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1.
Takashi Yoshinobu Katsumi Abe Hisashi Shimizu Masayuki Yokoyama Masaru Osawa Yuki Hiraishi 《Iranian journal of pediatrics.》2012,22(2):213-217
Objective
To explore CT findings in pediatric novel influenza A (H1N1)-associated pneumoniaMethods
We examined the CT findings in a series of six children with influenza H1N1-associated pneumonia.Findings
In this series of cases, the predominant CT patterns were consolidations surrounded by ground glass opacities (GGOs) as well as isolated GGOs in all patients. Atelectasis was present in the right upper lobe (n=2) in three cases and pneumomediastinum in two.Conclusion
In this series of cases, there may be no imaging differences between pediatric and reported adult influenza H1N1 cases and other viral pneumonia cases even with CT. Pneumomediastinum and atelectasis, especially in the right upper lobe, may frequently present in influenza H1N1-associated pneumonia as well as in other pediatric respiratory diseases. 相似文献2.
Objective
Human pandemic influenza H1N1 virus as the cause of febrile respiratory infection ranging from self-limited to severe illness has spread globally during 2009. Signs and symptoms of upper and lower respiratory tract involvement, fever, sore throat, rhinitis, myalgia, malaise, headache, chills and fatigue are common. In this article we report the clinical presentation of Influenza A (H1N1) in our hospitalized children.Methods
Between September and October 2009, all children requiring hospitalization for suspected H1N1 infection were transferred to Pediatric Infectious Diseases ward. For all patients the throat swab was taken for PCR testing to confirm or exclude the diagnosis of H1N1 Influenza A. Case patients consisted of H1N1-positive patients. Age, sex, symptoms, signs, laboratory data, CXR changes, details of therapy, duration of admission and patient outcome were documented.Findings
Twenty patients were H1N1 positive. Mean age of the patients was 65.50±9.8 months. Fever and coughs were with 55% the most commonly reported symptoms. Other presentations included vomiting (55%), abdominal pain (25%), cyanosis and dyspnea (5%), body ache (40%), rhinorrhea (80%), sore throat (35%), head stiffness (5%) and loss of conciousness (5%). The median temperature of the patients was 38.5°C. Chest X-Ray changes were noted in 13 out of 20 patients (65%). Mean leukocyte and platelet was 6475 and 169000 respectively. Seventeen (85%) patients were treated with Oseltamivir, 3 patients received adjuvant antibiotics. The mean duration of admission was 3 days. Three patients required intensive care support and all of them expired due to superinfection.Conclusion
Our data confirm that the presentation of influenza in children is variable and 2009 H1N1 influenza may cause leucopenia and thrombocytopenia. 相似文献3.
Serdar Beken Canan Turky?lmaz Esin Koc Ibrahim M. Hirfanoglu Nilgun Altuntas 《Iranian journal of pediatrics.》2013,23(4):477-480
Objective
The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of exogenous surfactant on respiratory indices in term infants with respiratory failure.Methods
Consecutive 18 mechanically ventilated term infants, who received a single dose of exogenous surfactant were retrospectively included into the study. The respiratory outcome of surfactant rescue therapy was evaluated by comparing respiratory indices before and six hours after surfactant administration.Findings
Median oxygenation index (OI), mean alveolar pressure (MAP) and fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) values were significantly decreased (P<0.001); median arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and PaO2/FiO2 values were significantly increased six hours after surfactant treatment (P<0.001).Conclusion
Rescue therapy with surfactant was found to be effective in the improvement of early respiratory indices in term infants with respiratory failure. 相似文献4.
Hassan Boskabadi Gholamali Maamouri Jalil Tavakol afshari Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan Mohammad-Taghy Shakeri 《Iranian journal of pediatrics.》2010,20(1):41-47
Objective
Late-onset sepsis is responsible for high morbidity and mortality in newborn infants in the world and in particular in developing countries. In this study, we evaluated whether clinical characteristics, laboratory parameters and measurements of serum interleukin-8 (IL-8) are able to discriminate between late neonatal sepsis and normal baby.Methods
This was a prospective (case-control) study conducted between March 2007 and April 2008, at the neonatal intensive care unit, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad, Iran. The study comprised 93 neonates ≥72 hours of life. The infants were categorized in two groups based on the clinical presentation, and biochemical markers including complete blood count, C-reactive protein (CRP) and blood culture: 1) Control group including 42 infants with routine screening and 2) Case group consisting of 38 infants with definitive infection (positive blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid culture) or clinical sepsis (clinical and laboratory signs of infection without positive blood or CSF culture). Receiver-operating characteristic curves were used for the determination of thresholds for the infection group versus healthy neonate group.Findings
Eighty infants were enrolled in this study. IL-8 and CRP decreased in order of definitive infection, clinical sepsis and healthy subjects respectively (P<0.001). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value for serum levels were 0.95, 0.1, 0.97, 0.1 for IL-8 and 0.83, 0.86, 0.83, 0.69 for CRP respectively (cut-off point for IL-8 >60pg/ml and for CRP>6mg/dl).Conclusion
IL-8 may be a valid and early predictive marker of neonatal infection. Also, IL-8 is associated with severity of infection. 相似文献5.
Hamdollah Karamifar Narges Habibian Gholamhosein Amirhakimi Zohre Karamizadeh Abbas Alipour 《Iranian journal of pediatrics.》2013,23(3):295-301
Objective
Adiponectin is secreted from adipose tissue. This hormone has a fundamental role in pathogenesis of insulin resistance, and has anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic effects. The objectives of this study were to compare serum adiponectin level between type 1 diabetics and healthy people and to assess its related factors, and also to determine the relationship between adiponectin and metabolic state.Methods
This was a case control study involving 60 diabetics (25 good and 35 poor metabolic controlled) and 28 healthy persons (younger than 18 years old). The data about demographic (age and sex), clinical and paraclinical characteristics [body mass index (BMI), duration of disease, puberty state, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and adiponectin level in serum] were collected. Determinants of adiponectin were assessed using univariate and multiple linear regression analyses.Findings
Mean (±SD) serum adiponectin level in healthy persons, good-controlled and poor-controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus patients were 9.16 (±4.2) µg/cc, 10.89 (±4.48)µg/cc, and 15.92 (±8.26)µg/cc, respectively. Post hoc analysis revealed that differences of adiponectin between poor- and good-controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus patients (P=0.01) and between healthy persons and poor controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus (P<0.0001) were statistically significant. Adiponectin level was associated with puberty state and BMI in healthy persons. It was associated with puberty state and HbA1c in type 1 diabetic persons.Conclusion
Serum level of adiponectin was higher in type 1 diabetics than in healthy persons and it can be used as a good marker for metabolic control state among diabetics. 相似文献6.
Emrah Can Ali Bülbül Sinan Uslu Fatih Bolat Serdar C?mert Asiye Nuho?lu 《Iranian journal of pediatrics.》2013,23(4):403-410
Objective
To evaluate early aggressive vs. conservative nutrition and its effect on Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) in <32 weeks of gestation neonates.Methods
A prospective, randomized, clinical study was conducted in NICU with a total of 75 preterm infants. In the intervention group, infants received early aggressive nutrition immediately after birth, in the control group infants were started on conventional parenteral nutrition (PN). Blood samples were obtained for Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) levels before commencement of PN on the first postnatal day, and from week 1 to 6 every week. All the infants were examined for ROP.Findings
Infants in the early aggressive group had a reduction in the risk of ROP of 5% (2 from 40); the number of infants needed treatment averaged 3.7 (2.7 to 5.2). A total of 11 neonates in the conventional group were detected having ROP (P<0.05). Overall, IGF-I levels were higher in the aggressive PN (APN) vs the conventional PN (CPN). ROP development was higher in the CPN compared to the APN. IGF-1levels were lower in ROP developers compared with non-ROP in the APN group. There was no difference in IGF-I levels in ROP developers versus non-ROP in the CPN group. IGF-1 levels were lower in the CPN group compared with the APN group in the third week in ROP developers. There was a correlation between ROP and IGF-1 levels. Through ROC analysis, IGF-1 was demonstrated as being a sensitive marker for ROP.Conclusion
IGF-1 levels were higher in the APN group versus the CPN group. This may indicate that IGF-1 levels simply being higher is not enough; rather, that being higher above a cutoff value may prevent ROP. 相似文献7.
Yinghu Chen Shiqiang Shang Yongmin Tang ChenMei Zhang Meiqin Tong Yuwen Dai 《Indian journal of pediatrics》2013,80(2):97-101
Objective
To highlight the clinical presentations of influenza A (H1N1) infection, for early diagnosis and recognition by the pediatricians.Methods
In this retrospective study, the medical records of inpatients with influenza A (H1N1) infection between November 1, 2009 and May 31, 2011were reviewed.Results
Eighty pediatric in-patients with median age 41.9 mo were studied. ARDS (11/80), pneumothorax (8/80), pleural effusion (7/80) and encephalopathy (7/80) were the most frequent complications. Six of 11 ARDS patients died;all of them were under 5 y. The median days of viral shedding was 11.4 d. Slight increase of Il-6, Il-10 and TNF-γ were revealed in some cases.Conclusions
During late stage of pandemic wave, the majority of patients were young children. Children with severe Influenza A (H1N1) are prone to develop complications, and die from ARDS. If influenza-like illness is accompanied by neurologic signs, influenza A (H1N1) virus infection should be considered. The viral shedding in children is longer than in adults. 相似文献8.
Mohammad-Taghi Arzanian Babak Soltani Alireza Fahimzad Farideh Shiva Ahmad-Reza Shamshiri Abdollah Karimi 《Iranian journal of pediatrics.》2011,21(3):301-306
Objective
Infections are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in febrile neutropenic patients with malignancy. Rapid diagnostic tests are needed for prompt diagnosis and early treatment which is crucial for optimal management. We assessed the utility of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (sTREM-1) in the diagnosis of bacteremia and fungemia in febrile neutropenic patients.Methods
Sixty-five febrile neutropenic children with malignancy hospitalized in Mofid Children''s Hospital during a period of one year from January 2007 were recruited for this cross sectional study (mean age 66.2± 37 months; 35 females and 30 males). Thirty patients (46.2%) had acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 2 (3.1%) acute myeloid leukemia, one (1.5%) lymphoma and 32 (49.2%) were under treatment for solid tumors. Simultaneous blood samples were collected for measurement of serum sTREM-1 levels and for blood cultures which were grown in BACTEC media. Gold standard for the presence of infection was a positive BACTEC culture as a more sensitive method compared to current blood culture techniques.Findings
Blood cultures with BACTEC system were positive in 13(20%) patients (12 bacterial and one fungal culture). The mean serum sTREM-1 level in BACTEC positive patients was 948.2±592.9 pg/ml but in BACTEC negative cases it was 76.3±118.8 pg/ml (P<0.001). The optimal cut-off point of sTREM-1 for detecting patients with positive result of BACTEC was 525 pg/ml with sensitivity and specificity of 84.6% and 100%, respectively.Conclusion
Our study revealed a significant association between serum sTREM-1 level and bacteremia and fungemia in febrile neutropenic patients suffering malignancy with acceptable sensitivity and specificity. 相似文献9.
Ozlem Bekem Soylu 《Iranian journal of pediatrics.》2013,23(3):353-356
Objective
We aimed to evaluate clinical features and follow-up data of children with functional and secondary constipation.Methods
Hospital records of 335 constipated children were evaluated. Children were divided into 2 groups as functional and secondary, and were compared with regard to clinical and anthropometric data.Findings
Of 335 children (M/F 167/168, mean age 4.3±3.5 years) 91% had functional constipation (group 1). Family history of constipation was significantly higher in group 1. Malnutrition was found in 18% of group 1, 56% in group 2 (p < 0.001).Conclusion
If a constipated child has a family history of constipation but does not have failure to thrive and constipation begins at an older age, functional constipation is more probable. 相似文献10.
Ebrahim Faghihloo Vahid Salimi Farhad Rezaei Maryam Naseri Setare Mamishi Mahmood Mahmoodi Talat Mokhtari-Azad 《Iranian journal of pediatrics.》2011,21(1):58-64
Objective
Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is main viral agent of ARI in infants and young children in terms of effect and prevalence. The aim of this study was to investigate HRSV genotypes during one season in Iran.Methods
In this cross-sectional study, 107 throat swabs were collected from children less than 5 years of age with acute respiratory infection from October to December 2009. The respiratory samples were obtained from several provinces: Tehran, Isfahan, Hamadan, Zanjan, Kordestan, Lorestan and West Azarbayjan, and were tested for G protein gene of HRSV by RT-PCR.Findings
Of the 107 respiratory samples, 24 (22.42%) were positive for HRSV, of which 16 (66.6%) belonged to subgroup A and 8 (33.4%) to subgroup B. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that subgroup A strains fell in two genotypes GA1 and GA2, whereas subgroup B strains clustered in genotype BA.Conclusion
This study revealed that multiple genotypes of HRSV cocirculated during the season 2009 in Iran. Also subgroup A strains were more prevalent than subgroup B strains, and genotype GA1 was predominant during the season. 相似文献11.
12.
Influenza vaccination among household contacts of children with cystic fibrosis and healthy children
BACKGROUND:
It is recommended that household contacts of children with cystic fibrosis and household contacts of children <2 years of age receive annual influenza vaccinations. There is little information documenting whether this recommendation is being followed.METHODS:
A 20-question survey was distributed to caregivers of children with cystic fibrosis and to caregivers of healthy children <17 years of age seen in a Saskatoon (Saskatchewan) tertiary care centre. Survey questions addressed the influenza vaccination status of the child and household contacts. Respondents were also asked to rate the influence of various factors on the decision to vaccinate, using a 5-point Likert scale.RESULTS:
Reported vaccination rates were 21%, 25% and 7% among household contacts of children with cystic fibrosis, children <2 years of age and children ≥2 years of age, respectively. Advice from their physician, belief that they were too healthy, and inconvenient times and locations of vaccination centres were significant influences when compared among the three groups. Other main deterrents to vaccination were belief that the vaccine does not prevent influenza and belief that its side effects are greater than its benefits.CONCLUSION:
By understanding motivators and barriers to vaccination among household contacts of children with cystic fibrosis, effective strategies may be implemented to improve vaccination coverage against influenza. Strong recommendations by clinicians and improved access to vaccination centres are essential components in improving influenza vaccination coverage. 相似文献13.
Mehmet Yekta Oncel Sema Arayici Gulsum Kadioglu Simsek Erhan Calisici Omer Erdeve Nurdan Uras Serife Suna Oguz Ugur Dilmen 《Iranian journal of pediatrics.》2013,23(6):693-700
Objective
To determine the risk factors associated with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) related hospitalizations in preterm infants receiving palivizumab throughout the high season for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection.Methods
Premature infants who were commenced on palivizumab prophylaxis during the RSV season were included in the study following parental consent. Information on demographic, social, prenatal and postnatal clinical characteristics was recorded and risk factors associated with hospitalization were evaluated for each patient.Findings
While 234 participants (Group 1, 92.8%) did not require hospitalization during the study period, 18 patients (Group 2, 7.2%) were hospitalized at least once for LRTI during the RSV season. The rate of moderate-severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) was significantly higher in group 2 compared to group 1 (38.9% vs 16.2%; P=0.016). Of the 18 infants who were hospitalized, 6 (33.3%) tested positive for RSV while the remaining 12 patients (66.7%) were negative for RSV. Odds ratio (OR) analysis of several risk factors revealed the presence of BPD (OR: 3.28; 95%CI: 1.19-9), being from a family with low socioeconomic status (OR: 3.64; 95%CI 1.08-12.3) to be associated with a higher likelihood of LRTI-related hospitalization.Conclusion
Our data demonstrated that RSV is an important LRTI agent and cause of hospitalization especially in preterm infants with additional risks such as BPD, gestational age of <28 weeks and low socioeconomic status. We suggest that improving care conditions and decreased BPD with prematurity would help in prevention of LRTI hospitalization. 相似文献14.
Touran Shahraki Mansour Shahraki Esmaiel Sanei Moghaddam Mehri Najafi Ali Bahari 《Iranian journal of pediatrics.》2010,20(1):75-81
Objective
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an etiological agent responsible for occurrence of post-transfusion hepatitis in thalassemic patients. This study identified hepatitis C genotypes in pediatric and adolescent thalassemic patients and their correlation with age, blood transfusion, HCV RNA viral titer and liver function.Methods
This study considers cross-sectional data from the Center for Thalassemia in Zahedan (Iran) carried out between August 2005 and September 2007. Twenty multitransfused patients suffering from β-thalassemia major and chronic HCV infection (13 males, 7 females) were included in the study. Patients were considered eligible for the study if they were seropositive for HCV RNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) before initiation of evaluation. Blood sample was taken for HCV genotype and viral titer as well as biochemical markers. Type specific primer and real-time RT-PCR HCV were used for determination of viral genotype and HCV-RNA titer.Findings
There was a significant positive correlation between serum HCV RNA titer and genotypes (P<0001). Serum HCV RNA levels were found higher in genotype 3a than in others. The most prevalent genotype in thalassemic patients was genotype 3a (40%) followed by 1b (25%), unclassified (20%) and la (15%). There was no meaningful relationship between genotype, Alanine aminotranferease, ferritin and alkaline phosphatase. Age, serum HCV RNA titer and number of transfusions were the only significant factors associated with genotypes (P<015, P<0.0001 and P<0.001 respectively).Conclusion
This study showed that HCV genotype and viral titer are related to the number of blood transfusions received by thalassemic patients. Screening donated blood in blood banks would prevent the occurrence of hepatitis C in this high-risk group. 相似文献15.
Objective
This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of rotavirus disease and to investigate the genotypes of rotavirus strains causing acute gastroenteritis among children aged <5 years old in Marvdasht, Iran.Methods
One hundred and forty-one children, aged 1 month to 5 years, afflicted with severe diarrhea were enrolled during January 2007 to December 2008. Their stool samples were studied with enzyme immunoassays (EIA) for group A rotaviruses. Rotavirus-positive specimens were genotyped by the Nested RT-PCR using different types of specific primers.Findings
Out of total collected samples rotavirus infection was detected in 40 (28.37%). Of the rotavirus episodes, 72.91% occurred during the first 2 years of life (P=0.038). The highest prevalence of infection was identified in summer (52.50%) and the lowest in winter (7.50%). The most common clinical features included diarrhea (96.25%), vomiting (82.50%) and fever (45.0%). Mixed genotypes were the predominant G type (60.0%), followed by non-typeable (12.50%), G2 (12.50%), G4 (10.0%) and G1 (5.0%) genotypes. G3/G8 mixed infection is the first of these rotavirus genotypes to be reported in Iran.Conclusion
Regarding high frequency of rotavirus infection, continuous surveillance is needed to inform diarrhea prevention programs as well as to provide information about the occurrence of new rotavirus strains. This will assist policy makers in decision making on rotavirus vaccine introduction. 相似文献16.
Objective
FAS and FASL polymorphisms are suggested to play an important role in tubulitis that is a major component of acute rejection. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of FAS-670A/G and FASL–843C/T gene polymorphisms on allograft nephropathy in pediatric renal transplant patientsMethods
Fifty three patients (22 males 31 females) aged 2 to 20 years (mean 12.3±0.6) who had renal transplantation and fifty healthy control subjects (25 males 25 females) were enrolled in the study. Pearson''s Chi Square test was used for the statistical analysis. Survival rates were estimated with the Kaplan Meier method. Age, sex, chronic renal failure etiology, treatment modality and duration and donor type were recorded. FAS-670A/G and FASL–843C/T gene polymorphisms were compared between renal transplant patients and normal healthy population as well as between renal transplant patients with and without acute rejection.Findings
FAS-670A/G genotypes or alleles were not significantly different between control and transplant patients and among transplant patients with and without acute rejection (P>0.05 for all). FASL–843C/T genotypes and alleles were not different between transplantation and control groups (P>0.05 for all). However, FASL–843C/T alleles were significantly different between patients with and without AR (P=0.02). The percentages of C allele were higher in children with acute rejection (68.8% vs 44.6%).Conclusion
FASL gene polymorphisms may play a major role in acute rejection while FAS polymorphisms have not been found to be different between patients with and without acute renal graft rejection. 相似文献17.
Hamid Amoozgar Khobiar Zare Gholamhossein Ajami Mohammad Borzoee Saeed Abtahi 《Iranian journal of pediatrics.》2010,20(2):206-210
Objective
Paucity of data exists between mean right atrial pressure (RAP) and inferior vena cava (IVC) size and collapsibility in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease.Methods
In a prospective study, fifty consecutive pediatric patients with different congenital heart diseases who had right side cardiac catheterization were studied, comparing right atrial pressure with simultaneous M-mode echocardiographic measurement of inferior vena cava diameter. Mean age of the patients was 4.96±4.05 years (30 male and 20 female). Patients were categorized into two groups according to their right atrial pressure (RAP) as measured by cardiac catheterization: Group 1 (40 patients) were those with mean RAP <8 mmHg and group 2 (10 patients) who had a mean RAP≥ 8 mmHg.Findings
In M-mode echocardiography IVC size was statistically different (P=0.004 and 0.009) in inspiration and expiration in the two groups. Mean RAP was estimated to be>8 mmHg when IVC diameter in inspiration was >3.6 (sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 47.5%, +LR=1.9) or if IVC diameter was >6mm in expiration (sensitivity of 70%, specificity of 87%, +LR=4.67).Conclusion
This study showed that measurement of IVC size in inspiration and expiration can be used as a reliable method for estimation of mean right atrial pressure. 相似文献18.
Objective
Magnesium (Mg) is thought to be an important element in the pathogenesis of acute asthma attacks. We hypothesized that erythrocytic Mg would be decreased during an acute asthma exacerbation. We aimed at investigating plasma and erythrocytic Mg in acute asthmatic children.Methods
This case-control study included 30 Egyptian outpatients with acute asthma. Thirty healthy matched children were included as controls. All candidates had measurements of plasma and erythrocytic Mg levels before and after treatment.Findings
No significant differences were detected in plasma Mg levels between cases and controls (1.53±0.33 mmol/L versus 1.67±0.50 mmol/L respectively, P =0.2). However, erythrocytic Mg levels were significantly reduced in cases when compared to controls (1.06±0.43 mmol/L versus 2.57±0.59 mmol/L respectively, P<0.001). Plasma Mg levels did not significantly change in acute asthmatics before and after their rescue treatment (1.53±0.33 mmol/L versus 1.68±0.31mmol/L respectively, P=0.07). In contrast, the study detected a significant increase in erythrocytic Mg levels in cases after their treatment from acute attacks (1.06±0.43 mmol/L versus 1.56±0.23 mmol/L respectively, P<0.001), with significant negative correlation with severity of attack (Spearman''s rho = -0.647, P<0.001).Conclusion
Erythrocytic Mg levels were significantly lower during the acute asthma, and were negatively correlated with severity of exacerbation, while plasma Mg did not significantly change. Only erythrocytic Mg levels were significantly elevated after receiving rescue treatment. 相似文献19.
Objective
Comparing the effect of topical human milk application and dry cord care on cord separation time.Methods
This research was a randomized clinical trial study on 130 singleton and mature newborns. Newborns were placed randomly in groups of topical application of human milk and dry cord care. The umbilical separation time was compared in the two groups. Data was analyzed by SPSS software. Independent Samples t-Test, χ2, Fisher were used in this study.Findings
Median time of cord separation in human milk application group (150.95±28.68 hours) was significantly shorter than dry cord care group (180.93±37.42 hours) (P<0.001).Conclusion
Topical application of human milk on the remaining part of the cord reduces the cord separation time and it can be used as an easy, cheap and non invasive way for cord care. 相似文献20.
Abolfazl Mahyar Parviz Ayazi Mahta Froozesh Mohammad-Mahdi Daneshi-Kohan Ameneh Barikani 《Iranian journal of pediatrics.》2012,22(2):237-240