Predisposing factors for local recurrence after conservative treatment of breast cancer

The factors predisposing to local relapse after conservative treatment of early stage breast cancer are controversial. To determine these factors, we analysed the results obtained in a series of 512 patients consecutively treated for invasive breast carcinomas by conservative surgery and radiotherapy. All patients were treated by tumorectomy and axillary dissection, radiation therapy of 45 Gy to the whole breast with a boost of 15 Gy to the tumor area, and adjuvant medical treatment for 168 out of 187 patients. The overall 5-year and 10-year survival rates were respectively 92.5% and 79.9%. The actuarial 5-year and 10-year local control rates were respectively 91.2% and 83.6%. Local relapses occurred in 35 patients. Local relapse occurred more frequently in premenopausal patients, in patients less than 50 years-old as compared to older patients, in patients with low body-mass index (BMI), and in patients with small breast size. Local control was not significantly affected by tumor size or node involvement. With multivariate analysis, the only factor influencing local control was the body-mass index: the actuarial risk of local relapse was increased by 5.7 in patients with a BMI less than or equal to 22 as compared to patients with a BMI greater than 22 (p less than 0.02). We concluded that although certain clinical factors such as age, menopausal status, breast size and body-mass index have an influence on local control, these factors are not sufficiently discriminant to question the indication of conservative treatment. There is a need to individualize factors that could allow a better discrimination of patients with a high probability of local relapse.     

Prognostic factors for local recurrence in patients with limited surgery and irradiation of breast cancer

Between January 1975 and December 1984, 239 patients after breast conserving surgery were referred to the University Clinic for Radiotherapy and Radiobiology of Vienna. Of these patients 214 were available for analysis with regard to loco-regional control and cosmetic outcome. The breast received supervoltage irradiation from two tangential fields, in 82% with a tumor dose of 50 Gy and in 15% 50 to 60 Gy. In addition 70% of the patients received a boost dose with 7.5 to 15 MeV electrons to the tumor bed and the scar. The overall local failure rate was 10.2%. For patients with T1,2 and negative axillary nodes or less than four positive lymph nodes (N = 160) a recurrence rate of 7.1% was observed. Factors correlated to a higher local recurrence rate were in this retrospective study axillary status (greater than 3 positive lymph nodes), histopathologic grade (G III), absence of clear margin after surgery and absence of additional electron boost.     

CT evaluation of local and regional breast cancer recurrence

The accuracy of physical examination is compared with that of computed tomography (CT) of the chest in determining the extent of disease in 42 patients with local and/or regional recurrence of breast cancer. Of the 33 patients with clinical evidence of chest wall recurrence, 16 (49%) had areas of disease visible by CT that were clinically unsuspected. Similarly, in the nine patients who presented with supraclavicular and/or axillary recurrence, five (56%) had additional sites of involvement discovered on CT. Since many of these patients are treated with radiotherapy, the information gained by CT of the chest can be of great value in treatment planning.     

Scintimammography with 99mTc-MIBI and magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of breast cancer

This study was performed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of technetium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile (^99mTc-MIBI) scintimammography (SMM) and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with breast masses, using the histological findings as the gold standard. Forty-five consecutive patients with a breast lesion, detected by self-examination, physical examination or screening mammography, underwent SMM and MRI. In 38 cases (84.5%), the histopathology was malignant; the breast cancers ranged from 3 to 100 mm in diameter (mean 22 mm). In the overall patient group, MRI showed a slightly higher sensitivity than SMM (92% vs 84%), but SMM showed a better specificity: 71% vs 42%. The accuracy was 82% and 84% for SMM and MRI respectively. To evaluate the influence of lesion size on the results, patients with lesions 20 mm and 15 mm were examined. In patients with lesions 20 mm, the sensitivity of SMM and MRI decreased to 64% and 82% respectively, while SMM again displayed considerably better specificity: 83% vs 50% for MRI. The accuracy of SMM and MRI was 64% and 82% respectively. In patients with lesions 15 mm, SMM again showed better specificity (75% vs 50%), while MRI displayed better sensitivity and accuracy (sensitivity, 81% vs 62%; accuracy, 75% vs 65%). In this study the specificity of SMM in patients with breast lesions was thus superior to that of MRI. The combination of SMM and MRI may be used in those patients with equivocal findings at mammography and ultrasound to reduce the number of unnecessary surgical biopsies.     

Scintimammography with technetium-99m tetrofosmin in the diagnosis of breast cancer and lymph node metastases

The aim of the study was to evaluate the possible role of scintimammography (SMM) with technetium-99m tetrofosmin in breast cancer. Thirty-three patients with breast disease and ten normal controls were included in the study. Planar scintigraphic images in supine anterior, prone lateral and lateral views, with the patient lying in lateral recumbency, were acquired. A qualitative analysis evaluating both breasts and lymph nodes was performed. All breast lesions were verified after surgery and/or by fine-needle aspiration. In 8 of the 33 patients, mammography was inconclusive because of mastectomy or dense breasts. For mammography, a sensitivity of 95.6%, a specificity of 66.7% and an accuracy of 89.6% were obtained. At SMM, 26 out of 28 malignant lesions (average size 2.8 cm, range 0.4–12 cm), including two recurrences, were detected with a 92.8% sensitivity, a 100% specificity and a 95.1% accuracy. The smallest detectable carcinoma measured 0.6 cm. Two false-negative results on SMM were found in a 0.4-cm intraductal carcinoma and in the only mucinous papillary carcinoma in our series. With regard to lymph node analysis, 11 out of 12 axillary metastases (sensitivity=91.6%) were detected. A false-positive result, yielding a specificity of 92.3% was also obtained. A metastatic involvement of the internal mammary chain was observed. No uptake was seen in 11 benign mammary lesions or at the level of the breast and axilla when neoplastic involvement was absent. In conclusion, SMM with^99mTc-tetrofosmin is an effective technique for the evaluation of primary breast carcinomas, recurrences and lymph node metastases.     

左侧乳腺癌患者根治术后常规调强计划与电子束适形联合调强计划的剂量比较

目的比较左侧乳腺癌患者根治术后常规调强放射治疗计划(intensity modulated radiotherapy, IMRT)与电子束适形放疗(electron beam conformal radiotherapy, EBCRT)联合调强放疗计划的剂量学差异。方法选择2018年6月至2021年10月于宁波市第一医院放化疗中心收治的20例左侧乳腺癌根治术后患者资料, 计划靶区(plan target volume, PTV)包括锁骨上下淋巴结引流区域计划靶区(PTVsc)和患侧胸壁计划靶区(PTVcw), 处方剂量均为50 Gy/25次。所有患者均采用美国Varian Eclipse治疗计划系统(treatment planning system, TPS)设计两种放疗计划, 然后对比两种放疗计划的剂量学参数差异。结果所有20例患者的IMRT计划全部满足临床要求, 与此同时EBCRT联合IMRT计划中有2例患者因患侧肺剂量参数超出本单位的剂量限定标准而不被临床接受, 两例失败计划的胸壁最大深度分别为3.7和4.4 cm, 使用的电子束能量分别为12和15 MeV。其余18例患者的胸...     

Does preoperative needle localization lead to an increase in local breast cancer recurrence?

Between 1978 and 1981, 74 women with nonpalpable breast cancer underwent surgery after localization guides were placed. In 72 patients, guides were introduced parallel to the chest wall; in two the needle was positioned anteroposteriorly under computed tomographic guidance. Fifty-six cases (76%) were infiltrating cancer; 13 (17%), intraductal cancers; two (3%), inflammatory; and three (4%), lobular carcinoma in situ. Surgery was not used to treat the latter five patients. In the remaining 69 women, 42 (61%) were treated by means of modified radical mastectomy; six (9%), total mastectomy; 12 (17%), local excision and radiation therapy; and seven (10%), local excision alone; exact therapy for two women (3%) was unknown. At a minimum follow-up of 5 years, none of the 67 women in whom the parallel approach was used had a local recurrence. The authors conclude that preoperative placement of guides parallel to the chest wall does not appear to increase the risk of local breast cancer recurrence.     

前列腺癌局部复发影像报告系统指南解读

2021年前列腺影像报告和数据系统指导委员会发表了基于多参数MRI（mpMRI）的前列腺癌根治术和放疗术后局部复发影像报告系统（PI-RR）指南,旨在促进标准化以减少mpMRI图像采集、解释和报告的差异。本文中笔者对该指南的要点进行解读。     

乳腺癌根治术后双弧VMAT与IMRT计划的剂量学比较

目的 比较乳腺癌根治术后双弧的容积旋转调强放射治疗(VMAT)与5野的静态调强放射治疗(IMRT)2种计划之间的剂量学差异,评估VMAT技术在乳腺癌根治术后的剂量学特点与应用能力.方法 选取28例乳腺癌根治术后患者(左侧10例,右侧18例),分别制定双90度弧段的VMAT与5野的IMRT 2种计划,主要的计划评估参数为靶区的肿瘤控制概率(TCP)、适形指数(CI)、均匀指数(HI)以及接受相应处方剂量水平照射体积百分比V₉₅、V₁₁₀,危及器官(OAR)评估包括患侧肺的正常组织并发症概率(NTCP)、D_mean、V₅、V₂₀、V₃₀,心脏的NTCP值、D_mean、V₂₅,健侧乳腺的D_mean、机器跳数(MU)以及治疗时间.结果 VMAT计划与IMRT计划的TCP值分别为(96±2)%、(90±2)%(t=-6.28,P<0.01);HI值分别为0.15±0.04,0.22±0.02(t=13.29,P<0.05);肿瘤位于左侧时,心脏NTCP值在VMAT计划与IMRT计划中分别为(1.0±0.12)%,(1.7±0.13)%(t=2.14,P<0.05);肿瘤位于右侧时,2种计划心脏的NTCP差异无统计学意义,平均剂量分别为(3.27±0.26)、(6.0±0.47)Gy(t=9.21, P<0.01);VMAT计划在MU少于IMRT计划(t=9.58,P<0.01),治疗时间短于IMRT计划(t=8.40,P<0.05).结论 乳腺癌根治术后,VMAT计划具有更强的临床应用能力,且表现出更优的剂量学特点.     

Scintimammography with dedicated breast camera detects and localizes occult carcinoma.

This study assessed the utility of scintimammography using a standard gamma-camera and a dedicated breast camera as an adjuvant to mammography and clinical examination. METHODS: The study population comprised 37 patients with dense breasts and a family or personal history of breast cancer. The subjects had no suggestive clinical or mammographic findings. After intravenous administration of (99m)Tc-sestamibi, the patients were imaged using a conventional gamma-camera and a dedicated breast camera that allowed breast compression during image acquisition. Images were interpreted independently by 2 reviewers. All patients with positive scintimammography findings underwent biopsy. RESULTS: Dedicated breast camera results were positive in 13.5% (5/37) of patients. Biopsy of these 5 patients yielded 3 carcinomas: an infiltrating lobular carcinoma, a ductal carcinoma in situ, and an infiltrating tubular carcinoma. These 3 carcinomas were undetectable by clinical breast examination or mammography, even on retrospective review. Only one of these, the tubular carcinoma, was readily detectable by the standard gamma-camera. CONCLUSION: Scintimammography using a dedicated breast camera may augment mammography and clinical breast examination for the subset of women who have dense breast tissue and are at high risk of breast cancer.     

Radiotherapy for patients with isolated local recurrence of primary resected pancreatic cancer

Background and purpose

To evaluate the treatment outcomes of radiotherapy and prognostic factors for recurrent pancreatic cancer.

Patients and methods

The study comprised 30 patients who developed a locoregional recurrence of primarily resected pancreatic cancer and received radiotherapy between 2000 and 2013 with a median dose of 54 Gy (range, 39–60 Gy). Concurrent chemotherapy included gemcitabine for 18 patients and S-1 for seven patients. The treatment outcomes and prognostic factors were retrospectively analyzed.

Results

The median follow-up after radiotherapy was 14.6 months. The 1-year overall survival, local control, and progression-free survival rates were 69?%, 67?%, and 32?%, respectively. The median overall survival and progression-free survival rates were 15.9 and 6.9 months, respectively. Tumor marker reduction and ≥?50?% reduction were observed in 18 and two patients, respectively. Of the seven patients who exhibited pain symptoms, four and two patients were partly and completely relieved, respectively. Late grade 3 ileus and gastroduodenal bleeding were observed in one patient each. Among the clinicopathological factors evaluated, only a disease-free interval of greater than?18.9 months exhibited a significant association with improved overall survival (p?=?0.017).

Conclusions

Radiotherapy for isolated locally recurrent pancreatic cancer resulted in encouraging local control, overall survival, and palliative effects with mild toxicity, particularly in patients with a prolonged disease-free interval. This treatment strategy should be prospectively evaluated.     

Scintimammography with 99mTc-MIBI versus dynamic MRI for non-invasive characterization of breast masses

Although mammography remains the technique of choice for the early detection of breast cancer, several imaging techniques, including scintimammography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have recently been proposed as adjuncts for this purpose and included in many diagnostic protocols. This study was undertaken to assess the clinical accuracy of scintimammography with technetium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile (MIBI) and contrast-enhanced MRI in the detection of primary breast carcinoma in patients with equivocal mammographic findings. Forty-nine patients with a suspicious breast mass detected either by physical examination or by mammography and ultrasound (US) were studied. All patients underwent scintimammography and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI 1 week apart. The results of the two techniques were compared and correlated to the final diagnoses. Two independent readers reported the scans using a four-point confidence scale. The areas under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were obtained. Scintimammography showed an accuracy for tumour detection of 84%, with a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 88%. MRI showed an accuracy of 86%, with a sensitivity and specificity of 96% and 75%, respectively. Comparison of the two areas under the ROC curves showed no significant differences between MRI, 0.91+/-0.05 (mean+/-SD), and scintimammography, 0.88+/-0.05 (P=0.9). It is concluded that dynamic MRI and scintimammography possess comparable accuracy in the diagnosis of primary breast carcinoma in patients with equivocal mammographic or US findings.     

左侧乳腺癌患者根治术后靶区分割式计划和常规调强计划的剂量学比较研究

目的 比较左侧乳腺癌患者根治术后靶区分割式放射治疗计划（target segmented plan,TSP）、与TSP优化参数相同但未分割靶区计划（Non-TSP）与常规8野调强计划（8fields IMRT,8F-IMRT）的剂量学差异。方法 选择2017年6月至2018年11月于武汉大学人民医院放疗科收治的30例左侧乳腺癌根治术后患者资料,所有胸壁靶区两侧后界连线切肺最大深度均>2 cm。将连线切肺最大深度按照<3 cm、3~4 cm、>4 cm分组。所有患者均采用美国Varian Eclipse治疗计划系统设计3种（TSP、Non-TSP和8F-IMRT）治疗计划,然后对比分析3种方式计划的剂量学参数差异。结果 所有患者的治疗计划都达到了处方剂量要求。TSP的D_98%明显低于Non-TSP和8F-IMRT （Z=-3.294,-3.266,P<0.05）;3种计划的均匀指数（HI）和适形指数（CI）比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;Non-TSP的加速器治疗的跳数（monitor unit,MU）明显高于TSP和8F-IMRT （Z=-3.04,-2.669,P<0.05）。TSP的D_mean高于8F-IMRT （Z=-3.181,P<0.05）。对于危及器官（Organs at risk,OARs）,TSP较Non-TSP和8F-IMRT计划明显降低了所有患者患侧肺和心脏的V_{5 Gy}、V_{10 Gy}、V_{20 Gy}和D_mean（肺：V_{5 Gy}：Z=-3.408、-3.408,V_{10 Gy}：Z=-3.408、-3.408,V_{20 Gy}：Z=-3.408、-3.124,D_mean：Z=-3.408、-3.408,P<0.05;心脏：V_{5 Gy}：Z=-3.408、-3.408,V_{10 Gy}：Z=-3.408、-3.408,V_{20 Gy}：Z=-2.499、-3.067,D_mean：Z=-3.408、-3.408,P<0.05）。Non-TSP健侧乳腺的D_mean明显高于TSP和8F-IMRT （Z=-2.954、-2.215,P<0.05）,但D_max的比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。3种计划的脊髓D_max差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;8F-IMRT肱骨头D_mean明显高于TSP和Non-TSP （Z=-3.01、-2.442,P<0.05）。分组的患侧肺V_{5 Gy}、V_{10 Gy}、V_{20 Gy}和心脏的V_{5 Gy}、V_{10 Gy}、D_mean的Non-TSP和8F-IMRT计划与TSP的幅度差均值均满足D （N-T,A）< D （N-T,B）< D （N-T,C）和D （8F-T,A）< D （8F-T,B）< D （8F-T,C）。结论 TSP能在保持原有靶区剂量充分的同时,在不增加高剂量照射体积的前提下,有效地减小左侧乳腺癌患者根治术后放疗患侧肺和心脏的低剂量区照射体积;随着靶区后界连线切肺最大深度的增加,TSP对患侧肺和心脏的低剂量保护优势愈明显。     

Photodynamic therapy for chest wall recurrence from breast cancer

Breast cancer is common with over 230,000 new cases diagnosed each year in North America alone. While great strides have been made to achieve excellent cancer control and survival, a significant minority of patients fail locally. While initial salvage to regain disease control is of the utmost importance, it is not universally successful. This leads to a therapeutic quagmire. Additional surgery, radiation and chemo-hormonal therapy are possible, but they are usually highly morbid with low success rates. Photodynamic therapy appears to be an underutilized salvage modality for this unfortunate patient population. This report analyzes and reviews the role of photodynamic therapy for patients with chest wall re-recurrence from breast cancer.     

乳腺癌根治术后局部区域复发R0切除术后放疗110例分析

目的 探讨巩固放疗对根治术后局部区域复发接受R0切除手术的乳腺癌患者预后的影响。方法 回顾性分析2003年1月1日至2015年11月30日期间解放军307医院收治的110例仅局部区域复发后接受R0（切缘阴性）切除手术患者的临床资料,分析其预后因素。结果 74例（67.3%）接受巩固放疗的患者,其中位至局部区域进展时间优于未接受放疗的36例（32.7%）患者,差异有统计学意义（χ2=8.526,P〈0.05）;接受巩固放疗患者的局部复发后至无远处转移生存期、局部区域复发后总生存期与未接受放疗的患者差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。多因素分析结果显示内分泌治疗（χ2=7.541,95%CI：27.1%-80.4%,P〈0.05）、无病生存期（≥2年vs.〈2年,χ2=4.068,95%CI：101.4%-267%,P〈0.05）、巩固放疗（χ2=14.126,95%CI：21.7%-80.4%,P〈0.05）是局部区域复发R0术后患者局部复发后总生存期的独立预后因素。局部区域复发R0切除术后,同侧胸壁及锁骨上下淋巴引流区巩固照射组复发率低于未照射组。结论 局部区域复发乳腺癌患者R0切除术后需接受同侧锁骨上下区及胸壁巩固放疗。