Bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus in hospitalized children: a study of seasonal rhythm

AIM: The objective of this study was to describe the rhythm of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis seasonal outbreaks in hospitalized children. METHODS: Data was collected from 1324 patients, who were admitted to our hospital with bronchiolitis, over an 11-year period, from 1994 to 2004. The epidemic onset was established according to the epidemic index. Virological diagnosis was made with immunofluorescent assay from nasopharyngeal washings. Rhythm study was carried-out by spectral analysis with the fast-Fourier transformed and cosinor method. RESULTS: Epidemics begin in September (45%) and October (55%); the highest peak was observed in January, the minimum in August and the end in February (73%), March (18%) and April (9%). When the epidemic outbreak begins sooner, the end is sooner as well. Epidemic onset varies but not its length and the onset was less variable than its conclusion. Spectral analysis showed a 12-months cyclic period along the study years and cosinor analysis demonstrated significant circannual rhythm. When data was segregated by long and short hospital stay, no significant differences were found between the rhythms. Comorbid association among bronchiolitis, otitis and gastroenteritis was very common. CONCLUSION: Bronchiolitis epidemics onset and conclusion varies along time years in hospitalized infants and showed circannual rhythmicity with a 12-months period.     

细支气管炎患儿血清嗜酸性细胞趋化因子测定及肺功能检查的临床意义

目的探讨细支气管炎(简称毛支)患儿嗜酸性细胞趋化因子(eotaxin)水平及肺功能改变的临床意义。方法采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验方法,对30例毛支急性期、20例恢复期患儿的外周血标本进行血清eotaxin水平测定,同时采用美国森迪公司2600婴儿肺功能仪进行肺功能检查,并与20例健康对照组儿童相比较。结果毛支恢复期组患儿血清eotaxin水平比急性期组明显下降(P<0.01),但两组均明显高于健康对照组儿童(P均<0.01);毛支恢复期组患儿呼出75%潮气量时的呼气流速/潮气呼气峰流速(25/PF)及潮气呼气中期流速/潮气吸气中期流速(ME/MI)比急性期组明显升高(P<0.01),但25/PF仍低于对照组(P<0.01),而ME/MI与对照组相比无显著性差异(P<0.05);毛支患儿急性期组血清eotaxin水平与25/PF呈负相关(r=-0.42,P<0.05),与ME/MI无相关性(r=0.05,P>0.05)。结论毛支患儿急性期肺功能主要表现为阻塞性通气功能障碍,eotaxin参与了毛支的发病过程。     

The Role of Zinc Sulfate in Acute Bronchiolitis in Patients Aged 2 to 23 Months

Objective

Evaluating the effect of zinc sulfate in improving the clinical manifestations of acute bronchiolitis in children younger than 2 years.

Methods

This was a double blind pilot trial on 50 patients aged 2 to 23 months at Ghaem and Dr. Sheikh Hospitals in Mashhad from January 2008 to March 2009. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: a case group received oral zinc sulfate and to the control group was given placebo.

Findings

Mean age of case group was 168.0±108.6 days and control group 169.2±90.4 days (P=0.98) with male predominance in both groups. At first there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in reducing the symptoms. But 24 hours after treating, improvement of some important manifestations including tachypnea, subcostal and intercostal retraction, wheezing and cyanosis revealed statistically significant difference in control group in comparison with case group (P=0.04).

Conclusion

Zinc sulfate has no benefit in improving clinical manifestations of acute bronchiolitis.     

儿童闭塞性细支气管炎的研究进展

闭塞性细支气管炎是指小气道损伤后炎症及纤维化引起的慢性气流阻塞的临床综合征,儿童表现为重症呼吸道感染后持续咳嗽、喘息及活动不耐受.重症下呼吸道感染、心肺移植、骨髓移植、Stevens-Johnson综合征、结缔组织病、吸入或摄入有毒物质及药物因素等均可导致闭塞性细支气管炎的发生.闭塞性细支气管炎诊断主要依据临床表现、高分辨率CT和肺功能检查,肺组织活检是诊断闭塞性细支气管炎的金标准.目前尚没有公认的闭塞性细支气管炎治疗准则.早期阶段是临床治疗的关键时期.多数采取持续使用糖皮质激素和支气管舒张剂,同时联合其他支持治疗.该文从病因、发病机制、病理、临床表现、辅助检查、诊断、鉴别诊断及治疗方面对儿童闭塞性细支气管炎进行综述.     

Salbutamol for hyperkalaemia in children

Hyperkalaemia is a potentially fatal disorder that demands direct treatment. The efficacy of traditional medical treatment is unpredictable, limited, of short duration or carries the risk of serious adverse events. The administration of salbutamol for hyperkalaemia in children is described in several clinical trials and case reports.

Conclusion: Salbutamol, inhaled or infused, is safe and efficacious and results in a predictable and long-lasting reduction in serum potassium. Salbutamol merits a place as the preferred medication for hyperkalaemia in children without arrhythmias. If follow-up with haemodialysis is required, the administration of salbutamol gives time to make the necessary preparations.     

Epinephrine treatment of hypotension in very low birthweight infants

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of a continuous infusion of epinephrine (adrenaline) on mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), heart rate, urine output and base deficit in very low birthweight infants (VLBWI) with systemic hypotension. In VLBWI who received an infusion of epinephrine for at least 12 h the mean urine output, administered fluid volume, base deficit and administered buffer 12 h before and 12 h during the infusion were recorded. If the infusion was shorter, but given for at least 2 h, the mean heart rate and MABP 2 h before and 2 h during the infusion were recorded. Thirty-one infants with a gestational age of 26 (23-30) wk [median (minimum-maximum)] and birthweight 690 (390-1310) g were included in this retrospective chart review. The patients received an infusion of epinephrine at a postnatal age of 3 (1-21) d. The doses ranged between 0.05 and 2.6 µg kg -1 per minute within the first 24 h of administration. Three of 31 infants received epinephrine on 2 different occasions. The MABP [+7 (-1 to 13) mmHg, p = 0.000001] and the heart rate [+10 (-10 to 42) bpm, p = 0.000036] increased significantly ( n = 34), whereas total volume administration and urine output remained the same between the 2 periods (Wilcoxon matched pairs test). The base deficit increased significantly [-3 (-10.2 to 2.6), p = 0.0014, n = 19] without a change in the administration of buffer.

Conclusion: The infusion of epinephrine increased the MABP and the heart rate without decreasing urine output in VLBWI with hypotension not responding to a dopamine infusion up to 15 µg kg -1 per minute. A potential adverse effect was an increase in metabolic acidosis.     

Genetic Diversity in the G Protein Gene of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus among Iranian Children with Acute Respiratory Symptoms

Objective

Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is main viral agent of ARI in infants and young children in terms of effect and prevalence. The aim of this study was to investigate HRSV genotypes during one season in Iran.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, 107 throat swabs were collected from children less than 5 years of age with acute respiratory infection from October to December 2009. The respiratory samples were obtained from several provinces: Tehran, Isfahan, Hamadan, Zanjan, Kordestan, Lorestan and West Azarbayjan, and were tested for G protein gene of HRSV by RT-PCR.

Findings

Of the 107 respiratory samples, 24 (22.42%) were positive for HRSV, of which 16 (66.6%) belonged to subgroup A and 8 (33.4%) to subgroup B. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that subgroup A strains fell in two genotypes GA1 and GA2, whereas subgroup B strains clustered in genotype BA.

Conclusion

This study revealed that multiple genotypes of HRSV cocirculated during the season 2009 in Iran. Also subgroup A strains were more prevalent than subgroup B strains, and genotype GA1 was predominant during the season.     

Salbutamol and/or beclomethasone diproprionate in asthma

Objective: Acute severe exacerbation of asthma is potentially life threatening and requires critical assessment and appropriate therapy. Now a days, steroids are often combined with bronchodilators for the treatment of bronchial asthma. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to compare effectiveness of beclomethasone diproprionate-salbutamol combination versus salbutamol alone by MDI (with or without spacer) in acute asthma.Methods : A total of 57 paediatric patients (5–12 years) with acute attack of bronchial asthma attending emergency department of Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital was randomised to receive salbutamol (100 μg/puff) alone or with BDP (50 μg/puff) by metered dose inhaler with or without spacer. All baseline investigations were repeated one hour after the therapy.Results : Clinical parameters indicative of severity of asthma improved statistically in all treatment groups. The increase in PEFR was better with MDI-S+B with spacer as compared to other groups, though it failed to reach statistical significance. The fall in serum potassium level is significantly more with MDI-S+B group when spacer was not used. No serious adverse effects were observed in any of the treatment groups.Conclusions. Metered dose inhalation of BDP-salbutamol combination with spacer provides better recovery whereas fall in serum potassium with MDI-S+B suggests use of spacer and monitoring of serum potassium during treatment.     

吸入高渗盐水及肾上腺素对治疗急性中重度毛细支气管炎患儿疗效的研究

目的 通过观察毛细支气管炎患儿的临床症状缓解情况及住院天数,评价高渗盐水雾化吸入及其与肾上腺素联合应用治疗毛细支气管炎的临床疗效及应用价值.方法 选取2012年8月至2013年5月于中国医科大学附属盛京医院小儿呼吸内科住院的2岁以下急性毛细支气管炎患儿154例,根据入院时呼吸困难评分分为两大组,即中度毛细支气管炎组和重度毛细支气管炎组,每大组根据治疗药物不同采用随机数字表法随机分为3个治疗组.3组的治疗方案分别为吸入普米克令舒+可必特(治疗组1)、吸入高渗盐水(治疗组2)、吸入高渗盐水+肾上腺素(治疗组3).在治疗前及治疗后4d分别测定临床症状评分及呼吸频率,计算呼吸困难分差,记录咳嗽、气促及喘息情况明显缓解天数,并记录住院天数.平行比较两大组间治疗前后临床症状改善水平,对比分析不同治疗方案对毛细支气管炎患儿的影响.结果 中度毛细支气管炎组中,各治疗组治疗前后在住院天数及临床症状改善程度方面差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).重度毛细支气管炎组中,治疗组2和治疗组3在治疗4d后,呼吸困难分差、住院天数及治疗后咳嗽、气促、喘鸣等临床症状持续天数较治疗组1有明显差异,差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05);治疗组3在治疗4d后,呼吸困难分差较治疗组2有明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而两组间住院天数及治疗后咳嗽、气促、喘鸣等临床症状持续天数无明显差异(P均＞0.05).结论 各治疗方案对于中度毛细支气管炎患儿的临床疗效无明显差异;对于重度毛细支气管炎患儿,高渗盐水联合肾上腺素雾化吸入治疗疗效明显优于普米克令舒联合可必特吸入及高渗盐水单一治疗,住院天数缩短,评分改善值明显增高.     

溴化异丙托品联合沙丁胺醇雾化治疗儿童哮喘

目的　观察抗胆碱能受体阻滞剂在儿童哮喘治疗中的作用及肺功能呼气峰流速 (PEFR)的变化。方法　用溴化异丙托品联合沙丁胺醇雾化吸入治疗儿童支气管哮喘急性发作 (n =1 1 ) ,而对照组单用沙丁胺醇吸入治疗 (n =9) ,并监测PEFR的变化。结果　治疗组加用溴化异丙托品后 40 ,6 0 ,80min的PEFR值 (占预计值的百分比 )分别为 6 8.8± 5 .6 % ;72 .0± 3.4% ,71 .1± 3.7% ,与单用沙丁胺醇的PEFT值 6 0 .6± 5 .7% ,6 0 .8± 6 .3% ,5 9.1± 6 .7%比较有显著性差异 (均P <0 .0 1 )。结论　溴化异丙托品与沙丁胺醇联合应用 ,其肺功能改善程度较单用沙丁胺醇更明显 ,扩张支气管作用时间更长 ,副作用少。     

喘乐宁空气压缩雾化治疗婴儿毛细支气管炎疗效判定

目的　应用 β2 受体激动剂治疗的急性毛细支气管炎效果一直有争议。该研究观察毛细支气管炎患儿喘乐宁雾化吸入治疗前后肺功能的变化 ,并探讨其临床意义。方法　 30例急性毛细支气管炎患儿随机分为治疗组 1 6例 (喘乐宁雾化吸入 )和对照组 1 4例 (生理盐水雾化吸入 ) ,在雾化吸入前、吸入后即刻、1 5min和 30min分别测定潮气呼吸流速容量环 (TBFV)、呼吸系统静态顺应性及阻力的变化。结果　治疗组到达潮气呼气峰流速时呼出气量 /潮气量 (%V PF)在吸入后 30min与吸入前比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。两组雾化后即刻 2 5 /PF、吸气时间 (Ti)差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　喘乐宁雾化吸入后 30min可明显降低小气道阻力 ,改善通气。     

Cardiovascular Effects of Acute Bronchiolitis

ABSTRACT. Twenty-one children with normal hearts were studied during acute bronchiolitis. Doppler echocardiography showed tricuspid valve regurgitation in 11 patients, many of whom had evidence of raised pulmonary artery systolic pressure. Serial studies in those with severe infection showed that tricuspid regurgitation disappears with clinical improvement.     

卡介菌多糖核酸对毛细支气管炎喘息反复发作的预防作用

目的：探讨卡介菌多糖核酸(BCG-PSN)对毛细支气管炎患儿喘息反复发作的预防作用及机制。方法：40例毛细支气管炎患儿随机分为 干预组和未干预组,并取20例健康体检者作正常对照。干预组(19例)在毛细支气管炎愈后3个月给予BCG-PSN注射液1 ml(含卡介菌多糖 0.35 mg,核酸不低于30 μg)肌注,每周 2次,共24次,而未干预组(21例)在毛细支气管炎愈后未予以干预作空白对照。于干预前及 干预后1年用ELISA法测定3组外周血单个核细胞培养上清中IFN-γ,IL-4及血清IgE含量;并随访1年,观察喘息发作情况。结果：与正常对照组比较,两组毛细 支气管炎患儿干预前IFN-γ水平和IFN-γ/IL4降低,而IL-4,IgE水平增高(P0.05 );干预组患儿1年内有两次和/或以上喘息发作者(15.8%) 较未干预组婴儿(52.4% )少(P<0.05)。结论：BCG-PSN具有预防毛细支气管炎反复喘息 的作用,其机制可能与BCG-PSN能提高IFN-γ产生,抑制IL-4分泌,提高IFN-γ/IL-4 ,减少IgE生成有关。