雷米芬太尼在非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术"快通道"麻醉中的应用

目的 研究雷米芬太尼用于非体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术"快通道"麻醉的临床效果.方法 48例行非体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术患者随机均分为雷米芬太尼组(R组)和芬太尼组(F组).记录两组诱导前(T0)、插管后2 min(T1)、切皮后2 min(T2)、锯胸骨后2 min(T3)、关胸时(T4)、手术结束后30min(T5)的HR,MAP、CVP,肺小动脉楔压(PAWP)、肺毛细血管楔压(PCWP)、术后拔管时间、ICU停留时间和住院时间.结果 R组与F组比较血流动力学和住院时间差异无统计学意义.R组在拔管时间和ICU停留时间上显著短于F组(P<0.01).结论 雷米芬太尼用于非体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术"快通道"麻醉安全性高、效果明显.     

Intrathecal morphine and clonidine for coronary artery bypass grafting

Background. After cardiac surgery adequate postoperative analgesiais necessary. We assessed analgesia using intrathecal morphineand clonidine. Methods. In a double-blind randomized study, 45 patients havingcoronary artery bypass graft surgery were allocated randomlyto receive i.v. patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) morphine(bolus, 1 mg; lock-out interval, 7 min) (control group), eitheralone or combined with intrathecal morphine 4 µg kg^–1or with both intrathecal morphine 4 µg kg^–1and clonidine 1 µg kg^–1. Intrathecal injectionswere performed before the induction of general anaesthesia.Pain was measured after surgery using a visual analogue scale(VAS). We recorded i.v. PCA morphine consumption during the24 h after operation. Results. Morphine dosage [median (25th–75th percentiles)]was less in the first 24 h in the patients who were given intrathecalmorphine + clonidine [7 (0–37) mg] than in other patients[40.5 (15–61.5) mg in the intrathecal morphine group and37 (30.5–51) mg in the i.v. morphine group]. VAS scoreswere lower after intrathecal morphine + clonidine compared withthe control group. Time to extubation was less after intrathecalmorphine + clonidine compared with the i.v. morphine group [225(195–330) vs 330 (300–360) min, P<0.05]. Conclusion. Intrathecal morphine and clonidine provide effectiveanalgesia after coronary artery bypass graft surgery and allowearlier extubation. Br J Anaesth 2003; 90: 300–3     

Anterior spinal artery syndrome after minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting under general combined epidural anesthesia

A 65-year-old patient with ischemic heart disease and severe diabetes mellitus underwent minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting under general combined with epidural anesthesia. Paraplegia developed after surgery and the diagnosis of anterior spinal artery syndrome was made based on the patient s neurological condition and magnetic resonance imaging findings. Paraplegia following epidural anesthesia is a rare but recognized complication and this complication should be taken into account, especially in patients at risk, when considering epidural analgesia techniques in the minimally invasive cardiac surgery.     

Combination of intrathecal morphine and remifentanil infusion for fast-track anesthesia in off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the combination of intrathecal morphine and remifentanil infusion with isoflurane in off-pump coronary artery surgery, with a focus on postoperative analgesia and fast-tracking. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, controlled, blinded clinical study. SETTING: University hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-six patients who underwent elective off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomly assigned to receive remifentanil infusion alone (control group, n = 23) or remifentanil infusion plus 10 microg/kg of intrathecal morphine (ITM group, n = 23). Induction and maintenance anesthesia were the same in both groups. Maintenance therapy was remifentanil infusion (0.25-1 microg/kg/min) and 0.5% to 1.5% isoflurane, with adjustments according to hemodynamics. After extubation, intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with morphine (1-mg bolus and 5-minute lockout) was administered, and Wilson sedation scores, visual analog pain scores (scale, 0-100 mm) at rest and during coughing, and cumulative morphine consumption were assessed at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours. Examiners were unaware of patients' group identities. Anesthetic recovery parameters and opioid-related, spinal anesthesia-related, and cardiac complications were recorded. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: There were no differences between the groups' intraoperative hemodynamic or anesthetic recovery findings. Pain scores and morphine consumption were significantly lower in the ITM group at all time points after extubation (p = 0.0001-0.05). Group frequencies of opioid-related and cardiac complications were similar. No patient had central neuroaxial hematoma or post-spinal tap headache. CONCLUSION: In the setting of isoflurane anesthesia for off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting, ITM combined with remifentanil infusion provides better postoperative analgesia than does remifentanil infusion alone, and does not improve or negatively affect fast-tracking.     

Fast-track management for conventional coronary artery bypass surgery

BACKGROUND: Recent introduction of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) emphasizes the advantage of early hospital discharge. Fast-track management using epidural block and autologous fresh blood transfusion might be possible in conventional CABG. METHODS: Fast-track anesthesia using high thoracic and lumbar epidural analgesia and pre-CPB autologous fresh blood transfusion was used in 19 patients undergoing on-pump CABG. RESULTS: Mean blood-loss was about 283 (+/-140) ml during 6 hours after surgery. Nine patients were extubated in the operating room, two cases in one hour, and six cases in 6 hours after surgery. Seventeen patients could have lunch or supper the day after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: These techniques allowed early extubation and early drinking after on-pump CABG surgery. There were no complications in these patients.     

右美托咪定对全麻低温心肺转流下冠状动脉旁路移植术围术期的心肌保护作用

目的观察右美托咪定对全麻低温心肺转流(CPB)下冠状动脉旁路移植术患者围术期的心肌保护作用。方法择期行全麻低温CPB下冠状动脉旁路移植术患者80例,男67例,女13例。随机均分为右美托咪定组(A组)和对照组(C组)。在中心静脉置管后,A组静脉泵注右美托咪定4μg·kg-1·h-1持续15min后调节维持剂量0.7μg·kg-1·h-1直到手术结束,C组用同样方案静注等容量生理盐水。记录入室后(T0)、麻醉诱导后(T1)、切皮时(T2)、CPB终止时(T3)和手术结束时(T4)的HR、SBP、DBP和血管活性药物用量。测定T1~T4、术后6h(T5)和术后24h(T6)血浆肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、心肌肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)、肾上腺素(E)和去甲肾上腺素(NE)浓度。结果与T0时比较,T1时两组HR明显减慢,SBP和DBP明显降低(P0.05)。与T1、T2时比较,T3~T6时两组CK-MB、cTnT、E浓度明显升高(P0.05),T3~T5时A组NE浓度明显下降(P0.05),T6时明显升高(P0.05)。T3~T6时A组CK-MB和cTnT浓度明显低于C组(P0.05)。T3~T5时A组E和NE浓度明显低于C组(P0.05)。两组在围术期均未出现严重不良反应。结论右美托咪定能降低全麻低温CPB下冠状动脉旁路移植术围术期心肌缺血的发生,达到围术期心肌保护的作用。     

Intrathecal morphine for off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

OBJECTIVE: To determine if preinduction intrathecal morphine is associated with successful intraoperative extubation in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. DESIGN: A retrospective noncontrolled chart review of all patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. SETTING: Single university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred twelve patients. INTERVENTIONS: One hundred twelve of 150 patients received preinduction intrathecal morphine as part of routine anesthetic care for off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Patients received a mean of 1.0 mg of intrathecal morphine (range 0.3-1.6 mg); average weight-corrected dose was 13.2 microg/kg (range 5-24 microg/kg). MEASUREMENTS and MAIN RESULTS: This study included intraoperative extubation rate, delayed respiratory depression, and other complications potentially attributable to intrathecal morphine. An intraoperative extubation rate of 77% was found. Five patients received naloxone postoperatively, 4 of them for delayed respiratory depression. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that intrathecal morphine is associated with a high intraoperative extubation rate in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. The authors' practice included 24-hour respiratory monitoring to detect delayed respiratory depression.     

Anesthetic management of awake off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (ACAB) with remifentanil and thoracic epidural anesthesia

Two patients with total occlusion of the right internal carotid artery, were anesthetized for ACAB with remifentanil and thoracic epidural anesthesia. Case 1: A 71-year-old man with hypertension and diabetes mellitus underwent single-vessel ACAB under IV remifentanil analgesia, the dose of which was adjusted to 0.04-0.05 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1), along with an epidural infusion of 10 ml x hr(-1) of a mixture of 2% lidocaine and 2.5 microg x ml(-1) of fentanyl, the PaCO2 being maintained at 52-55 mmHg. When the patient felt pain, the remifentanil dose was elevated to 0.08 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) and PaCO2 increased to 60 mmHg. Case 2: A 66-year-old man with rheumatoid arthritis underwent ACAB for two grafts. An intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) was inserted preoperatively. The anesthetic method used was the same as in case 1, except for an additional right femoral block to provide anesthesia for extraction of the saphenous vein. Remifentanil was infused at 0.05 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) and PaCO2 maintained at 49-53 mmHg. In response to the patient's pain and movement, the remifentanil dose was increased to 0.07-0.10 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) and PaCO2 to 60 mmHg.     

冠脉搭桥术病人红细胞包蔽吗啡溶液术后镇痛的可行性

目的探讨冠脉搭桥术(CABG)病人红细胞包蔽吗啡溶液(RBC-M)术后镇痛的可行性。方法拟行CABG术的病人50例,随机分为RBC-M组和PCA组,每组25例。拔除气管导管后2 h, RBC-M组给予新鲜配制的RBC-M溶液,剂量为0.14mg/kg;PCA组用0.01%的吗啡进行病人自控静脉镇痛,负荷量2ml,bolus量1 ml,背景输注速率1 ml/h,4 h限量为15 ml,锁定时间10 min。分别于术前、镇痛前及镇痛开始后1、2、3、8、12、24、36、48 h时对病人疼痛、镇静与舒适状态进行评分。持续观察心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、呼吸频率(RR)和动脉血气;镇痛前后不同时点测定RBC-M组吗啡血清浓度;记录并发症、吗啡用量。结果与PCA组比较,RBC-M组在镇痛开始后2 h内疼痛评分降低,镇静评分升高,HR和RR降低,PaCO2升高;镇痛开始后的24 h内舒适评分升高,镇静评分降低;吗啡用量降低(P<0.05或0.01),恶心、呕吐发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。RBC-M溶液的药代动力学模型为二室模型,半衰期为15.37 h,清除率为2.1 ml·kg-1·min-1,稳态表观分布容积为0.088 L/kg, 血药浓度时间曲线下面积为7 911.6 ng·ml-1·h-1。结论CABG病人RBC-M进行术后镇痛是安全、有效的。     

The use of pre-operative intrathecal morphine for analgesia following coronary artery bypass surgery

With the emergence of rapid extubation protocols following cardiac surgery, providing adequate analgesia in the early postoperative period is important. This prospective randomised double-blind study investigated the benefits of pre-operative intrathecal administration of low dose morphine in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Postoperative analgesia, pulmonary function, stress response and postoperative recovery profile were assessed. Thirty patients were allocated into two groups, receiving either 500 mug of morphine intrathecally prior to anaesthesia and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with morphine postoperatively following tracheal extubation, or only postoperative intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. In the intrathecal group, the total consumption of intravenous morphine following surgery was significantly reduced by 40% and patients reported lower pain scores at rest, during the first 24 h following extubation. Peak expiratory flow rate was greater and postoperative catecholamine release was significantly lower. Patients in the control group had a higher incidence of reduced respiratory rate following extubation.