内脏脂肪素对巨噬细胞中EMMPRIN表达的影响及其机制的探讨

目的:研究内脏脂肪素(visfatin,Vis)对巨噬细胞细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导因子(EMMPRIN)表达的影响及其机制。方法:诱导THP-1单核细胞转化为巨噬细胞后,加入Vis,用RT-PCR和Western blot分别测定EMM-PRIN基因和其蛋白的表达。以丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路抑制剂、视黄醛X受体(RXR)配体及过氧化物酶增殖体活化受体γ(PPARγ)配体预处理巨噬细胞后,加入Vis,检测上述抑制剂及配体对Vis刺激效果的作用。以Vis刺激巨噬细胞,检测Vis对MAPK通路激活及对PPARγ蛋白表达的作用。结果:Vis刺激组,EMMPRIN基因及其蛋白的水平均明显增高,与对照组相比具有统计学差异(P0.05,P0.01)。p38 MAPK、ERK1/2 MAPK通路抑制剂及RXR配体可抑制Vis对EMMPRIN表达的促进作用。Vis可促进38 MAPK及ERK1/2 MAPK的磷酸化。结论:Vis可增加巨噬细胞炎症因子的表达,该过程同p38 MAPK及ERK1/2 MAPK通路的磷酸化相关。RXR可能参与了该过程。     

NF-κB在铁负荷过低上调炎症因子中的作用

目的: 探讨核转录因子(NF)-κB在铁负荷过低上调巨噬细胞、泡沫细胞炎症因子反应中的作用。方法: 将巨噬细胞和泡沫细胞给予NF-κB抑制剂预处理,加入或不加入铁离子鳌合剂去铁胺(DFO)继续培养24 h,用Western blot测定细胞中细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导因子（EMMPRIN）蛋白的表达。于巨噬细胞和泡沫细胞中加入DFO刺激,用Western blot测定细胞核中NF-κB p65蛋白的表达。将巨噬细胞和泡沫细胞给予p38 MAPK信号通路抑制剂或视黄醛x受体（RXR）的天然配体预处理,加入DFO刺激,用Western blot测定细胞核中NF-κB p65蛋白的表达。结果: NF-κB抑制剂可抑制DFO对巨噬细胞、泡沫细胞中EMMPRIN上调的作用。DFO可促进巨噬细胞、泡沫细胞细胞核中NF-κB p65蛋白的表达。p38 MAPK通路抑制剂或RXR配体可抑制DFO对NF-κB p65蛋白水平上调的作用。结论: NF-κB 参与了铁负荷过低上调巨噬细胞和泡沫细胞中EMMPRIN表达的过程。RXR配体对铁负荷过低上调炎症反应的抑制作用,同其抑制NF-κB激活有关。     

铁离子螯合剂去铁胺对巨噬细胞、泡沫细胞细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导因子表达的影响

目的:观察铁负荷过低对巨噬细胞、泡沫细胞细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导因子(EMMPRIN)表达的影响。方法: 体外诱导THP-1单核细胞转化为巨噬细胞、泡沫细胞。实验细胞分为3组:对照组（正常巨噬细胞、泡沫细胞）、铁离子螯合剂去铁胺(DFO)刺激组、柠檬酸铁和DFO共刺激组。应用RT-PCR和Western blot测定巨噬细胞、泡沫细胞中EMMPRIN基因和蛋白的表达。用Western blot测定MMP-9蛋白的表达。用明胶酶谱法测定MMP-9的活性。结果: DFO刺激组中EMMPRIN基因及蛋白的水平、MMP-9蛋白表达的水平及活性均明显高于对照组（P<0.05,P<0.01）。柠檬酸铁逆转了DFO对EMMPRIN表达的上调作用。结论: 铁负荷过低可增加巨噬细胞及泡沫细胞中炎症因子的表达及活性,可能会促进心血管事件的发生。     

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号通路对软脂酸培养的肌细胞过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅激活子表达的调控作用

目的研究软脂酸对C2C12细胞过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅激活子(PGC-1α)表达的影响,揭示丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPKs)信号通路与PGC-1α表达的关系,寻找软脂酸诱导C2C12细胞PGC-1α表达变化的上游调节通路。方法检测软脂酸培养的C2C12细胞PGC-1α、细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)、jnk氨基末端激酶(JNK)、p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)及其磷酸化蛋白phosp-38MAPK(P-p38MAPK)的表达变化。寻找发生变化的MAPKs信号通路,用筛选到的p38MAPK抑制剂进行干预,分为对照(Con)组、软脂酸(Palmitate)组、p38MAPK抑制剂组和Palmitate+p38MAPK抑制剂组,测定PGC-1α、p38MAPK总蛋白及其P-p38MAPK的表达。结果软脂酸培养的C2C12细胞PGC-1α蛋白表达下降,呈时间依赖性;ERK、phospho-ERK、JNK、phospho-JNK及p38MAPK表达无变化,P-p38MAPK表达升高。用p38MAPK抑制剂干预C2C12细胞,PGC-1α表达在Palmitate组最低,p38MAPK抑制剂组和Palmitate+p38MAPK抑制剂组较Palmitate组升高,p38MAPK抑制剂组最高。结论软脂酸诱导的PGC-1α表达下降可能由p38MAPK信号通路调控。     

活化蛋白C对重症急性胰腺炎大鼠丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号通路的影响

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）信号通路对重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）继发严重并发症起早期关键介导作用，相应抑制剂可改善SAP的病情。活化蛋白C（APC）具有改善SAP病情的作用，其具体机制尚未阐明。目的：观察APC对SAP大鼠MAPK信号通路中主要激酶的影响以及后续炎症介质的变化，为临床用药提供理论依据。方法：Sprague．DawleY大鼠诱导SAP模型后即刻静脉注射APC10μg/kg或50μg/kg。以基因芯片检测胰腺组织MAPK信号通路相关基因。以实时定量聚合酶链反应（real-timePCR）和蛋白质印迹法检测胰腺组织该通路中p38MAPK、c-Jun氨基端激酶/应激活化蛋白激酶（JNK/SAPK）、细胞外信号调节激酶（ERK）1/2mRNA、蛋白和磷酸化蛋白水平的表达，同时检测肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α和白细胞介素（IL）-1β蛋白的表达。结果：与APC治疗组和正常对照组相比，SAP组胰腺组织p38MAPK和JNK2mRNA呈高表达。与SAP组相比，50Ixg/kgAPC治疗组p38MAPK、JNK/SAPK蛋白/磷酸化蛋白表达水平显著降低，ERK1/2蛋白/磷酸化蛋白表达水平显著升高，TNF-α和蛋白表达水平显著降低（P均〈0．05）。APC治疗组p38MAPK、磷酸化ERK1/2和TNF-α蛋白表达水平呈剂量依赖性（P均〈0．05）。结论：APC可抑制SAP大鼠胰腺组织MAPK信号通路内p38MAPK和JNK/SAPK的表达和活化，进而抑制TNF-α和IL-1β的释放，同时上调ERK1/2的表达和活化．从而减轻胰腺组织损伤。     

PPAR-γ对巨噬细胞ACAT-1表达的影响及可能的信号途径

目的 探讨过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体-γ(PPAR-γ)对巨噬细胞中酰基辅酶A:胆固醇酰基转移酶-1(ACAT-1)表达影响及可能参与的信号途径.方法 在RPMI1640培养基中培养人单核细胞(THP-1),加入佛波酯(PMA)培养48 h,细胞贴壁呈巨噬细胞样分化.在高浓度胰岛素状态下,分别加入PPAR-γ的配体罗格列酮和胰岛素信号途径阻滞剂[细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)抑制剂PD98059、p38促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)抑制剂SB203580和c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)抑制剂SP600125],采用Western-blot法检测巨噬细胞ACAT-1蛋白水平,实时定量PCR法检测ACAT-1 mRNA水平.结果 在高胰岛素状态下,给予罗格列酮干预后ACAT-1 mRNA和蛋白表达均降低;再加入SB203580后ACAT-1 mRNA和蛋白表达较加入罗格列酮时均增加.结论 p38MAPK途径参与了PPAR-γ抑制ACAT-1的表达,并发挥抗动脉粥样硬化的作用.     

白藜芦醇对脂多糖激活RAW264.7细胞MAPK炎症通路的影响

目的 进一步探讨白藜芦醇的抗炎机制.方法 将小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW264.7细胞在96孔板孵育24 h后随机分为空白对照组和处理组,处理组分别加入不同浓度白藜芦醇＋脂多糖（LPS）共同孵育24 h,细胞计数试剂盒法在450 nm处检测细胞活性;将上述RAW264.7细胞随机分为对照组、LPS组、LPS＋白藜芦醇组,后两组分别以不同浓度白藜芦醇及LPS孵育,用Western blot法检测丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）通路蛋白水平.结果 白藜芦醇浓度在5～15 μM时对RAW264.7细胞活性无明显影响,达30 μM时可使细胞活性显著降低;LPS＋白藜芦醇组p38细胞丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（p38 MAPK）、c-Jun 氨基末端激酶（JNK）磷酸化水平显著低于LPS组.结论 5～15 μM白藜芦醇可抑制LPS激活的p38 MAPK、JNK磷酸化（P〈0.05）,此可能为其抗炎机制之一.     

血管紧张素Ⅱ对大鼠腹膜间皮细胞表达纤维连接蛋白的影响及其作用机制

目的：观察血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）对大鼠腹膜间皮细胞（RPMCs）纤维连接蛋白（FN）表达的影响，以及有丝分裂原活化蛋白激酶通路（mitogen—activated protein kinases，MAPKs）在AngⅡ诱导FN表达中所起的作用。方法：酶消化法于大鼠大网膜中分离间皮细胞，以AngⅡ刺激后，分别应用realtime．PCR及Western印迹法检测FN的表达情况。应用Western印迹法观察AngⅡ（1μmol／L）对MAPK通路的主要信号传导蛋白ERK1／2、p38MAPK和JNK活化的影响，并分别应用ERK1／2、p38MAPK和JNK的抑制剂以及AngⅡ的Ⅰ型受体（AT1）阻断剂进行干预，Western印迹法观察上述抑制剂对AngⅡ诱导FN表达的影响。结果：AngⅡ促进RPMCs表达FN，活化ERK1／2和p38MAPK信号传导通路，而不影响JNK通路的活化。ERK1／2通路抑制剂PD98059及AT1受体阻断剂（losartan）可明显抑制AngⅡ诱导的FN表达增加，而p38MAPK和JNK抑制剂对FN的表达无影响。结论：AngⅡ促进RPMCs合成FN增多。AT1受体和ERK1／2通路介导了AngⅡ诱导RPMCs表达FN。     

荷叶碱对巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞ABCA1表达与胆固醇流出的影响及机制

目的观察荷叶碱(NF)对巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞ATP结合盒转运体A1(ABCA1)表达和胆固醇流出的影响及机制。方法体外培养人源性THP-1单核细胞,使用佛波酯(160 nmol/L)对其进行诱导,促进其分化为巨噬细胞,并在50 mg/L氧化低密度脂蛋白处理下,使其荷脂形成泡沫细胞,进行常规体外培养细胞。高效液相色谱检测泡沫细胞内脂质成分,液体闪烁计数仪检测泡沫细胞胆固醇流出的水平;实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot检测ABCA1表达情况。PPARγ抑制剂GW9662和LXRα抑制剂GGPP分别处理泡沫细胞,通过荧光定量PCR和Western blot检测荷叶碱对泡沫细胞PPARγ、LXRα和ABCA1表达的影响。结果荷叶碱显著减少泡沫细胞内的脂质成分,增加ABCA1表达与胆固醇流出水平。PPARγ抑制剂GW9662处理细胞后,显著降低了PPARγ、LXRα和ABCA1的表达。泡沫细胞在LXRα抑制剂GGPP处理下,也明显降低了LXRα和ABCA1表达。结论荷叶碱通过PPARγ/LXRα途径上调巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞ABCA1的表达,促进胆固醇流出,减少细胞内脂质蓄积。     

表皮生长因子协同上调不分型流感嗜血杆菌诱导的MUC5AC表达及其信号通路

目的 探索表皮生长因子(EGF)协同上调不分型流感嗜血杆菌(NTHi)诱导MUC5AC黏液素基因表达的细胞分子机制.方法 荧光定量PCR及Luciferase分析EGF协同上调NTHi诱导的MUCSAC表达.Western印迹法检测EGF及NTHi对P38有丝分裂原活化蛋白激酶(P38MAPK)、细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)、P21激活激酶(PAK)4磷酸化的协同作用.采用P38MAPK或EGF特异性抑制剂,共转染P38MAPK、ERK显性失活质粒及PAK4 siRNA,判断对EGF协同上调NTHi诱导MUC5AC表达的影响,并研究PAK4显性失活质粒对EGF及NTHi所致的P38MAPK及ERK协同激活的影响.结果 在HM3、HeLa和HMEEC-1细胞mRNA及转录水平上,EGF协同上调NTHi诱导的MUC5AC基因表达.EGF及NTHi对P38MAPK、ERK、PAK4磷酸化有协同作用;P38MAPK、ERK特异性抑制剂或共转染P38MAPK、ERK显性失活质粒、PAK4siRNA,可显著抑制EGF对NTHi诱导的MUC5AC表达的协同作用,PAK4显性失活质粒抑制EGF和NTHi诱导的P38MAPK和ERK磷酸化的协同作用.结论 EGF通过PAK4依赖的P38MAPK及ERK细胞信号通路协同上调NTHi诱导的MUCSAC黏液素基因表达.     

Iron deficiency activates pro-inflammatory signaling in macrophages and foam cells via the p38 MAPK-NF-κB pathway

Background/objectives

Major bleeding in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) increases the risk of recurrent ACS and mortality. However, the mechanism involved is poorly understood. Bleeding induces iron deficiency. Iron deficiency enhances inflammation in other diseases. Thus, in this paper, the particular effect of iron deficiency on atherosclerotic plaque destabilization, especially the pro-inflammatory role of iron deficiency in atheroma and the mechanism involved were investigated.

Methods

Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) mRNA levels were investigated by RT-PCR. EMMPRIN and MMP-9 protein levels, nuclear factor (NF)-κB-p65 protein levels, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) protein levels, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation were determined by western blotting. MMP-9 enzymatic activity was assayed by gelatin zymography.

Results

Iron deficiency enhanced EMMPRIN, MMP-9 production, and MMP-9 enzymatic activity in THP-1 derived macrophages and foam cells. Iron deficiency elicited the activation of NF-κB and p38 MAPK. By using the p38 inhibitor and NF-κB inhibitor, the study established that EMMPRIN and MMP-9 inductions by iron deficiency required the consecutive upstream activation of p38 MAPK and NF-κB. This pro-inflammatory action was not prevented by PPARγ agonist. Meanwhile, iron deficiency did not modulate PPARγ expression. Retinoid X receptor agonist suppressed the effects of iron deficiency on EMMPRIN , MMP-9, and NF-κB, but not on MAPK activation.

Conclusions

Iron deficiency enhances atheroma inflammation through p38 MAPK-NF-κB-EMMPRIN/MMP-9 pathway. Our findings provide a potential mechanism for the association of major bleeding with recurrent ACS and mortality in patients with ACS.     

PPARγ基因转录与单核巨噬细胞来源的泡沫细胞形成

目的 :探讨PPARγ基因转录在动脉粥样病变局部的作用。方法 :观察动脉粥样硬化局部PPARγ基因表达与巨噬细胞来源的泡沫细胞、清道夫受体A(SRA)分布的关系 ;分析PPARγ配体对氧化低密度脂蛋白 (ox LDL)介导的巨噬细胞SRA、PPARγmRNA表达、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF α)和基质金属蛋白酶 9(MMP 9)释放的影响。结果 :PPARγ基因表达与巨噬细胞来源的泡沫细胞、清道夫受体A(SRA)的分布相似 ;PPARγ配体在增加巨噬细胞PPARγmRNA表达的同时 ,显著抑制了ox LDL介导的巨噬细胞SRAmRNA表达和TNF α、MMP 9的释放。结论 :PPARγ基因激活可抑制巨噬细胞SRAmRNA表达及细胞因子释放     

Lipopolysaccharide up-regulates the expression of Fcα/μ receptor and promotes the binding of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and its IgM antibody complex to activated human macrophages

Natural IgM antibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) can inhibit the binding of oxLDL to macrophages and bacterial infection may deteriorate the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the binding of oxLDL to macrophages, contributing to the formation of foam macrophages. In this study, human monocytes-derived macrophages were cultured and incubated with purified human anti-oxLDL IgM antibodies (HAO-IgM), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and oxLDL. The HAO-IgM were found specifically inhibited the binding of CuoxLDL to naïve macrophages but failed to inhibit the binding of CuoxLDL to LPS-activated macrophages and promoted the formation of CuoxLDL-mediated foam macrophages. Furthermore, the HAO-IgM F(ab′)₂ or pre-incubation with unrelated IgM inhibited the binding of HAO-IgM/CuoxLDL complex to LPS-activated macrophages, suggesting that Fcα/μ receptor (Fcamr) may be responsible for the binding of HAO-IgM/CuoxLDL complex to LPS-activated macrophages. Indeed, LPS up-regulated the expression of Fcamr in macrophages in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which was diminished by treatment with anti-TLR4. In addition, LPS induced the phosphorylation of p38MAPK and translocation of NF-κB p65, contributing to the up-regulated expression of Fcamr in macrophages as treatment with specific inhibitor for p38MAPK (SB203580) or NF-κB (PDTC) attenuated the up-regulation of Fcα/μ receptor expression induced by LPS in macrophages. Inhibition of p38MAPK and NF-κB decreased the foam cells formation increased by Fcamr expression. These data demonstrated that LPS, through the TLR4 receptor, activated the p38MAPK and NF-κB pathways and up-regulate the expression of Fcamr in human macrophages, which promotes the binding of IgM/CuoxLDL complex to macrophages and the formation of foam cells. Therefore, our findings provide a new explanation why bacterial infection deteriorates the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.     

Natural anti-oxLDL IgM monoclonal antibody in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

Objective To explore the role and the possible molecular mechanisms of natural anti-oxLDL IgM monoclonal antibody played and involved in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Methods Natural anti-oxLDL IgM monoclonal antibody 3A6 was generated by using standard hybridoma production techniques. Influence of 3A6 on formation of foam cells was observed by Oil Red O staining and affinity of Na125I-conjugated oxLDL on the naive and LPS-activated macrophages. After LPS stimulation on macrophages, anti-TLR4 neutralizing mAb, p38MAPK specific inhibitor SB203580, NF-kB specific inhibitor PDTC or RNAi targeting Fcα/μ receptor (Fcamr) were applied, respectively. Results Natural anti-oxLDL IgM monoclonal antibody 3 A6 were found specifically inhibit the binding of CuoxLDL to naive macrophages but not the binding of CuoxLDL to LPS-activated macrophages. It also promoted the formation of CuoxLDL-mediated foam macrophages. 3A6 F(ab')2 or pre-incubation with un-related IgM inhibited the binding of 3A6/CuoxLDL complex to LPS-activated macrophages. LPS up-regulated the expression of Fcamr in macrophages in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which was attenuated by treatment with anti-TLR4. LPS induced the phosphorylation of p38MAPK and translocation of NF-kB p65, contributing to the up-regulated expression of Fcα/μ receptor in macrophages. Conclusions Natural anti-oxLDL IgM monoclonal antibody 3A6 specifically inhibited the binding of CuoxLDL to naive macrophages in vitro. However, LPS, through the Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 receptor, activated the p38MAPK and NF-kB pathways and up-regulated the expression of Fcα/μ receptor in macrophages, which promoted the binding of 3A6/CuoxLDL complex to macrophages through binding with Fc fragments and the formation of foam macrophages. Therefore, our findings provide a new explanation why bacterial infection deteriorates the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.     

血管紧张素Ⅱ对巨噬细胞和泡沫细胞ACAT-1及PPAR-γ表达的影响

目的:观察血管紧张素Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ)对巨噬细胞和泡沫细胞过氧化体增殖物激活型受体γ(PPAR-γ)和酰基辅酶A:胆同醇酰基转移酶-1(ACAT-1)表达的影响.方法:将单核细胞株THP-I与160 nmol/L佛波酯(PMA)孵育48 h,使之分化为巨噬细胞,继以100 mg/L氧化型低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)诱导巨...