肿瘤安全性。     

Predicting Nipple–Areolar Involvement Using Preoperative Breast MRI and Primary Tumor Characteristics

Background

Preoperative assessment of the nipple–areolar complex (NAC) is invaluable when considering nipple-sparing mastectomy. Our hypothesis is that breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may predict involvement of the NAC with tumor.

Methods

Clinical, histopathologic, and imaging data were compiled for patients who underwent preoperative breast MRI followed by mastectomy or nipple-sparing mastectomy for malignancy between 2006 and 2009. Blinded rereview of all MRI studies was performed by a breast MRI imager and compared to initial MRI findings. Multivariate analysis identified variables predicting NAC involvement with tumor.

Results

Of 77 breasts, 18 (23 %) had tumor involving or within 1 cm of the NAC. The sensitivity of detecting histopathologically confirmed NAC involvement was 61 % with history and/or physical examination, and 56 % with MRI. Univariate analysis identified the following variables as significant for NAC involvement: large tumors near the nipple on preoperative MRI, node-positive disease, invasive lobular carcinoma, advanced histopathologic T stage, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. On multivariate analysis, only tumor size >2 cm and distance from tumor edge to the NAC <2 cm on MRI maintained significance. Pearson correlation coefficient for MRI size compared to histopathologic size was 0.53 (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

MRI is not superior to thorough clinical evaluation for predicting tumor in or near the NAC. However, MRI-measured tumor size and distance from the NAC are correlated with increased risk of NAC involvement. The combination of preoperative history and physical examination, tumor characteristics, and breast MRI can aid the surgeon in predicting a tumor-involved nipple more than any single modality alone.     

Analysis of nipple/areolar involvement with mastectomy: Can the areola be preserved?

Background Skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM), which involves the resection of the nipple/areolar complex with the breast parenchyma, improves the aesthetic outcome for breast cancer patients. Most patients undergoing SSM desire reconstruction of the nipple/areolar complex for symmetry. These data explore the possibility of preserving the areola in selected mastectomy patients. Methods A retrospective analysis of 217 mastectomy patients was conducted to determine the frequency of malignant nipple and/or areola involvement. The association between nipple and/or areola involvement and prognostic factors, including tumor size, stage, nuclear grade, axillary nodal status, and tumor location, was evaluated. Results The overall frequency of malignant nipple involvement was 23 of 217 (10.6%). In a subgroup of patients with tumors <2 cm, peripheral tumors, and with two positive nodes or less, the incidence of nipple involvement was 6.7%. When the nipple and areolar involvement were analyzed separately, only 2 of 217 patients had involvement of the areola (0.9%). All patients with areolar involvement had stage 3 breast cancer and were located centrally in the breast. Conclusions We conclude from these data that nipple preservation is not a reasonable option for mastectomy patients. However, preservation of the areola with mastectomy in selected patients warrants further study. Presented at the 54th Annual Meeting of the Society of Surgical Oncology, Washington, DC, March 15–18, 2001.     

Skin-sparing mastectomy with conservation of the nipple-areola complex and autologous reconstruction is an oncologically safe procedure

OBJECTIVE: Is skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) with conservation of the Nipple-Areola Complex (NAC) and immediate autologous reconstruction as safe in oncologic terms as SSM with resection of the NAC as modified radical mastectomy (MRM)? SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The originally described technique of SSM included the removal of gland, NAC, and biopsy scar. However, the risk of tumor involvement of NAC in patients with breast cancer has been overestimated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1994 and 2000, 286 selected patients with an indication for MRM and tumor margins of greater than 2 cm from the nipple were presented with the alternative of a SSM. Regular follow-up data were evaluable of 112 patients with SSM and 134 patients with MRM. Immediate reconstruction was achieved by latissimus dorsi flap or TRAM flap. The mean follow-up time was 59 (18 to 92) months. RESULTS: Patients with SSM were significantly younger than those with MRM but were comparable regarding clinical data, tumor parameters, adjuvant treatment, and overall complications. After intraoperative frozen sections of the NAC-ground, the NAC could be conserved in 61 (54.5%) but was resected in 51 (45.5%) of the 112 patients with SSM. The aesthetic results after SSM were evaluated as excellent or good in 91.1% (102/112) patients and were significantly better after preservation of the NAC (P = 0.001). Six (5.4%) recurrences occurred in 112 patients with SSM compared with 11 (8.2%) cases after MRM. Only 1 recurrence in a conserved nipple was treated by wide excision of nipple with conservation of the areola. This patient is still free of disease after 52 months. CONCLUSION: In patients who are candidates for a mastectomy and tumors distant from the nipple, SSM with intraoperative frozen section of the NAC ground offers the opportunity of NAC conservation without increasing the risk of local recurrences.     

Predictors of Nipple–Areolar Complex Involvement by Breast Carcinoma: Histopathologic Analysis of 787 Consecutive Therapeutic Mastectomy Specimens

Background  

Breast-conserving therapy (BCT) is an accepted therapeutic option for most breast cancer patients. However, mastectomy is still performed in 30–50% of patients undergoing surgeries. There is increasing interest in preservation of the nipple and/or areola in hopes of achieving improved cosmetic and functional outcomes; however, the oncologic safety of nipple–areolar complex (NAC) preservation is a major concern. We sought to identify the predictive factors for NAC involvement in breast cancer patients.     

乳腺癌乳头乳晕复合体浸润的RT-PCR检测及临床病理研究

目的：分析乳腺癌乳头乳晕复合体（nipple-areola complex，NAC）隐匿浸润（occult involvement），讨论NAC浸润与临床病理相关因素之间的关系。方法：取42例肿瘤原发灶、乳晕组织和乳头组织并记录其临床病理相关参数。对原发灶标本CEA mRNA呈阳性表达病人的乳头、乳晕分别进行RT-PCR检测。结果：在原发灶CEA阳性的26例乳腺癌标本中，共有9例病人NAC呈阳性反应，阳性率为34．61％，而术后常规病理HE染色仅4例阳性（15．38％），两种方法检测的结果存在非常显著差异（P=0．0084）。NAC浸润和原发灶的大小显著相关（P=0．0300），与原发灶所在位置（P=0．0084）、原发灶边缘至乳晕的距离（P=0．0001）有非常显著相关。而与病人年龄、腋淋巴结有无转移、总体TNM分期无相关。原发灶距乳晕不同距离段内乳晕肿瘤的浸润率存在非常显著差异（P=0．0056）。当原发灶边缘距乳晕的距离〉2．2cm时．NAC浸润率为0。结论：CEA的RT-PCR分析能更敏感地反映NAC的浸润情况，从而提高NAC浸润的检出率。NAC浸润主要危险因素包括原发灶至NAC的距离、肿瘤原发灶的大小及肿瘤所处的位置（中央型）。肿瘤原发灶在向乳头浸润和乳晕浸润的方式上有所不同，乳头组织较乳晕组织更易发生肿瘤浸润。当肿瘤原发灶至乳晕的距离〉2．5cm时．手术时保留NAC是安全的。     

Defining a Place for Nipple Sparing Mastectomy in Modern Breast Care: An Evidence Based Review

Abstract: Breast cancer is a diverse disease that requires a fully integrated multidisciplinary approach. Breast surgery has undergone a revolutionary change leading us from the conventional radical mastectomy of the Halstedian era to the current motion of nipple sparing mastectomy (NSM). Despite the lack of randomized controlled trials, the technique of NSM continues to gain popularity as a prophylactic procedure in high risk patients. The current indications for NSM, if any, in the treatment of early invasive breast cancer remains uncertain and requires rigorous scientific scrutiny. This article aims to critically review the indications and limitations of NSM, discuss evidence based intra‐operative protocols and to discuss ways in which radiation therapy may be incorporated in treatment planning following NSM. A comprehensive search of the scientific literature was carried out using PubMed to access all publications related to nipple sparing mastectomy. The search focused specifically on technique, current management, safety, and complications of these procedures. Keywords searched included “Nipple sparing mastectomy,”“breast conserving surgery,”“Nipple areola complex preservation” and “skin sparing mastectomy.” NSM offers an opportunity to preserve native breast envelope without mutilation of nipple‐areola complex (NAC), and avoids multiple surgical procedures required for reconstruction. NSM may be a reasonable alternative for prophylactic and select breast cancer patients without NAC involvement; however, oncological safety of NSM has not yet been fully demonstrated. Best available evidence suggests that patients should be selected based on study of breast duct anatomy by breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging, mammographic distance between tumor and nipple and obligatory intra‐operative frozen section from retro‐areolar tissue. Additional factors such as tumor size, axillary lymph node status, lymphovascular invasion and degree of intraductal component are also being used to either include or exclude NSM candidates based on institutional protocols. Heterogeneity of patients selected for NSM is great and the lack of standardization of preoperative investigations, intra‐operative technique and pathologic sampling of retro‐areola tissues mandates a multi‐institutional prospective study to define and validate a role for NSM in invasive breast cancer and DCIS. Nipple necrosis or sloughing is an important problem after NSM which can be greatly reduced using alternative skin incisions. Even if the nipple survives, an insensate nipple and lack of sexual function is common and requires preoperative counseling and discussion. Finally the relation and timing of intra‐operative versus adjuvant breast radiation and tailoring of dosage and delivery methods has not been fully explored. Although NSM reduces the psychological trauma associated with nipple loss, the oncologic safety as well as functional and aesthetic outcomes needs additional investigation.     

保留乳头乳晕复合体乳腺癌改良根治术后主要并发症的防治

目的 探讨保留乳头乳晕复合体(nipple-areola complex, NAC)乳腺癌改良根治术后主要并发症的防治.方法 对手术治疗124例NAC乳腺癌改良根治术临床资料行回顾性总结,分析发生并发症的原因,提出预防和处理方法.结果 124例术后发生乳头坏死18例(14.52%),皮瓣感染、坏死9例(7.26%),皮下积液7例(5.65%),上肢淋巴水肿5例(4.03%),胸肌挛缩伴同侧上臂运动障碍3例(2.42%),术腔继发性出血2例(1.61%).结论 精细的手术操作能有效降低保留NAC乳腺癌改良根治术并发症的发生率;保留NAC术后出现的并发症进行积极处理能明显改善患者预后.     

Nipple-sparing mastectomy--initial experience at a tertiary center

BACKGROUND: Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) combines skin-sparing mastectomy with preservation of the nipple-areolar dermis and intraoperative pathologic assessment of the nipple core. We evaluated our initial experience with NSM in terms of clinical outcomes. METHODS: An Institutional Review Board-approved retrospective review of patients undergoing NSM between November 2005 and June 2007 was performed. RESULTS: Eighteen NSM and two areola-sparing mastectomies were performed. Indications for surgery were invasive cancer (n = 4), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (n = 5), pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (n = 3), and risk reduction (n = 8). The average distance of tumor from the nipple on imaging was 4.8 cm (range 4 to 5.7). Nipple cores were all benign, and 2 patients developed self-limited superficial desquamation of the nipple. At a mean follow up of 10.8 months, all nipple-areolar complexes were intact, and there were no local or systemic recurrences. CONCLUSIONS: NSM can be successfully achieved with low morbidity in appropriately selected patients.     

Subareolar breast cancers

BACKGROUND: Despite the high rate of pathologic involvement of the nipple-areola complex (NAC) with subareolar cancers and the suboptimal cosmetic results when lumpectomy removes the NAC, breast conservation surgery has been extended to include these patients. METHODS: Ninety-five patients with subareolar cancers operated on between 1979 and 1998 were identified and the relationships between the pathologic findings, treatment, and outcome were studied. RESULTS: Clinical involvement of the NAC (P = 0.001), clinical presentation (P <0.001, mammographic calcium or Paget's disease), and pathologic tumor size (P = 0.019) were significantly related to pathologic involvement of the NAC in univariate analysis. After consideration for clinical NAC involvement, no other variable was significantly related to pathologic NAC involvement in multivariate analysis. Thirty-three patients underwent mastectomy, and 62 were treated with breast conservation. Radiation therapy (P = 0.005), clinical (P = 0.031), and pathologic (P = 0.037) involvement of the NAC were significantly related to local disease-free survival in breast conservation patients in univariate analysis. After consideration for radiation therapy in multivariate analysis, clinical involvement of the NAC was the only additional variable significantly related to local recurrence in breast conservation patients. Clinical or pathologic involvement of the NAC was not significantly associated with local and distant recurrence after mastectomy. No other variable was significantly related to local outcome in univariate analysis in patients treated with mastectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Subareolar cancers can be successfully treated with breast conservation surgery provided adjuvant radiation therapy is always given. Clinical involvement of the nipple-areola complex is associated with high risk of local failure when treated with breast conservation without radiation therapy.     

The Incidence of Occult Nipple-Areola Complex Involvement in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving a Skin-Sparing Mastectomy

Background: Surgical treatment of breast cancer traditionally has included resection of the nipple-areola complex (NAC), in the belief that this area had a significant probability of containing occult tumors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the true incidence of NAC involvement in patients who underwent a skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) and to determine associated risk factors.Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted of 326 patients who had a SSM at our institution from 1990 to 1993. NAC involvement was reviewed in 286 mastectomy specimens. The charts were analyzed for tumor size, site, histology, grade, nodal status, recurrence, survival, and NAC involvement.Results: Occult tumor involvement in the NAC was found in 5.6% of mastectomy specimens (16 patients). Four patients would have had NAC involvement identified on frozen section if they had been undergoing a skin-sparing mastectomy with preservation of the NAC. There were no significant differences between NAC-positive (NAC+) and NAC-negative (NAC-) patients in median tumor size, nuclear grade, histologic subtype of the primary tumor, or receptor status. There were significant differences in location of the primary tumor (subareolar or multicentric vs. peripheral) and positive axillary lymph node status. NAC involvement was not a marker for increased recurrence or decreased survival.Conclusions: Occult NAC involvement occurred in only a small percentage of patients undergoing skin-sparing mastectomies. NAC preservation would be appropriate in axillary node-negative patients with small, solitary tumors located on the periphery of the breast.Presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Society of Surgical Oncology, Orlando, Florida, March 4–7, 1999.     

Revisiting the Free Nipple Graft: An Opportunity for Nipple Sparing Mastectomy in Women with Breast Ptosis

Objective

Nipple areolar complex (NAC) sparing mastectomy improves the cosmetic outcome of patients with breast cancer. However, women with significant breast ptosis are not candidates for this technique due toexcessive skin flap length and ensuing risk of NAC ischemia.1 ^– 3 We report a novel technique using free nipple graft during skin sparing mastectomy for patients with significant ptosis while concurrently maintaining oncologic integrity.

Design

Case series.

Setting

Community and tertiary care hospital practices.

Patients

Women with breast cancer desiring NAC preservation who are otherwise candidates for nipple sparing mastectomy, but with significant breast ptosis that precludes NAC viability. All women underwent immediate, autologous breast reconstruction.

Interventions

Bilateral and unilateral free nipple grafts were harvested, placed on ice during skin sparing mastectomy and free flap reconstruction, grafted at the conclusion of the case and secured with a bolster.

Outcome Measures

Full or partial NAC preservation, ischemia time, local wound complications at NAC grafting site, pathologic outcomes.

Results

A total of three patients underwent free nipple grafting at the time of skin sparing mastectomy and free or pedicled flap for breast cancer between March and September 2012. Of five total nipple grafts, one had partial NAC loss but did not require operative debridement. Pathologic review of areolar tissue removed during intraoperative defatting of free nipple graft demonstrated residual duct epithelium.

Conclusions

Women with significant breast ptosis that would preclude them from NAC sparing mastectomy can successfully preserve their NAC using a free nipple graft. Duct epithelium present in defatted tissue during preparation of the free nipple graft suggests that oncologic integrity can also be maintained.     

Temporary banking of the nipple-areola complex in breast reconstruction following mastectomy for gigantomastia

IntroductionGigantomastia is a breast disorder characterized by exaggerated rapid growth of the breasts, generally bilaterally. In some severe cases, mastectomy is required to ensure safe delivery or control disease progression or recurrence. Subsequently, most patients want to undergo breast reconstruction, including the nipple-areola complex (NAC).Presentation of caseHere, we report our experience with temporary banking of the NAC in a patient who underwent mastectomy for severe Gigantomastia. Each NAC was temporarily transplanted into the axilla as banking tissue for NAC reconstruction at a later date. Although the color of the NAC was slightly lighter after reconstruction, it mainly kept its original color and texture in addition to medical tattooing technique. At present, there has been no recurrence and the patient is fully satisfied with her appearance.DiscussionIn this case, mastectomy was recommended because of an unbearable breast size that disturb a safety delivery, as well as respiratory and cardiac complications and skin ulcer control. Because the disease is not pathologically malignant, temporary preservation of NAC allows it to be safely used again for later nipple reconstruction.ConclusionTemporary banking of the nipple-areola complex in breast reconstruction following breast resection including NAC, would be one of good surgical options for benign breast tumors like gigantomastia.     

Nipple-areola complex preservation: predictive factors of neoplastic nipple-areola complex invasion

Recently, skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) with nipple-areola complex (NAC) preservation has been promoted as an oncologically safe procedure in practice for selected patients. The criteria of selection have not been yet defined precisely. The focus of this study was to investigate predictive factors of NAC-base neoplastic involvement to define the indications for NAC preservation. A prospective clinical study was conducted of 108 randomly selected female patients with invasive breast cancer. Analyzed markers of NAC involvement were tumor-nipple distance (TND), tumor size, localization, histologic type, grade, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), site, and axillary lymph-node status. The definitive histologic findings of the NAC base were compared with analyzed markers and the frozen section results. NAC base was positive in 23.15% patients at definitive histology with false-negative results in 4.63% patients at intraoperative frozen section. Significant differences were found in TND, tumor size, axillary lymph-node status, and LVI. There were no significant differences in tumor grade and site and not enough cases for statistical evaluation in histologic type and localization. Clinical indications for NAC preservation, according to this study, include tumors < or =2.5 cm, TND >4 cm, negative axillary lymph node status, and no LVI. Considering the possibility of pre- or intraoperative measurement, tumor size, and TND evaluation will result in the lowest possible mistakes in NAC preservation. Frozen section analyses of the NAC base, because of the "false-negative" possibility, could be deemed as a relative prognostic factor until definitive histologic findings. The presence of an extensive intraductal component (EIC) in the "borderline" cases of these criteria could be an additional argument for NAC removal.     

Tumor-Nipple Distance of ≥ 1 cm Predicts Negative Nipple Pathology After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

Background

As neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for breast cancer has become more widely used, so has nipple-sparing mastectomy. A common criterion for eligibility is a 1 cm tumor-to-nipple distance (TND), but its suitability after NAC is unclear. In this study, we examined factors predictive of negative nipple pathologic status (NS?) in women undergoing total mastectomy after NAC.

Methods

Women with invasive breast cancer treated with NAC and total mastectomy from August 2014 to April 2018 at our institution were retrospectively identified. Following review of pre- and post-NAC magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and mammograms, the association of clinicopathologic and imaging variables with NS? was examined and the accuracy of 1 cm TND on imaging for predicting NS? was determined.

Results

Among 175 women undergoing 179 mastectomies, 74% of tumors were cT1-T2 and 67% were cN+ on pre-NAC staging; 10% (18/179) had invasive or in situ carcinoma in the nipple on final pathology. On multivariable analysis, after adjusting for age, grade, and tumor stage, three factors, namely number of positive nodes, pre-NAC nipple-areolar complex retraction, and decreasing TND, were significant predictors of nipple involvement (p?<?0.05). The likelihood of NS? was higher with increasing TND on pre- and post-NAC imaging (p?<?0.05). TND ≥?1 cm predicted NS? in 97% and 95% of breasts on pre- and post-NAC imaging, respectively.

Conclusions

Increasing TND was associated with a higher likelihood of NS?. A TND ≥?1 cm on pre- or post-NAC imaging is highly predictive of NS? and could be used to determine eligibility for nipple-sparing mastectomy after NAC.

     

Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy - Extended Indications and Limitations

If mastectomy is indicated for removal of breast cancer, the nipple areola complex (NAC) is routinely excised during surgery followed by nipple reconstruction. Despite advances in reconstruction techniques, removal of the NAC often results in a sense of mutilation. However, recent studies regarding the tumorigenic involvement of the NAC have provided some evidence that in carefully selected patients the NAC could be preserved. Nipplesparing mastectomy (NSM) preserves the breast skin envelope and the NAC, and has therefore emerged as an alternative to conventional radical mastectomies. BecauseNSM leaves no or sparse retroareolar ductal tissue, NSM is increasingly considered as oncologically safe both in patients with small and peripherally located tumors and in women with high breast cancer risk, who opt for prophylactic mastectomy. Moreover, NSM has been applied in patients with large and centrally located or multicentric invasive carcinomas but oncologic safety as well as postoperative complications such as NAC necrosis are still controversial. Since long-term data are limited, there is no general recommendation for NSM indications. To evaluate if indications for NSM may be rather enlarged under certain conditions, we performed a MEDLINE search for studies published between 2003 and 2009.     

保留NAC的改良根治术并一期乳房重建术治疗早期乳腺癌的临床效果

目的:探讨保留乳头乳晕复合体(NAC)的乳腺癌改良根治术并一期乳房重建术治疗早期乳腺癌的安全性及可行性。方法:将2010-2014年乳腺癌患者170例,根据患者意愿分别行保留NAC的乳腺癌改良根治术并一期乳房重建术(观察组,102例),与未保留NAC的皮下乳腺癌改良根治术(对照组,68例)。比较两组术后相关指标、患者对乳房重建的满意度、生活质量情况及随访期间不良事件以及复发、转移发生率。结果:两组术后创面引流时间及引流量无统计学意义差异(均P0.05)。观察组患者术后满意率(97.06%vs.51.47%)、FACT总评分(150.89±25.34)vs.(100.24±18.47)、生活质量高水平率(83.33%vs.51.47%)均高于对照组(均P0.05)。两组不良事件发生率、远处转移率及复发率相似,组间无统计学差异(均P0.05)。结论:保留NAC的改良根治术并一期乳房重建术治疗早期乳腺癌安全、可行,且在术后美学效果、改善患者生活质量方面明显优于未保留NAC的皮下乳腺癌改良根治术。