大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs表型与基因型分析

目的 了解医院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌发生率及主要基因型分布特点.方法 采用美国临床实验室标准化委员会(NCCLS)推荐的纸片扩散法对临床标本中分离的110株大肠埃希菌和94株肺炎克雷伯菌进行ESBLs的表型确定试验,同时分别用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增法检测TEM、SHV、CTX-M-1、CTX-M-2、CTX-M-9耐药基因,并对其产物进行序列分析.结果 产ESBLs阳性菌株的检出率分别为:肺炎克雷伯菌占36.2%,大肠埃希菌占42.7%,总检出率为39.7%;ESBLs检出模式以头孢噻肟、头孢噻肟/克拉维酸单组为底物阳性率最高,占阳性菌株的66.7%;单用头孢他啶,头孢他啶/克拉维酸一组为底物,会造成大肠埃希菌68.1%和肺炎克雷伯菌64.7%的漏检;耐药基因型分析显示,TEM、SHV、CTX-M-I、CTX-M-2、CTX-M-9基因检出率分别为54.3%、38.3%、21.O%、24.7%、70.4%,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌均以CTX-M型为主要基因型,占91.4%;同时携带>2种耐药基因菌株占71.6%.结论 医院分离的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs菌株携带多种耐药基因严重,需引起临床的高度重视.     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌的耐药性与基因型分析

目的 分析医院急诊科3年内产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性及基因型,以指导临床用药.方法 采用ESBLs表型确证试验筛选产ESBLs大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌,提取产ESBLs菌的质粒DNA,应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增产ESBLs株质粒TEM、SHV、CTX-M1、CTX-M9和OXA5种基因,并对其扩增物进行DNA序列分析,测定大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌对17种抗菌药物的耐药性.结果 共检出143株大肠埃希菌与77株肺炎克雷伯菌,其中84株为产ESBLs菌,占38.2％;ESBLs研究菌株全部携带TEM型、77.4％携带CTX-M9型基因;同一菌株携带2、3、4个基因的菌株比例分别为44.8％、33.3％和7.1％;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌为多药耐药菌,其中对青霉素类、第一、二、三代头孢菌素类、磺胺类和氟喹诺酮类耐药率高达80.0％～100.0％;碳青霉烯类对产ESBLs细菌仍保持较高的抗菌效果.结论 产ESBLs大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌耐药基因,以TEM型和CTX-M9型为主,携带＞2个耐药基因的产ESBLs菌株比例较高;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌对含酶抑制剂的抗菌药物、碳青霉烯类抗菌药物仍保持较高的敏感性,研究中发现美罗培南耐药菌株,应引起临床重视.     

天津地区医院产ESBLs菌株基因型研究

目的 了解天津产ESBLs大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌基因型及耐药情况.方法 收集部分医院临床分离218株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌,利用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测CTX-M-1、CTX-M-2、CTX-M-8、CTX-M-9、TEM、SHV、OXA-1、OXA-2、OXA-10耐药基因,结合Tm值将其分型.结果 109株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌耐药基因CTX-M-1、CTX-M-2、CTX-M-8、CTX-M-9、TEM、SHV、OXA-1分别为32.1%、0.9%、0.9%、33.9%、73.4%、27.5%、15.6%,携带>2种基因菌株达66.1%;109株产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌耐药基因CTX-M-1、CTX-M-2、CTX-M-8、CTX-M-9,TEM、SHV、OXA-1、OXA-10分别为49.5%、2.8%,1.8%、22.9%、78.9%、76.1%、33.0%、9.0%,携带>2种基因达82.2%;检测菌株对亚胺培南保持高度敏感.结论 天津市肺炎克雷伯菌及大肠埃希菌ESBLs的基因型以SHV型、TEM型、CTX-M-1型、CTX-M-9型为主,OXA呈上升趋势,各医院肺炎克雷伯菌耐药基因型存在一定差异.     

ICU肺部感染患者分离产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌基因亚型及同源性

目的 分析重症监护病房(ICU)肺部感染患者分离产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的基因亚型及同源性。方法 选取2018年12月-2020年12月从南通大学第二附属医院ICU收治的96例肺部感染患者。检测痰液标本中病原菌特征,聚合酶链式反应(PCR)分析产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌基因亚型,重复序列PCR(Rep-PCR)和多位点序列分型(MLST)分析同源性。结果 96例患者痰液标本中共分离134株病原菌,其中33株大肠埃希菌中产ESBLs菌株检出率为48.48%,42株肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs菌株检出率为40.48%;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对哌拉西林、头孢唑林、头孢他啶等常用抗菌药物的耐药性均高于非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌(P<0.05);16株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌基因型共检出1种TEM-1、3种CTX-M和3种SHV,以CTX-M-14亚型和SHV-77亚型最为多见,且属于8种不同ST型,以ST131型为主;17株产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌基因型共检出1种TEM-1、3种CTX-M亚型和4种SHV亚型,以SHV-1...     

广州地区大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌CTX-M型产超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因分型的研究

目的 对肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌(ECO)CTX-M型产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株进行耐药基因分型,从而调查广州地区目前临床分离菌对抗菌药物的耐药性.方法 收集广州地区9所医院临床分离所获产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌(KPN)和ECO CTX-M型菌株,应用纸片扩散筛选法和纸片扩散确证法对菌株进行确认,然后用PCR方法对ESBLs进行基因分型.结果 92株产ESBLs ECO,对氨苄西林、哌拉西林和头孢呋辛均高度耐药,耐药率分别为97.5%、89.5%和89.5%;42株产ESBLs KPN对氨苄西林(100.0%)和哌拉西林(100.0%)也呈高度耐药;PCR及测序结果显示,CTX-M-1群阳性株包括ECO 7株、KPN 9株,阳性率分别为7.6%和21.4%,基因型分布在ECO为CTX-M-3、CTX-M-15和CTX-M-55型,而在KPN为CTX-M-3和CTX-M-15型.结论 广州地区9所医院临床分离的134株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,对青霉素类和头孢菌素类抗菌药物的耐药率均达到很高水平,并且在广州地区首次分离获得CTX-M-55型耐药菌株.     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶临床分离株的耐药性及基因分型研究

目的了解深圳地区产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性及ESBLs基因型。方法采用纸片扩散法及E-test法检测产ESBLs大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对抗菌药物的敏感性;多重聚合酶链反应(Multiple-PCR)检测ESBLs基因并进行初步分型。结果大肠埃希菌产ESBLs阳性率为24.14%,肺炎克雷伯菌为34.55%;对氨基糖苷类、氟喹诺酮类、磺胺类抗菌药的多重耐药率高达70%以上,未发现亚胺培南耐药株,对头孢西丁及β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复合物多数敏感。ESBLs基因型以CTX-M型最为常见,占84.62%;30.77%检出了TEM或SHV型基因;未定型菌占3.85%。结论深圳地区产ESBLs菌对亚胺培南、头孢西丁及β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复合物较敏感;ESBLs基因以CTX-M型为主。     

ICU血液中大肠埃希菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因分型及与整合子之间的关系

目的对医院ICU住院患者血液中分离的大肠埃希菌进行检测及药敏分析,同时测定ESBLs型别及整合子,为指导和治疗大肠埃希菌引起的败血症感染提供依据。方法收集医院2007年5月-2010年5月ICU患者血液中分离的142株大肠埃希菌,采用VITEK-2Compact全自动微生物鉴定仪对菌株进行鉴定及药敏试验,采用WHONET 5.4软件进行药敏结果分析,PCR法检测ESBLs基因型别及其整合子携带率,比较分析各种基因型比率特征和差异。结果 142株大肠埃希菌中ESBLs阳性菌占58.45%,ESBLs阳性菌株中CTX-M基因检出比例最大,检出率为50.6%,其中CTX-M-1基因22株阳性,CTX-M-8基因15株阳性,CTX-M-9基因10株阳性;TEM基因和SHV基因检出率其次,分别占22.7%与16.9%;有8株产≥2种ESBLs,有10株未能确定ES-BLs基因型;83株大肠埃希菌中检出49株携带有intl1基因,携带率达59.03%,未检测到intⅠ2和intⅠ3基因。结论 ICU患者血液中分离的大肠埃希菌产ESBLs率比例高,基因型以CTX-M型为主,携带多种ESBLs基因的菌株也逐渐增多,多伴随携带intⅠ1基因。     

腹腔和胆道分离产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的酶基因型及分子流行病学检测

目的了解腹腔和胆道分离的大肠埃希菌中超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的基因型及产酶菌株的流行情况。方法采用聚合酶链反应扩增TEM、SHV、CTX-M型ESBLs基因并测序,用ERIC-PCR方法进行分子流行病学研究。结果产ESBLs大肠埃细菌中,TEM-1+CTX-M-1组+CTX-M-8组、CTX-M-2组+CTX-M-9组各3株,CTX-M-8组+CTX-M-9组2株,TEM-1型为5株,TEM-1+CTX-M-1组、TEM-1+CTX-M-8组、TEM-1+CTX-M-9组、CTX-M-2组+CTX-M-9组、CTX-M-8组、SHV-5+TEM-1、SHV-1、TEM-1+CTX-M-2组+CTX-M-8组+CTX-M-9组各1株,4株细菌PCR检测为阴性,3株产CTX-M-2组+CTX-M-9菌株中,两株ERIC-PCR谱型相近。结论腹腔和胆道分离的大肠埃希菌中,ESBLs基因型以CTX-M型为主;少数产酶菌株间存在克隆传播现象。     

儿童医院超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌的基因型与耐药性分析

目的 探讨儿童专科医院主要临床标本分离出的ESBLs大肠埃希菌基因型和耐药性特点,为应对产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的院内暴发流行寻找可靠的试验证据和抗菌药物选择.方法 收集2008年1月-2011年12月首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院住院患儿的痰液、血液、尿液与支气管肺泡灌洗液标本分离出的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌,进行PCR扩增分析基因型,同时对扩增产物进行DNA序列分析确定基因亚型.结果 109株表型产ESBLs大肠埃希菌中,100株ESBLs基因分型均表达为CTX-M型,基因亚型共发现8种,前3位为CTX-M-14、CTX-M-55和CTX-M-15亚型,其余9株基因型为单一TEM-1β-内酰胺酶基因;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南敏感率100.0％,CTX-M-1组和CTX-M-9对头孢他啶的耐药率分别为90.7％和13.3％.结论 儿童医院感染性培养标本分离出的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌以CTXM型为主,产ESBLs菌株呈多药耐药,不同基因组间头孢他啶的耐药率有明显差异,碳青霉烯类抗菌药物可作为儿科治疗产ESBLs大肠埃希菌耐药株的首选药物.     

产ESBLs大肠埃希菌基因型分析

目的 了解医院感染的产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌医院感染的临床分布及其基因型特征。方法用表型确证试验确定临床标本中产ESBLs大肠埃希菌151株，应用PCR方法分别扩增产酶菌株的TEM、SHV和CTX-M3种β-内酰胺酶基因，并对PCR扩增结果及ESBLs株临床分布进行分析。结果PCR扩增结果显示，CTX-M、TEM和SHV基因的阳性率分别为92．10％，49．7％和1．30％；48．3％的菌株同时携带多个基因。产ESBLs大肠埃希菌广泛分布于24个临床科室，其中普外科占23．2％，重症监护病房占10．6％。标本分布较为集中，29．8％来自尿液，24．5％来自呼吸道标本，23．9％来自穿刺液。结论医院感染中，产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的主要基因型是CTX-M，尿液、呼吸道标本、穿刺液是其主要来源，产ESBLs菌分布广泛，需引起重视。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.