盐酸替罗非班对急性心肌梗死急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗中TIMI血流影响的临床研究

目的分析Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂盐酸替罗非班对ST段抬高急性心肌梗死(STEMI)患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)治疗中TIMI血流的影响。方法选择急诊入院STEMI患者48名,分为试验组(盐酸替罗非班+PCI)27例和对照组(直接PCI)21例。收集所有病例的临床和冠状动脉造影资料,观察PCI术前、术后TIMI血流情况。结果试验组于术前应用盐酸替罗非班使PCI前梗死相关血管TIMI血流分级提高,试验组达1级血流者比例高于对照组(37%比9.5%,P<0.05);对照组完全闭塞者比例明显高于试验组(38.1%比7.4%,P<0.01);两组患者PCI术后TIMI3级血流比例差异无统计学意义,TIMI2级血流比例试验组低于对照组。结论Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂盐酸替罗非班可改善STEMI患者梗死相关血管的TIMI血流。     

GP Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂对STEMI患者急诊PCI治疗中TIMI血流的影响

目的 探讨ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死（STEMI）患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）治疗中运用血小板糖蛋白(GP)Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂盐酸替罗非班对患者梗死相关血管血流的影响作用。方法 按照就诊顺序将92例STEMI患者分为试药组和对照组各46例,试药组患者行PCI前1~3 h冠脉内应用替罗非班,对照组直接行PCI,比较两组患者PCI中梗死相关血管的急性心肌梗死溶栓试验(TIMI)血流情况、主要心血管不良事件及预后情况。结果 PCI术前,研究组的TIMI血流分级Ⅲ级（33%）、Ⅱ级（43%）高于对照组的Ⅲ级和Ⅱ级构成比,试药组的TIMI血流分布显著优于对照组（P<0.05）。PCI术后,试药组的TIMI血流分级Ⅲ级（91%）、Ⅱ级（9%）与对照组的Ⅲ级（85%）、Ⅱ级（15%）分布比较接近,两组PCI术后TIMI血流分级比较差异不显著。PCI术前与术后,试药组的TIMI心肌再灌注(TMP)血流分级分布均显著的优于对照组（P<0.05）。PCI术后住院期间,两组患者的主要心血管不良事件发生率、术后左室射血分数值,血小板计数减少情况比较差异均不显著。结论 急诊PCI术前常规应用替罗非班对改善术前梗死血管血流、心肌灌注、术后心肌灌注均有显著作用。     

冠脉内注射前列地尔对ST段抬高型心肌梗死急诊经皮冠状动脉介入效果的影响

目的探讨急诊经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)冠脉内注射前列地尔对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者心肌组织灌注水平和临床预后的影响。方法连续入选STEMI急诊PCI治疗的患者80例,随机分为对照组及治疗组各40例。对照组常规行PCI治疗,试验组在对照组治疗基础上开通血管后冠脉内注射前列地尔。观察两组心肌组织灌注水平及主要心血管事件(MACE)的发生情况。结果治疗组PCI术后梗死相关血管TIMI血流分级(TFG)Ⅲ级获得率及术后1 h ST段回落程度明显高于对照组,校正TIMI血流计数帧数(CTFC)显著少于对照组(P<0.05);治疗组术中慢血流和院内MACE的发生率明显少于对照组,术中无复流及30 d的MACE与对照组无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论 STEMI患者PCI术中开通梗死相关血管后冠脉内注射前列地尔可改善心肌微循环,增加心肌灌注,减少慢血流及院内MACE。     

STEMI介入治疗患者急诊提前应用替罗非班的效果及安全性

目的:探讨急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)患者行急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)前应用替罗非班的疗效及安全性。方法:选择2012年12月至2013年12月我院STEMI接受急诊PCI联合应用替罗非班的患者147例,按照随机数字表法分为急诊替罗非班组(76例,在急诊PCI前开始应用替罗非班)和常规替罗非班组(71例,常规术后使用替罗非班)。比较术前、术后梗死相关血管血流情况、临床出血并发症及术后30d内心血管事件发生率。结果:与常规替罗非班组比较,急诊替罗非班组术前TIMI3级(10.0%比22.4%)与TIMI2级+TIMI3级(23.9%比39.5%)血流比例明显升高(P均0.05);两组术后TIMI3级血流比例、Blush3级和TIMI计帧数获得率均无显著差异(P均0.05);临床出血并发症及术后30d内心血管事件发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:急诊提前应用替罗非班可提高ST段抬高心肌梗死患者PCI前梗死相关血管前向血流。     

替罗非班对发病6~12h急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者急诊PCI中无再流的作用

目的:探讨血小板Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂替罗非班对发病6~12h的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后无再流的影响。方法:将症状发生至急诊PCI6~12h的STEMI患者随机分为替罗非班组(50例)和对照组(50例)。记录两组基础临床情况、PCI后无再流、心力衰竭、住院期间及术后180d主要心脏不良事件(MACE),包括死亡再梗死再次靶血管重建的发生率。结果:两组梗死相关动脉(IRA)PCI后TIMI3级血流发生无显著差异。与对照组相比,替罗非班组PCI前IRA TIMI 3级血流、术后梗死区心肌灌注分级(TMP)3级明显增加,无再流发生率降低(P<0.05)。心力衰竭减少27.4%,住院期间MACE发生率相似,但于术后180d降低10.85%(P<0.05)。结论:急诊PCI联合替罗非班治疗发病6~12h的STEMI患者,可进一步减少无再流发生,提高心肌灌注,并改善临床预后。     

替罗非班对发病6～12h急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者急诊PCI中无再流的作用

目的:探讨血小板Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂替罗非班对发病6～12 h的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后无再流的影响. 方法:将症状发生至急诊PCI 6～12 h的STEMI患者随机分为替罗非班组(50例)和对照组(50例).记录两组基础临床情况、PCI后无再流、心力衰竭、住院期间及术后180d主要心脏不良事件(MACE),包括死亡再梗死再次靶血管重建的发生率.结果:两组梗死相关动脉(IRA)PCI后TIMI 3级血流发生无显著差异.与对照组相比,替罗非班组PCI前IRA TIMI 3级血流、术后梗死区心肌灌注分级(TMP)3级明显增加,无再流发生率降低(P<0.05).心力衰竭减少27.4%,住院期间MACE发生率相似,但于术后180 d降低10.85%(P<0.05). 结论:急诊PCI联合替罗非班治疗发病6～12 h的STEMI患者,可进一步减少无再流发生,提高心肌灌注,并改善临床预后.     

血糖对急性ST段抬高心肌梗死再灌注治疗前冠状动脉血流的预测价值

目的评价急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)患者血糖水平增高与急诊介入治疗(PCI)前患者冠状动脉TIMI血流的相关性。方法选择120例STEMI行急诊PCI治疗的患者,收集患者入院前全血血糖、PCI前冠状动脉造影梗死相关血管TIMI血流以及患者临床资料。血糖≥7·8mmol/L(140mg/dL)定义为高血糖症。结果在接受急诊PCI术前仅有18例(15%)患者冠状动脉造影血流达到TIMI3级,高血糖症患者87例(72·5%)。正常血糖组在PCI术前TIMI3级的患者多于高血糖症组(两组分别为27·3%和10·3%,P<0·01),但两组随诊期间主要心脏事件的发生率差异无统计学意义。结论高血糖症是STEMI患者PCI前冠状动脉TIMI血流重要的预测因素之一。     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死并发心包积液的相关因素及其对患者预后的影响

目的 探讨急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者并发心包积液的影响因素及其对患者预后的影响。 方法 因STEMI行直接经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）治疗的患者274例。根据是否并发心包积液将患者分成两组:心包积液组（55例）和无心包积液组（219例）。观察两组患者临床资料、相关因素及临床预后。 结果 ①基础临床资料:两组患者年龄有统计学差异（P < 0.01），其他包括性别、高血压、糖尿病、高血脂、吸烟、饮酒、冠心病家族史无统计学差异。②冠状动脉病变特征、手术相关事项和其他资料:心包积液组患者发病至入院开通梗死相关血管时间长于无心包积液组（ P < 0.01）,肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）峰值高于无心包积液组（ P < 0.01）,PCI术后左室射血分数（LVEF）低于无心包积液组（ P < 0.01），入院时Killip心功能分级≥Ⅲ级者比例高于无心包积液组（ P < 0.01），PCI术后TIMI血流为2级比例高于无心包积液组，3级比例低于无心包积液组（均 P < 0.01），血栓抽吸和使用糖蛋白Ⅱb /Ⅲa 受体抑制剂( GPI) 比例低于无心包积液组（ P < 0.01, P < 0.05），梗死相关血管为LAD的比例高于无心包积液组（ P < 0.01），平均住院天数长于无心包积液组（ P < 0.01），患者住院期间发生严重心衰和恶性心律失常的比例高于无心包积液组（ P < 0.05）；两组患者PCI术前TIMI血流分级和梗死相关血管为LCX无统计学差异。③随访两组患者6个月内MACE发生情况，心包积液组发生严重心衰的比例和因心源性再住院率高于无心包积液组（ P < 0.05），其他包括恶性心律失常、靶血管再次血运重建、因心源性死亡、心肌梗死后机械并发症、非致死性再发心梗、梗死后心绞痛两组无统计学差异。④对单因素分析中有统计学意义的因素进行多因素logistic回归分析，结果显示:年龄、再灌注治疗时间、使用GPI、血栓抽吸、CK-MB峰值及PCI术后TIMI血流是STEMI患者并发心包积液的独立相关因素。 结论 STEMI患者并发心包积液的相关因素是年龄、再灌注治疗时间、CK-MB峰值、使用GPI、血栓抽吸及PCI术后TIMI血流（前3项正相关，后3项负相关）。并发心包积液患者预后差。      

PCI后TIMI血流及心电图ST段在评价STEMI患者梗死区再灌注中的价值

目的分析急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死（STEMI）患者PCI（经皮冠状动脉介入治疗）术后1周及6个月时梗死区的室壁运动情况,评价TIMI血流及ST段回落与梗死区再灌注的关系。方法选择209例行急诊PCI和56例未行急诊血运重建的急性STEMI患者（对照组）,采用二维超声心动图测定心肌梗死后1周及6个月时梗死区的室壁运动。将PCI患者分为3组,A组为PCI后TIMI血流2～3级且2h内ST段回落〉150％者;B组为PCI后TIMI血流2～3级且2h内ST段回落〈50％者;C组为PCI后TIMI血流1级且2h内ST段回落〈50％者。结果与对照组相比,A组梗死后1周及6个月梗死区的室壁运动均明显改善（P〈0．01）,B组梗死后1周梗死区的室壁运动无明显改善,6个月时梗死区的室壁运动较对照组明显改善（P〈0．01）,且与A组无统计学差异（P〉0．05）;C组梗死后1周及6个月梗死区的室壁运动均无改善（P〉0．05）。结论急性STEMI患者成功PCI后,ST段迅速回落对于判断梗死区早期再灌注具有重要的临床预测价值,而对梗死区远期再灌注的临床预测价值较小;TIMI血流对于判断梗死区远期再灌注具有重要的临床预测价值,而对梗死区早期再灌注的临床预测价值较小。     

替罗非班对老年急性心肌梗死患者急诊PCI预后的影响

目的 探讨替罗非班对老年急性心肌梗死患者急诊冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）临床预后的影响.方法 84例接受急诊PCI治疗的高龄ST段抬高急性心肌梗死（STEMI）患者,随机分为替罗非班常规冠脉内注射的治疗组（42例）和出现无复流、慢血流时替罗非班冠脉内注射的对照组（42例）.观察住院期间及随访3个月主要心血管事件（心源性死亡、非致死性心肌梗死、心绞痛）发生率;比较PCI术前后冠状动脉TIMI血流分级、TIMI心肌灌注分级（TMPG）和出血情况.结果 PCI术后,治疗组和对照组均能明显改善冠脉灌注（P〈0.05）,治疗组和对照组比较,冠状动脉前向血流TIMI 3级比例差异无统计学意义,而CTFC、TMPG 2～3级比例治疗组均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）.治疗组和对照组比较,心血管事件发生率无显著差异,住院期间出血并发症比较,治疗组总体要高于对照组.结论 急诊PCI联合替罗非班治疗老年STEMI时,替罗非班常规冠脉内注射可改善冠状动脉梗死相关动脉前向血流,不能降低30 d内心血管事件的发生率,非主要的出血并发症有增高趋势.     

急性ST段抬高心肌梗死患者临床特点和炎性反应及预后的性别差异分析

目的研究不同性别急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)患者临床特点和炎性反应以及预后差异。方法连续入选初发STEMI患者263例,男203例,女60例。收集患者住院时和2年随访时的临床资料,检测发病早期白细胞介素6(IL-6)、可溶性细胞间黏附分子1(sICAM-1)和可溶性P选择素水平,并进行比较分析。结果女性年龄、高血压、Killip分级≥Ⅱ级比例明显高于男性,吸烟明显低于男性(P<0.01)。男性血清可溶性P选择素水平明显高于女性(P<0.01),男性与女性IL-6和sICAM-1水平无显著差异。不同性别患者再灌注治疗比例和溶栓再通率以及急诊PCI后血流恢复率、冠状动脉病变分布总体无显著差异。女性住院及随访2年时心血管病病死率更高,性别与住院期间及随访2年心血管死亡无独立相关。结论 STEMI患者男性多于女性,女性发病年龄晚、且病情重;STEMI急性期炎性反应水平无性别差异;STEMI预后与性别无关。     

Revascularization algorithm in acute STEMI should take into account age

BACKGROUND: In the elderly patients, the optimal reperfusion strategy of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) remains a topic of debate. Moreover, there is a lack of data regarding the effect of time to treatment (TT) on prognosis of STEMI in elderly patients. PURPOSE: The goal of our work was to analyze, in real life, the link between TT and 1-year mortality in patients with STEMI (> or =75 years) who were treated with thrombolysis (THL) or primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Data were extracted from our university hospital prospective registry. Between 1995 and 2005, all patients who met the criteria (> or =75 years old, has had an acute STEMI <12 h, has been admitted directly into our cardiologic care unit, and has had a revascularization procedure) were included in the analysis. Using logistic regression, we studied the relation between TT and 1-year mortality for each strategy of reperfusion in patients with STEMI who were > or =75 years old. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-nine consecutive patients with STEMI <12 h were analyzed; 35 were treated with THL and 124 were treated with primary PCI. Mean age (+/-S.D.) was 80+/-4 years, and 56% of patients were men. In logistic regression analysis, TT was not associated to death after THL (P=.81), while it was positively correlated after PCI (P=.03). All-cause 1-year mortality was markedly higher in the THL group than in the PCI group (51.4% vs. 15.3%; P<.001). CONCLUSION: Our work suggests that the extrapolation of algorithm of revascularization used in younger patients is not appropriate for elderly patients. Specific algorithm of revascularization and recommendations are needed in elderly patients.     

Effect of sex difference in clinical presentation (stable coronary artery disease vs unstable angina pectoris or non‐ST‐elevation myocardial infarction vs ST‐elevation myocardial infarction) on 2‐year outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

Objective

To determine whether there is a difference in 2‐year prognosis among patients across the spectrum of coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Methods

We analyzed all consecutive patients undergoing PCI at a single center from 1/1‐12/31/2013. Clinical presentations were compared between sexes according to baseline clinical, angiographic, and procedural characteristics and 2‐year (mean 730 ± 30‐day) outcomes.

Results

We grouped 10 724 consecutive patients based on sex and clinical presentation. Among patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), rates of all‐cause death (6.7% vs 1.4%) and cardiac death (3.8% vs 1.1%) were significantly higher in women than in men (P < 0.05), but these rates did not differ between men and women with stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) and non‐ST‐elevation acute coronary syndrome ((NSTE‐ACS). Incidence of major bleeding was greater than in men only in those women presenting with ACS. After multivariable adjustment, female sex was not an independent predictor of outcomes in STEMI (hazard ratio [HR] for all‐cause death: 1.33, 95% confidence interval [CI]:0.52‐3.38; P = 0.55; HR for cardiac death: 0.69, 95%CI: 0.23‐2.09, P = 0.51], but was still an independent predictor of bleeding in STEMI (HR: 3.53, 95%CI: 1.26‐9.91, P = 0.017).

Conclusion

Among STEMI patients, women had worse 2‐year mortality after PCI therapy, but female sex was not an independent predictor of mortality after adjustment for baseline characteristics. In STEMI patients, women were at higher bleeding risk than men after PCI, even after multivariable adjustment.     

Acesso à Terapia de Reperfusão e Mortalidade em Mulheres com Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST: Registro VICTIM

Background:Myocardial reperfusion is a fundamental part of the treatment for ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and is responsible for reducing morbidity and mortality in affected patients. However, reperfusion rates are usually lower and mortality rates higher in women compared to men.Objectives:To evaluate the prevalence of the use of reperfusion therapies among women and men with STEMI in hospitals where percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is available in the state of Sergipe.Methods:This is a cross-sectional study that used data from the VICTIM Register. Patients diagnosed with STEMI admitted to the four hospitals (one public and three private) where PCI is available in the state of Sergipe were evaluated, from December 2014 to June 2018. A multivariate analysis with adjusted model using mortality as a dependent variable was made. In all analyses, the level of significance adopted was 5% (p < 0.05).Results:A total of 878 volunteers with a confirmed diagnosis of STEMI, of which 33.4% were women, were included in the study. Only 53.3% of the patients underwent myocardial reperfusion (134 women versus 334 men). Fibrinolysis was performed only in 2.3% of all patients (1.7% of women versus 2.6% of men; p = 0.422). The rate of primary PCI was lower (44% versus 54.5%; p = 0.003) and hospital mortality was higher (16.1% versus 6.7%; p < 0.001) in women than in men.Conclusion:Women have significantly lower rates of primary PCI and higher hospital mortality. Reperfusion rates were low in both sexes and there was a clear underutilization of thrombolytic agents.     

Prognostic Significance of T‐Wave Amplitude in Lead aVR on the Admission Electrocardiography in Patients with Anterior Wall ST‐Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated by Primary Percutaneous Intervention

Background: T‐wave positivity in aVR lead patients with heart failure and anterior wall old ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) are shown to have a higher frequency of cardiovascular mortality, although the effects on patients with STEMI treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has not been investigated. In this study, we sought to determine the prognostic value of T wave in lead aVR on admission electrocardiography (ECG) for in‐hospital mortality in patients with anterior wall STEMI treated with primary PCI. Methods: After exclusion, 169 consecutive patients with anterior wall STEMI (mean age: 55 ± 12.9 years; 145 men) undergoing primary PCI were prospectively enrolled in this study. Patients were classified as a T‐wave positive (n = 53, group 1) or T‐wave negative (n = 116, group 2) in aVR based upon the admission ECG. All patients were evaluated with respect to clinical features, primary PCI findings, and in‐hospital clinical results. Results: T‐wave positive patients who received primary PCI were older, multivessel disease was significantly more frequent and the duration of the patient's hospital stay was longer than T‐wave negative patients. In‐hospital mortality tended to be higher in the group 1 when compared with group 2 (7.5% vs 1.7% respectively, P = 0.05). After adjusting the baseline characteristics, positive T wave remained an independent predictor of in hospital mortality (odds ratio: 4.41; 95% confidence interval 1.2–22.1, P = 0.05). Conclusions: T‐wave positivity in lead aVR among patients with an anterior wall STEMI treated with primary PCI is associated with an increase in hospital cardiovascular mortality.     

Gender differences and in-hospital mortality in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions

BACKGROUND: Many observational and randomised studies have suggested that women are referred for invasive diagnostics and treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD) less frequently than men, and the effects of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) among women are worse than in men. AIM: To compare direct results of PCI in men and women. METHODS: The study was a retrospective assessment of case records of one thousand consecutive patients treated with PCI because of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (344 patients), unstable angina (UA) (164 patients) and stable angina (SA) (492 patients). We examined the effects of demographic, angiographic and clinical variables on the duration of hospitalisation and in-hospital mortality separately in men and in women. RESULTS: Women constituted 30.7% of patients treated with PCI because of AMI, 39.6% of those with UA and just 25.8% of those with SA. Women were significantly older than men, had a higher BMI, and more often suffered from hypertension and diabetes. The duration of hospitalisation was the same in men and women if the reason for PCI was SA or UA, however, in case of AMI women were hospitalised significantly longer than men. In the univariate analysis gender had no influence on in-hospital mortality regardless of the reason for PCI treatment. Among the variables subjected to multivariate analysis female gender, age, BMI, diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, indication for PCI, final TIMI flow in the target vessel and cardiogenic shock as a complication of AMI were shown to affect mortality. Significant effects on in-hospital mortality for women were exhibited only by cardiogenic shock. Among men, indication for PCI, age, diabetes and final TIMI flow in the target vessel also had a significant influence on in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Stable angina is a reason for performing PCI more rarely in women than in men. Women with CAD are older than men and have more risk factors. The in-hospital mortality among patients treated with PCI because of SA is independent of gender. Cardiogenic shock appeared to be the only factor that influences in-hospital mortality in women. In the case of men such an influence is also observed for indication for PCI (AMI, UA or SA), diabetes and final TIMI flow in the target vessel.     

Angioplastia primária na mulher: realidade nacional

AimsAlthough mortality after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) is higher in women than in men, there is disagreement as to whether gender is an independent risk factor for mortality in ST‐ elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Our aim was to assess how gender influenced short‐term prognosis in patients undergoing PPCI in the Portuguese Registry of Interventional Cardiology.MethodsOf 60 158 patients prospectively included in a large registry of contemporary PCI, from 2002 to 2012, we included 7544 patients with STEMI treated by PPCI, of whom 1856 (25%) were female. The effect of gender on in‐hospital mortality was assessed by multivariate logistic regression analysis with propensity score matching.ResultsWomen were older (68±14 vs. 61±13 years, p<0.001), with a higher prevalence of diabetes (30% vs. 21%, p<0.001) and hypertension (69% vs. 55%, p<0.001). Men were more frequently revascularized within six hours of symptom onset (71% vs. 63%, p<0.001). Cardiogenic shock was more frequent in women (7.1% vs. 5.7%, p=0.032). Female gender was associated with a worse short‐term prognosis, with 1.7 times higher risk of in‐hospital death (4.3% in women and 2.5% in men, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.30‐2.27, p<0.001). After computed propensity score matching based on baseline clinical characteristics, in‐hospital mortality was similar between women and men (odds ratio 1.00, 95% CI 0.68‐1.48, p=1.00).ConclusionsIn the Registry, women with STEMI treated by PPCI had a greater risk‐factor burden, less timely access to treatment and a worse prognosis. However, after risk adjustment, female gender ceases to be an independent predictor of in‐hospital mortality.     

Treatment of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in West Pomerania province of Poland. Comparison between primary coronary intervention and thrombolytic therapy

INTRODUCTION: The majority of randomised studies on reperfusion in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) show the advantage of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) over thrombolysis. However, the real world registers' data are not so unequivocal. AIM: To evaluate the way acute STEMI is treated in West Pomerania province with emphasis on comparison of two reperfusion strategies, primary PCI vs thrombolytic therapy, in early and long-term perspective. METHODS: Medical records of 961 STEMI patients treated between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2003 were analysed. Data were collected from 3 centres with emergency cath lab availability and 15 regional sites. Long-term mortality was assessed based on regional provincial office database data. RESULTS: 69.9% of the study group received reperfusion (44.6% primary PCI, 25.3% thrombolysis). Mean age of patients was 62 (21 to 91) years. Patients referred for PCI were younger compared to the thrombolysis group. The percentage of females was similar in both groups. The majority of patients treated with PCI or thrombolysis were admitted to the hospital between 2 and 6 hours after symptoms--268 patients (46.4%). Seventy-nine patients (8.3%) died in the early (30-day) period. Mean age at time of death was 73 +/-8 years, whereas survivors' age was 61.5 (+/-12) years (p <0.001). Significantly higher mortality was observed in the conservative treatment group (12.7%) compared to patients treated with reperfusion. Forty-two out of 662 patients treated with PCI and thrombolysis died. The group of thrombolytic therapy tended to have higher mortality (7.9%) than PCI patients (5.5%); the difference however was not significant. Early mortality was influenced by older age (73.4 vs 59.5), female gender, low ejection fraction, and previous myocardial infarction. Current smoking has a positive effect on survival (mortality rate in smokers was 2.6%, in non-smokers 8.2%; p=0.0001). In long-term follow-up overall mortality in the entire group of 961 patients was 15.7% (12.1% in the reperfusion group). Long-term prognosis was worsened by older age, low ejection fraction, diabetes mellitus and non-smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of STEMI in West Pomerania province is similar to that used in Europe and the USA. No significant difference in 30-day and long-term mortality between the two types of reperfusion were seen.     

Relationship between blood glucose on admission and prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with percutaneous coronary intervention

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus in patients with myocardial infarction affects in-hospital and late mortality. It has been shown that the glucose level on admission can also affect prognosis. This conclusion was based on an analysis performed on a heterogeneous group of patients, treated not only with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) but also with fibrinolysis. Moreover, the threshold values hyperglycaemia for the diagnosis of were also variable. AIM: To assess whether glucose level on admission affects in-hospital and one-year prognosis in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with PCI. METHODS: Consecutive patients with STEMI treated with PCI were included in the analysis. Patients with STEMI complicated by cardiogenic shock were also included. Three groups according to the glucose level on admission were analysed: group I - <7.8 mmol/l (140 mg/dl), group II - 7.8-11.1 mmol/l (140-200 mg/dl), and group III - > or = 11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl). RESULTS: The incidence of diabetes mellitus in the total group (1027 patients) was 26.1%, and of cardiogenic shock - 9.2%. Group I consisted of 472 patients, group II - 307 patients, and group III - 248 patients. Compared with normoglycaemic patients, those with elevated glucose level were older, more often female, had more often hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiogenic shock, were more often treated with fibrinolysis before PCI but were less often smokers. Multivessel disease and initial patency of the infarct-related artery (TIMI 0-1) were more often observed in patients with higher glucose level. A trend towards a higher incidence of reocclusion was also more often present in patients with increased glucose level. Moreover, mean creatine kinase concentration was the highest and the left ventricular ejection fraction was the lowest in group III. During the in-hospital stay, the complication rate was as follows: stroke (1.1% vs. 1.3% vs. 4.4%), and mortality (2.8 vs. 4.9 vs. 13.3%) in groups I, II, and III, respectively. The same tendency was observed during the one-year follow-up period: stroke (1.3 vs. 2.9 vs. 6.9%), mortality (6.4 vs. 9.1 vs. 22.6%). The 1 mmol/l (18 mg/dl) increase of the baseline glucose level among various risk factors was an independent prognostic factor of higher -year mortality (HR=1.06; 95% CI 1.02-1.09). Diabetes mellitus did not affect prognosis among patients included in the analysis. CONCLUSION: Elevated glucose level on admission is associated with adverse prognosis in patients with STEMI treated with PCI.     

Age-specific gender differences in in-hospital mortality by type of acute myocardial infarction

Younger women hospitalized with an acute myocardial infarction (MI) have a poorer prognosis than men. Whether this is true for patients with acute ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI) and non-STEMI (NSTEMI) is not extensively studied. Using the MarketScan 2004 to 2007 Commercial and Medicare supplemental admission databases, we assessed gender differences in in-hospital mortality according to age in 91,088 patients (35,899 with STEMI, 55,189 with NSTEMI) who were 18 to 89 years old and had acute MI as their primary diagnosis. Patients with STEMI had significantly higher in-hospital mortality than those with NSTEMI (4.35% vs 3.53%, p <0.0001). Compared to men women were older, had higher co-morbidity scores, and were less likely to undergo revascularization during hospitalization in the STEMI and NSTEMI populations. In patients with STEMI the unadjusted women-to-men odds ratio for in-hospital mortality was 2.29 (95% confidence interval 1.48 to 3.55) for the 18- to 49-year age group, 1.68 (1.28 to 2.21) for 50 to 59, 1.48 (1.17 to 1.88) for 60 to 69, 1.28 (1.06 to 1.57) for 70 to 79, and 1.01 (0.83 to 1.23) for 80 to 89. Corresponding unadjusted odds ratios were 1.51 (0.87 to 2.61), 1.46 (1.11 to 1.92), 1.29 (1.04 to 1.61), 0.83 (0.70 to 0.99) and 0.82 (0.70 to 0.94) for patients with NSTEMI. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, excess risk for in-hospital mortality in younger women versus their men counterparts (<60 years old) persisted in STEMI. In patients with NSTEMI the difference between younger women and younger men was not statistically significant; however, older women (≥70 years old) had better survival than men. In conclusion, higher risk of in-hospital mortality in younger women compared to younger men is more evident in patients with STEMI.