B超引导下微创经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗肾结石

目的探讨B超引导下微创经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗肾结石的临床疗效。方法2004年2月至2008年12月，采用微创经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗肾结石65例，结石直径1．5～6．5cm。结果65例均一期成功建立16F经皮肾通道，一次取净结石56例（86．15％），经2次取净结石6例，结石总清除率95．38％（62／65）。因出血较多改开放手术2例。平均手术时间56min。术中无气胸、腹腔脏器损伤等严重并发症发生。结论微创经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗肾结石创伤小，并发症少，结石清除率高。     

B超定位下微创经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术35例分析

目的探讨B超定位下微创经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术（MPCNL）治疗肾结石的疗效。方法采用B超定位下微创经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗肾结石35例。结果 35例患者均成功建立工作通道,手术过程顺利,无一例改开放手术。一次性结石取净31例（88.6%）,4例术后残石行ESWL及中药排石治疗。手术时间45~110min,平均76 min。术中出血50~200 ml。结论 B超定位下微创经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗肾结石是一种安全、疗效确切的微创治疗方法 。     

微创经皮肾镜下应用第三代弹道超声波碎石清石系统治疗复杂性肾结石(附48例报告)

目的探讨微创经皮肾镜下应用第三代弹道超声波碎石清石系统治疗复杂性肾结石的临床效果和操作体会。方法总结分析该院应用微创经皮肾穿刺造瘘(MPCNL)新型肾镜联合输尿管镜,结合最先进的第三代弹道超声波碎石清石系统治疗复杂性肾结石48例的临床资料。结果48例微创经皮肾造瘘取石术均一期顺利完成,平均手术时间85min,术中估计出血量平均45mL,术后平均住院时间5d,结石清除率为85.4%,无严重并发症发生。结论微创经皮肾穿刺造瘘取石术具有创伤小、安全高效和恢复快的优势,气压弹道碎石联合超声碎石在碎石的同时就可将结石颗粒吸出,是治疗肾脏复杂结石的良好方法之一,可以使绝大多数患者避免开放手术。     

微创经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术的术中配合与护理

【目的】探讨微创经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术的术中配合与护理体会。【方法】对本院206例微创经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术的术中配合与护理进行总结。【结果】138例为一期手术，68例为二期手术，手术成功率100％，无一例并发症发生。【结论】微创经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术是一项全新的腔内手术方法，皮肾通道细小，对肾脏创伤小，值得推广。微创经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术中熟练的护理配合，对顺利完成手术，缩短手术时间有重要作用。     

微创经皮肾输尿管镜治疗复杂性上尿路结石

目的探讨微创经皮肾输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗复杂性上尿路结石的有效性和安全性。方法经皮肾穿刺微造瘘输尿管镜治疗复杂性肾和输尿管上段结石56例患者,其中肾盂肾盏多发性结石26例(平均直径2.8 cm),鹿角状结石18例(平均直径为5.2 cm),输尿管上段大结石12例(平均直径1.6 cm,其中3例为孤立肾)。分析术中碎石时间、结石排净率、并发症发生率等。结果平均碎石取石时间为158 min(60～480 min)一次性治疗结石取净率为64.29%(36/56),总的取净率为80.36%(45/56),术中出血量平均为60 mL,术后有3例患者出现高热,无其他严重并发症。结论微创经皮肾输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗复杂性肾和输尿管上段结石创伤小,出血量小、效率高,手术并发症低,术后恢复快。     

微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗先天性多囊肾结石

【目的】探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术（mPCNL）治疗先天性多囊肾结石的操作技巧及临床应用价值。【方法】多囊肾结石患者21例,均由肾输尿管与膀胱平片（KUB）加经静脉尿路造影（IVU）及CT确诊。单发肾盂结石13例,多发、复杂结石8例（其中鹿角形结石6例）。采用蛛网膜下腔、硬膜外联合阻滞麻醉应用m-PCNI．术治疗,输尿管硬镜下钬激光碎石。【结果】21例均经一次穿刺成功建立通道,平均手术时间80（40～150）min。术中平均出血20（5～40）mL,均未输血。结石一期取净17例（80．1％）,3例经二期取净,1例有0．3cm×0．4cm残石。随访6～24个月,20例结石取净者未见结石复发,1例残石患者结石体积无明显变化。【结论】m—PCNL治疗多囊肾结石效果明显、操作安全、创伤较小,术后并发症少。     

微创经皮肾镜取石治疗上尿路结石(附258例报道)

目的探讨微创经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术（minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy com-bined contact pneumatic lithotripsy,MPCNL）治疗肾和输尿管上段结石的手术效果。方法对258例上尿路结石患者进行微创经皮肾取石术,分析其手术出血量、术后恢复时间等。结果258例患者一期取石成功为150例,二期取石成功80例,三期取石成功28例。3例术中大出血分别输血400～800mL。失血量约50～200mL,平均约100mL。患者术后住院时间3～10d,平均5.6d。该组结石取尽率达93%。结论微创经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗上尿路结石具有微创、恢复快、并发症少、安全高效、结石清除率高的优点,是一种较佳的手术方法。     

微创经皮肾镜术治疗复杂性肾结石

目的探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术（MPCNL）治疗复杂性肾结石的微创性、安全性、有效性。方法本组106例复杂性肾结石121次手术均采用微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗。结果121次手术中单通道取石89例,双通道29例,三通道3例,一期取石90例,二期取石11例,5例残留结石,配合体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL）。结石取净率为92．6％,平均手术时间为91min,出血100—900ml,5例输血200～400ml,无严重并发症发生。结论微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗复杂性肾结石微创、安全、高效,具有临床推广应用价值。     

微创经皮肾穿刺取石术治疗上尿路结石32例

【目的】探讨微创经皮肾穿刺取石术（mPCNL）治疗上尿路结石的疗效。【方法】采用mPCNL治疗上尿路结石32例,其中肾结石28例,输尿管上段结石4例。【结果】32例均行一期穿刺取石,均为单通道,其中一次取石26例,2次取石3例,联合体外冲击波碎石（ESWL）3例,结石清除率81．3％。手术时间平均2h,术后平均住院时间7d,无中转开放手术,无严重并发症。【结论】mPCNL具有创伤小、并发症少、恢复快、结石清除率高等优点,是治疗上尿路结石的有效方法。     

经皮肾镜超声联合气压弹道碎石清石术治疗复杂性肾结石

目的评价I期经皮肾镜下超声联合气压弹道碎石清石术治疗复杂性肾结石的安全性及疗效。方法52例Ⅰ期复杂性肾结石在B超定位或C型臂X光机透视定位下,行经皮肾镜EMSⅢ代超声联合气压弹道碎石术。结果所有手术均获成功,无1例中转开放手术,术中无严重并发症。一次性手术结石清除率为78.8%（41/52）,I期肾盂梗阻解除100%。手术时间40~65 min,平均52 min。术后平均住院时间为8 d。术后随访1~3个月,结石总清除率92.3%,无严重并发症。结论经皮肾镜下超声联合气压弹道碎石清石术具有安全、高效、微创的特点,值得临床推广应用。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.