环单侧靶肺静脉-前庭射频消融治疗心房颤动

目的 Carto系统指导下对心房颤动（房颤）相关的靶肺静脉进行环同侧上、下肺静脉-前庭单环线性消融隔离,观察疗效.方法 对25例术中反复自发肺静脉相关房性早搏（房早）,并触发房性心动过速（房速）和/或房颤的患者,在Carto系统结合单Lasso环状标测导管指导下进行环靶肺静脉-前庭单环射频消融术,达到肺静脉隔离.结果 消融过程中25例患者房早、房速、房颤终止,其中19例患者有自发的肺静脉电位,15例慢于窦性心率.4例患者隔离后肺静脉内发生房颤或房速,2例在肺静脉内补点消融后肺静脉电位消失.随访（22.24±9.01）个月,23例无房速、房颤发作,2例患者术后复发房颤,1例接受再次手术,术后房颤发作减少,1例口服胺碘酮控制.结论 术中能够明确靶肺静脉、单个触发灶的房颤患者,在Carto系统结合单Lasso导管指导下行单环线性消融隔离治疗房颤,成功率高、复发率低,可减少手术损伤.     

肺静脉和左房内嵴形态与心房颤动射频消融术后早期心律失常的关系

目的探讨肺静脉开口大小和心房内嵴宽度与心房颤动(简称房颤)射频消融术后早期心律失常的关系。方法38例房颤患者应用GE LightSpeed VCT进行CT扫描,采用多平面重组和仿真内窥镜测量四个肺静脉开口内径和心房内嵴的宽度,接受Carto-Merge技术指导的环肺静脉电隔离术,门诊随访3个月。结果术后3个月内,有19例出现房性心律失常,包括16例房性早搏(简称房早),8例短阵房性心动过速(简称房速),7例心房扑动,14例房颤。3个月内出现与未出现各种房性心律失常患者的肺静脉开口面积均无明显差别(P>0.05)。术后早期有短阵房速或房颤的患者左右两侧肺静脉间嵴的宽度都明显大于无短阵房速或房颤的患者(P<0.05)。术后有房早的患者的左心耳与左侧肺静脉间嵴的宽度明显大于无房早者(P<0.05)。结论Carto-Merge技术指导房颤环肺静脉电隔离手术后3个月的各种房性心律失常,与肺静脉开口基本无关,而左心耳与左侧肺静脉间嵴的宽度与术后早期房早有关,左右两侧肺静脉间嵴的宽度与术后早期短阵房速和房颤有关。     

与肌袖电活动相关的短阵心房扑动的心电图和心内电生理研究

选择体表心电图表现为短阵心房扑动 (简称房扑 )的阵发性心房颤动 (简称房颤 )病例 ,结合心内电生理标测和导管射频消融大静脉肌袖电隔离的结果 ,探讨短阵房扑与心脏大静脉肌袖和房颤的关系。 2 3例阵发性房颤 ,心电图和动态心电图表现为短阵发作的房扑的患者入选本研究 ,2 3例中有 17例进行了心内电生理标测 ,有 14例标测到短阵房扑和房颤 ,其中单纯短阵房扑发作 8例 ,短阵房扑触发房颤 6例 ,均提示短阵房扑为起源于大静脉肌袖的快速电活动所驱动 ,其中肺静脉 10根 ,上腔静脉 4根 ,均进行了相关肌袖的导管射频消融电隔离治疗 ,成功 13例。结论 :短阵房扑的发生机理是大静脉肌袖的快速电活动所驱动 ,这种机制与阵发性房颤的发生有密切关系 ,短阵房扑可能是房颤由肌袖电活动触发的特征性心电图表现 ,导管射频消融电隔离是治疗这一心律失常的有效方法。     

不同配对间期房性早搏对心房电生理特性的影响

多数阵发性心房颤动(房颤)由配对间期极短的房性早搏(房早)诱发，心电图呈现P在T上现象。而配对间期稍长的房早很少能诱发房颤。这些房早多数起源于肺静脉，但在心房其它部位给予适时的房性早搏刺激也可诱发房颤，本研究意在探讨短配对间期房早及其起源部位对心房电生理特性的影响，进而寻找始动房颤的关键因素。     

起源上腔静脉快速房性心律失常的电生理特征和射频导管消融治疗

目的:分析上腔静脉起源的异位冲动诱发阵发性心房颤动(房颤)和房性心动过速(房速)的特点,总结射频导管消融电隔离上腔静脉治疗快速房性心律失常的经验。方法:连续收治快速房性心律失常患者108例,对经电生理检查证实房性心律失常起源于上腔静脉的11例患者行上腔静脉造影,明确上腔静脉开口位置后应用标测导管于上腔静脉进行激动标测,标测上腔静脉最早激动点及肌袖电位分布位置进行消融,直至房性心律失常终止及上腔静脉电位消失。结果:11例患者中,房速5例,房颤6例。5例房速患者上腔静脉房速发作周长为260～390ms;P波形态除1例判定不清外,其余4例均为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF、aVL导联直立,aVR导联倒置。6例房颤患者中,4例在环肺静脉隔离后仍可诱发或自发短阵房速或频发房性期前收缩,经标测起源于上腔静脉;2例术中自发房颤标测过程中发现上腔静脉电位频率较肺静脉电位频率更快。上腔静脉电隔离后,术中均成功终止心动过速。随访6～20个月,1例患者阵发性房颤复发,1例患者因窦性停搏行永久起搏器治疗。结论:上腔静脉是房速和房颤的起源部位之一,射频导管消融治疗有很高的成功率。     

起源于肺静脉的阵发性房颤的电生理特点及射频消融治疗

目的探讨环状电极(Lasso电极)标测诱发阵发性房颤的肺静脉电位的电生理特点并对射频消融靶点进行评介。方法16例阵发性房颤者在Lasso电极标测寻找优势肺静脉电位(PVP),温控消融放电。结果起源于肺静脉的局灶性房颤其电生理特征包括:①异位激动灶主要分布于两上肺静脉。②肺静脉内可观察到从肺静脉内至心房传导阻滞。消融成功的靶点与体表心电图P′波提前(74±33)ms。成功隔离38条肺静脉:其中左上肺静脉16条,右上肺静脉12条。术程(186.7±63.8)min,X线曝光时间(51.5±15.0)min。术后随访1～12个月,11例(68.7%)无需药物而维持窦性心律。结论阵发性房颤异位起源点大多数位于左房肺静脉,起源于肺静脉的局灶性房颤有其特殊的电生理表现。     

射频消融治疗起源于肺静脉的房性心律失常的临床疗效评价

评价射频消融 1 4例起源于肺静脉的房性早搏 (简称房早 )或房性心动过速 (简称房速 )的临床疗效。 1 4例患者因频发房早 (6例 )和房速 (8例 )而接受肺静脉消融治疗。经房间隔穿刺肺静脉造影确定肺静脉口部及近端 ,大头电极或环状电极标测左房和肺静脉 ,以心律失常的异常电活动最早起源为靶肺静脉和消融靶点 ,消融后房早消失或房速终止且不再诱发和自发为消融终点。结果 :1 4例心律失常起源于右上 (8例 )、左上 (5例 )和左下 (1例 )肺静脉近端 ,1 0例在异常电活动最早部位行局灶点消融达到手术终点 ,4例患者在靶肺静脉口部行多点电隔离消融达手术终点。随访 4～ 2 7个月 ,1例心律失常复发。结论 :射频消融治疗肺静脉口部及近端的房早和房速具有良好的临床疗效     

普通射频消融导管电隔离肺静脉治疗局灶性心房颤动

导管射频消融治疗起源于肺静脉的局灶性心房颤动(房颤 ) ,是近年来心律失常介入治疗领域的热点 ,我们应用普通射频消融导管 ,通过消融肺静脉口 ,对 6例局灶性房颤患者成功地实施了肺静脉与左心房之间的电隔离。一、资料与方法6例患者均为男性 ,年龄 4 1～ 6 3岁 ,有阵发性房颤病史3～ 10年 ,心电图示频发“ＰｏｎＴ”房性早搏 (房早 ) ,房早诱发短阵房颤 ,持续数分钟和数小时不等。房颤发作频繁 ,3～ 4种抗心律失常药物治疗无效 ,行心内电生理检查及导管射频消融术。主肺动脉造影显示肺静脉解剖位置后 ,两次房间隔穿刺放置 7Ｆ 10极Ｌａｓｓ…     

心房颤动肺静脉电隔离术后房性早搏的三维标测和消融

目的 探讨心房颤动（房颤）环肺静脉电隔离术后频发房性早搏（房早）的分布特点和评价消融的效果.方法 21例患者（男性13例,女性8例）,平均年龄（51.2±8.7）岁.平均距阵发性房颤环肺静脉隔离术（2.3±1.1）个月.经24 h动态心电图检查,平均房早个数为（12110±375）个.肺静脉起源房早予以再次补点隔离肺静脉,其他部位房早采用三维激动标测和消融.消融术后随访心电图、24 h动态心电图评价消融效果.结果 肺静脉电位恢复2例,均为房早起源部位（左上肺静脉1例,左下肺静脉1例）,补点隔离肺静脉后房早消失.余19例无肺静脉电位恢复,其中起源于左心房右后上壁2例、后下壁4例,左心房顶部4例、左心房左前上壁2例,冠状静脉窦口1例,界嵴中部2例,高右心房间隔2例,高右心房后上壁1例,三尖瓣环6点位置1例.消融后共使18例（85.7%）房早消失.消融术后随访（11.7±4.2）个月,17例（81.0%）无房早复发.结论 阵发性房颤环肺静脉电隔离术后房早分布离散,主要起源于左心房（66.7%）,但多与肺静脉电位无关,其次为起源于右心房.三维标测和消融疗效良好.     

导管射频消融电隔离肺静脉治疗局灶性心房颤动一例

导管射频消融治疗起源于肺静脉的局灶性心房颤动 (房颤 )是近年来心律失常介入治疗领域的热点 ,但由于复发率较高以及出现肺静脉狭窄等并发症 ,对其方法学有很大争议。近来我们对 1例局灶性房颤通过射频消融左肺静脉口成功的造成肺静脉与左心房之间的电隔离 ,现报道如下。　　资料和方法　患者男性 ,6 3岁 ,有阵发性心悸病史 10年 ,心电图和动态心电图示频发房性早搏 (房早 ) ,可见“Ｐ在Ｔ上”房早诱发短阵房颤 ,持续数分钟和数小时。平时房颤发作频繁 ,多种抗心律失常药物治疗无效。此次因发作房颤入院。入院诊断 :阵发性房颤 ,冠心病、陈…     

肌袖性房性心律失常的动态心电图特征分析

目的探讨肌袖性房性心律失常的动态心电图(DEC)特征。方法对比8例肌袖性房性心律失常与10例非肌袖性房性心律失常患者的临床和DEC特点。结果肌袖性房性心律失常有频发房性期前收缩,短阵房性心动过速,心房扑动,均发生短阵心房颤动,发作时间为2~15min不等,诱发心房颤动的房性期前收缩联律间期(0.24±0.03)s,明显短于对照组房性期前收缩联律间期(0.34±0.05)s(P<0.01)。结论肌袖性房性心律失常的DEC中窦性心律、房性心动过速、心房扑动、心房颤动交替转换,诱发心房颤动发作的房性期前收缩联律间期短,几乎均呈“P-on-T”现象。     

Atrial premature beats coupling interval determines lone paroxysmal atrial fibrillation onset.

In 20 patients with recurrent episodes of lone paroxysmal atrial fibrillation we assessed the onset pattern of each episode of either atrial fibrillation or of atrial flutter during a 24-h Holter monitoring. We evaluated 24 twenty-four-hour Holter tape recordings and our data are related to 168 episodes of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and 27 episodes of paroxysmal atrial flutter. Eighty-five percent of atrial fibrillations and 67% of atrial flutters were of short duration (less than 5 min). The majority of patients (80%) had either nocturnal or daily episodes of arrhythmia and PP intervals immediately before onset of arrhythmia did not show significant variations in 77% of cases. The coupling interval of the supraventricular premature beats eliciting atrial fibrillation was significantly shorter than the coupling intervals of the spontaneous isolated supraventricular premature beats (p less than 0.0001); again, in 6 patients with either atrial fibrillation or flutter, the coupling interval at onset of fibrillation was significantly shorter in comparison to flutter (p less than 0.0001). In conclusion, vagal or sympathetic prevalence does not seem to influence significantly the beginning of the arrhythmia, while the coupling interval of the atrial premature beats plays a critical role in the inducibility of atrial flutter or fibrillation.     

Epicardial foci of atrial arrhythmias apparently originating in the left pulmonary veins

INTRODUCTION: Epicardial potential sources of atrial arrhythmias, such as the ligament of Marshall, are in close proximity with, and electrically connected to, the left superior pulmonary vein. Ectopic activity arising from these areas may be difficult to differentiate from ectopy that, according to endocardial only mapping, originates in the left superior pulmonary vein. We hypothesized that in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) apparently originating in the left pulmonary veins, mapping through the distal coronary sinus might identify possible epicardial locations of the arrhythmogenic focus. METHODS AND RESULTS: Forty patients (age 48 +/- 12 years) who underwent catheter ablation for paroxysmal AF were studied by epicardial mapping through the distal, superoposterior coronary sinus. Catheterization of the distal coronary sinus in order to approach the ostium of the left superior pulmonary vein was feasible in 14 of 19 patients with AF originating in the left superior vein (11 patients) or inferior pulmonary vein (3 patients) according to endocardial mapping criteria. In 2 patients, the sole focus of atrial tachycardia/fibrillation was epicardial with earliest activation clearly preceding electrograms recorded at the os of the left superior pulmonary vein or any other endocardial mapping site. Epicardial potentials separated from atrial electrograms were present during sinus rhythm in both patients and during atrial tachycardia in one patient. Catheter ablation through the coronary sinus rendered the arrhythmia noninducible in both patients without abolishing epicardial potentials in one of them. CONCLUSION: In patients with paroxysmal AF apparently originating from the left superior or inferior pulmonary vein, detailed epicardial mapping through the distal coronary sinus might identify epicardial locations of the arrhythmogenic focus.     

Inducible supraventricular tachycardias in patients referred for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation.

AIMS: To investigate the prevalence of underlying, inducible supraventricular arrhythmias in patients referred for ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS AND RESULTS: Electrophysiology study reports of 409 consecutive patients (18% female), aged 55 +/- 9 years, who were referred for catheter ablation of AF, were studied. At electrophysiology study, arrhythmias other than AF were induced in 31 patients (7.6%). Cavotricuspid-dependent atrial flutter was induced in 15 patients (3.7%), slow-fast atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT) in seven patients (1.7%), atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia (AVRT) due to an accessory pathway in five patients (1.2%), and atrial tachycardia (AT) in four patients (0.98%). Specific ablation aimed at elimination of the underlying arrhythmia only was performed in 13 patients, isolation of the pulmonary veins without additional ablation in three patients, and a combined procedure was performed in the remaining 15 patients. No significant association was observed between type of induced arrhythmia and type of ablation performed (P = 0.338). Slow pathway ablation without pulmonary vein isolation was more common among patients with AVNRT (five patients, 71%). AF recurrence was higher among patients in whom atrial flutter was induced at electrophysiology study (eight patients, 53%) compared to those with AVRT (no patient), AT (no patient), or AVNRT (one patient) (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Patients referred for ablation of paroxysmal AF should be investigated for evidence of underlying supraventricular arrhytmias. In patients with AVNRT, slow pathway ablation may be the only procedure that is necessary for cure of AF. Inducibility of atrial flutter appears to carry an increased risk of AF recurrence regardless of whether the cavotricuspid isthmus is also ablated.     

Biatrial and three-dimensional mapping of spontaneous atrial arrhythmias in patients with refractory atrial fibrillation

INTRODUCTION: While atrial fibrillation (AF) initiation in the pulmonary veins has been well-studied, simultaneous biatrial and three-dimensional noncontact mapping (NCM) has not been performed. We hypothesized that these two techniques would provide novel information on triggers, initiation, and evolution of spontaneous AF and permit study of different AF populations. METHODS AND RESULTS: The origin of atrial premature beats (APBs), onset of spontaneous AF and its evolution were analyzed in 50 patients with AF in the presence or absence of structural heart disease (SHD) and in different AF presentations (group A: Persistent, group B: Paroxysmal). In 45 patients, spontaneous APBs in the right atrium (RA; n = 60) and left atrium (LA; n = 25) with similar regional distributions regardless of heart disease status were demonstrated. In total, 22 patients (44%) had > or =2 disparate regional origins. Biatrial regional foci were seen with equal frequency in patients with SHD (31%), without SHD (40%), in group A (32%), and in group B (36%). Biatrial mapping and NCM showed organized monomorphic atrial tachyarrhythmias arising in the RA (17), septum (17), or LA (21) and were classified as atrial flutter (RA = 34, LA = 8), macro-reentrant atrial tachycardia (RA = 1, LA = 3) or focal atrial tachycardia (RA = 2, LA = 7). Their regional distribution was more extensive in patients with SHD and persistent AF compared with patients without SHD or paroxysmal AF. Simultaneous biatrial tachycardias were observed only in group A patients and those with SHD. CONCLUSIONS: Simultaneous biatrial and NCM permits successful AF mapping in different AF populations and demonstrates a biatrial spectrum of spontaneous triggers and tachycardias. Organized monomorphic tachycardias with multiple unilateral or biatrial locations are commonly observed in human AF. Patients with heart disease or persistent AF have a more extensive distribution as well as simultaneous coexistence of multiple tachycardias during AF.     

Right atrial focal atrial fibrillation: electrophysiologic characteristics and radiofrequency catheter ablation

INTRODUCTION: Information about focal atrial fibrillation (AF) originating from the right atrium has not been well described. The purposes of this study were to demonstrate the electrophysiologic characteristics and radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients who had right atrial focal AF. METHODS AND RESULTS: From January 1996 to September 1998, 172 patients with clinically documented attacks of paroxysmal AF were referred to this institution for electrophysiologic study and/or radiofrequency catheter ablation. Anterior free wall, crista terminalis, and right and left superior pulmonary veins were mapped simultaneously. Eight patients (4.7%) had right atrial focal AF, consistent activation sequence, irregular fibrillation interval (mean fibrillation interval: 164 +/- 11 msec), and episodes of exit block from the initiating foci observed. The presumed ablation site was chosen on the basis of the earliest bipolar activity relative to an atrial electrogram reference during the initiation of AF. After application of 2 +/- 1 radiofrequency pulses, AF was eliminated without recurrence during the follow-up period (mean: 14 +/- 8 months; range: 3 to 25). Twenty-four-hour Holter monitoring showed that the number of atrial premature beats decreased significantly at the 3-month follow-up (4,216 +/- 411 vs 135 +/- 14 beats/day). CONCLUSION: Right atrial focal AF is one subgroup of focal AF, and it can be cured by radiofrequency catheter ablation.     

Arrhythmias induced during termination of supraventricular tachycardia

Pacing is being used frequently for the treatment of drug-resistant, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias (SVT). SVT can usually be terminated by pacing, but arrhythmias may be induced which interfere with the safety of antitachycardia pacing. To quantify these pacing-induced arrhythmias, 453 attempts to terminate SVT in 111 patients were analyzed. The patients were 6 to 73 years old (mean 41); 62 were male. Seventy-six patients had SVT using an accessory atrioventricular bypass, and 35 patients had intranodal SVT. Single and then, if required, multiple ventricular and atrial premature beats and overdrive pacing were delivered from the atrium and ventricle. A pacing-induced arrhythmia occurred in 9% of all attempts (34% of patients). Atrial flutter or fibrillation (AF) was the most frequent arrhythmia (in 8% of all attempts and sustained in 75%). Atrial vs ventricular pacing resulted in a 12% vs 2% incidence of AF. AF was unrelated to age, sex, atrial size and SVT type, and was predominantly induced by multiple premature beats. In 6 patients a different SVT and in 2 patients a nonsustained ventricular tachycardia was induced. In 6 patients SVT could only be terminated by initiating another arrhythmia. Thus, AF is frequently induced during attempted pacing termination of SVT. To limit the risk of AF, a single premature beat should preferentially be used to terminate SVT. In 6% of patients, SVT can only be terminated by inducing another arrhythmia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

阵发性心房颤动患者心房及肺静脉不应期离散度的变化

目的探讨阵发性房颤患者房颤相关组织的电生理特性改变情况。方法选取阵发性房颤患者10例(房颤组)和无房颤病史的左侧旁路有显性预激波患者15例(对照组)。将大头电极分别放置在两组患者左上肺静脉、左下肺静脉、右上肺静脉、右下肺静脉开口及左心房顶壁、前壁、后壁、高位右心房,分别测定各部位有效不应期(EPR)。结果①房颤组心房及肺静脉EPR离散度指数(DI)为0.117±0.028,对照组为0.074±0.029,两组比较,P<0.05。②房颤组左心房ERP为(234.00±28.72)ms,肺静脉ERP为(230.75±32.69)ms;对照组左心房ERP为(248.00±25.99)ms,肺静脉ERP为(244.33±26.78)ms,两组比较,P均<0.05。结论阵发性房颤患者DI明显增大,左心房、肺静脉ERP显著缩短。     

阵发性房颤射频消融术后空白期内房性心律失常与房颤远期复发的关系

目的 探讨阵发性房颤射频消融术后3个月（“空白期”）内房性心律失常的发作趋势与远期复发的关系.方法 入选在我院接受首次环肺静脉电隔离射频消融术的阵发性房颤患者50例,并于术后3个月内每月行24h动态心电图检查,同时进行术后定期临床随访和监测12个月.根据术后第12个月体表心电图、24h动态心电图监测及临床随访结果,分为房颤复发组和无复发组,比较复发组患者与无复发组患者术后3个月内房性心律失常发生率及随着时间推移两组房性心律失常的发作趋势.结果 术后第12个月体表心电图及24h动态心电图统计结果显示,房颤复发率为36.0％（18/50）,所有心电图中出现快速型房性心律失常心电图为26.9％,其中房颤20.2％、房扑2.0％、房速4.7％;房性早搏20.1％;窦性心动过缓2.0％.复发组患者术后3个月内房性心律失常的发生率高于无复发组（41.1％比10.2％,P＜0.05）,复发组患者术后3个月内房性心律失常的发生率维持在较高水平（术后3个月分别为44.4％、41.8％、38.5％,P＞0.05）.无复发组患者术后3个月可出现房颤复发,随着时间推移房性心律失常的发生率呈降低趋势（术后3个月分别为18.7％、10.5％、4.4％,P＜0.01）.结论 早期复发不能代表消融失败和晚期复发,但早期房性心律失常发作频繁,则晚期房颤复发的危险性增加.