鼻内镜下应用脱细胞真皮基质及鼻底黏膜瓣修补鼻中隔穿孔

目的 探讨鼻内镜下应用人异体脱细胞真皮基质联合带蒂的鼻底黏膜瓣修补鼻中隔穿孔的可行性和疗效.方法 2006年2月至2010年10月共12例鼻中隔穿孔患者,临床主要表现为鼻塞及穿孔周边结痂.12例中8例为医源性.12例患者鼻中隔穿孔均位于鼻中隔前中部,穿孔直径约1.0～2.3 cm.鼻内镜下在穿孔前缘下部纵向切开残存鼻中隔黏骨膜至鼻底,并沿鼻底横行外延至鼻腔外侧壁.在穿孔后缘后方约1.5 cm处切开鼻中隔黏骨膜至鼻底,并沿鼻底横行外延至鼻腔外侧壁.切开下鼻道处的鼻腔外侧壁黏骨膜,将上述二切口连通.沿上述切口剥离,形成蒂在鼻中隔的鼻底黏骨膜瓣,向前上旋转覆盖穿孔,与穿孔前方和上方边缘黏骨膜间断对位缝合.将脱细胞真皮基质补片贴附于右侧鼻腔穿孔处,基底膜面朝向鼻腔侧,与穿孔边缘黏骨膜间断对位缝合.结果 术后1周见脱细胞真皮基质补片及黏膜瓣与穿孔创缘愈合好,补片未见排斥反应和挛缩.鼻中隔黏膜在4周后基本上皮化.随访3个月至4年,11例修补成功,1例失败.未见手术并发症.结论 联合应用人异体脱细胞真皮基质和带蒂的鼻底黏骨膜瓣修补鼻中隔穿孔,手术方法简便,手术成功率高,是一种修补鼻中隔穿孔的有效方法.

Abstract：

Objective To introduce the method and evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic repair of nasal septal perforation with acellular dermal matrix and pedicled mucoperichondrial flap. Methods Twelve patients with perforation of nasal septum were encountered since February 2006 to October 2010. The most common symptoms and sings were nasal obstruction and crusting at the margin of the perforation. Eight of 12 patients were iatrogenic following surgery. The perforation typically located at anterior medial part of the nasal septum, with their sizes ranged approximately 1. 0 -2. 3 cm in diameter. The incision was made at the anterior edge of the perforation from the left nasal cavity and continued to the nasal floor horizontally. It ended at the lateral nasal cavity. Then, another incision was made parallel to the first one, which was 1.5 cm from the posterior of the perforation. The two incisions was connected. The mucoperichondrium was stripped along with the incisions and the pedicle of mucoperichondrial flap kept on the nasal septum. Then,the flap was turned up to cover the perforation and fixed with apposition suture. Put the acellular dermal matrix graft on the perforation from the right nasal cavity and fixed it with apposition suture. Results The healing of the acellular dermal matrix and mucoperichondrium was good in the first week postoperatively and there was no rejective reaction and contracture. The epithelization of the nasal septal perforation finished 4 weeks after surgery. Follow-up ranged from 3 months to 4 years. Eleven patients had successful outcomes with complete closure of their perforations. One patient failed the operation. All of them had no complications. Conclusions Using acellular dermal matrix graft and mucoperichondrial flap to repair the septal perforation is a simple method and the success rate is high. Therefore, it is an effective way to repair the perforation of nasal septum.     

transcervical approach for resection of lateral skull base tumors

Objectives Conventional approaches for removal of lateral skull base tumors, including transmandibular, infratemporal fossa, preauricular transzygmatic subtemporal approaches, are major invasive procedures that often sacrifice hearing and cause abnormal occlusion and cosmetic defects. Reports of the transcervical approach for resection of skull base tumors are rare, although it was described for resection of clival chordomas in as early as 1966. The purpose of this study is to review our experiences in management of lateral skull base tumors using the transcervical approach. Study Design Retrospective chart review. Methods Six lateral skull base tumor cases treated with transcervical approach procedures were reviewed, including the medical records. Results There were 4 males and 2 females. Age ranged from 12 through 52 years. Histopathological diagnoses included malignant schwannoma(n = 1), malignant carotid body tumor(n = 1), heamangioma(n=1), schwannoma (n=2) and pleomorphic adenoma (n = 1). Transcervical techniques were used in all cases with the use of microscope in the lateral skull base area. Complete tumor removal was achieved in all cases. Postoperative radiotherapy was implemented in 1 case of malignant schwannoma and 1 case of malignant carotid body tumor. Jugular foramen syndrome occurred as a surgical complication in 1 case of malignant Schwannoma of the vagus nerve. There was no tumor recurrence during the 10 - 42 month follow-up period. Conclusion Compared with conventional approaches, the transcervical approach provides a easy, safe, minimal invasive and effective procedure for removal of selected lateral skull base tumors.     

Cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea caused by porencephalic cyst: A rare case report and literature review

Objective Porencephalic cyst presenting with otologic involvement is uncommon. Only a few cases have been reported. We report a rare case of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) otorrhea caused by a massive porencephalic cyst encompassing the left temporal and occipital lobes. The CSF leak was repaired successfully using a transmastoid approach with facia, abdomen fat and fibrin glue to seal the osseous defects in the sinodural angle. A review of the literature concerning porencephalic cyst and CSF otorrhea is also presented.     

Comparison of the application methods and effects of skin flaps in the repair of defects in different parts of the nose according to the concept of aesthetic nosesubunits北大核心CSCD

Objective To analyze the difference of application methods and effects of local flap in small and medium‑sized defects of different aesthetic subunits of nose, in order to provide reference for clinical work. Methods A retrospective analysis was made on 59 patients with external nasal masses and scars who underwent surgical treatment in the Department of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from July 1, 2021 to January 30, 2022, including 27 females and 32 males, aged 15 to 69 years. Using Likert scale, the repair methods and effects of local flap for nasal soft tissue defects were evaluated and summarized from three aspects of texture, flatness and scar concealment. GraphPad Prism 5.0 software was used for data statistics and analysis. Results The use of skin flaps to repair small and medium‑sized areas of the nose could achieve satisfactory results. For patients with different subunits, in terms of skin flatness and scar concealment degree in the operation area, patients′ satisfaction with the dorsal and lateral nasal areas was higher than that of the alar and tip areas, respectively (F=6.40, P=0.001; F=10.57, P<0.001). For patients with different skin flap repair methods, the satisfaction of patients with Z‑plasty and Dufourmentel skin flap was higher than that of other skin flap repair methods (F=4.38, P=0.002), and the satisfaction of patients with Dufourmentel skin flap was the highest in the degree of scar concealment (F=2.57, P=0.038). Conclusions In the small and medium‑sized defects of the nose, the use of multiple local flaps can achieve good cosmetic effects and functional recovery. The operator should select the appropriate flap repair method according to the characteristics of different aesthetic subunits of the nose. © 2023 Authors. All rights reserved.     

鼻中隔及下鼻道黏骨膜瓣修复前颅底缺损的解剖学研究

目的　利用鼻中隔和下鼻道黏骨膜瓣对前颅底部分骨质缺损和脑脊液鼻漏进行修补的研究。方法在 2 0具尸头上测量鼻中隔和下鼻道黏骨膜相关径线的数值和面积。结果　鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣面积为 17.0 6cm2 ,下鼻道黏骨膜瓣面积为 6 .16cm2 ,鼻中隔和下鼻道黏骨膜瓣面积为 2 3.2 2cm2 ,即可覆盖前颅底约 5cm× 4 .5cm以下的骨质缺损。结论　在鼻腔、鼻窦肿瘤侵蚀到前颅底的手术病例中 ,对于骨质缺损较大和 /或形成脑脊液鼻漏时 ,可据此数据转移适当的鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣同步修补前颅底骨质缺损 ,若缺损过大可将鼻中隔骨与软骨一并转移或联合下鼻道黏骨膜     

THIRTY YEARS IN SKULL BASE SURGERY

The skull base generally refers to the anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossa and structures on the outside side of these skull areas. The cranial roof and skull base are separated by a line connecting the external occipital protuberance, parietal notch and supraorbital ridge[1].The skull base supports the brain above, is connected to     

鼻中隔黏软骨膜-软骨瓣在颅底缺损修复重建中的应用

目的介绍鼻内镜下纽扣式鼻中隔黏软骨膜一软骨瓣修复颅底硬脑膜缺损的方法,总结其疗效,并探讨其应用适应证。方法回顾性分析应用纽扣式鼻中隔黏软骨膜-软骨瓣鼻内镜下修复颅底肿瘤手术后硬脑膜缺损病例16例,其中嗅神经母细胞瘤5瘤,颅咽管瘤2例,垂体瘤5例,脑膜瘤3例,生殖细胞瘤1例。依据颅底缺损范围的大小,设计鼻中隔取材组织瓣的切取范围,将一侧的部分黏软骨膜及软骨作为整体一并切下,对组织瓣进行修整并环形缝合防黏骨膜撕脱,利用软骨自身的弹性将软骨完全嵌入缺损骨壁的内层,而将黏软骨膜平铺于缺损骨质的外壁,从而形成一种夹层修复。结果所有病例均一次性重建成功,无脑脊液鼻漏和颅内感染发生;5例嗅母细胞瘤和1例生殖细胞瘤患者术后辅助放射治疗,随访6个月以上;其余病例随访6个月至5年,均未发生脑脊液鼻漏及颅内感染。结论鼻内镜下经鼻入路采用纽扣式鼻中隔黏软骨膜-软骨瓣修复颅底肿瘤术后硬脑膜缺损是一种可靠的颅底重建方法。     

上颌骨缺损类型与游离组织瓣修复选择的初步研究

目的 观察和评价应用不同游离组织瓣Ⅰ期修复上颌骨切除术后缺损的效果.方法 同顾性分析1997年10月至2010年6月中国医学科学院肿瘤医院头颈外科应用游离组织瓣Ⅰ期修复因肿瘤切除造成的上颌骨缺损共66例,其中43例为术后复发挽救性手术.46例患者曾行放射治疗.上颌骨Brown缺损类型分别为:Ⅰ型10例,Ⅱ型13例,Ⅲ型23例,Ⅳ型20例.游离组织瓣种类有:腓骨肌皮瓣26例.前臂桡侧皮瓣10例,背阔肌肌皮瓣7例,腹直肌肌皮瓣7例,股前外侧穿支皮瓣7例,腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣5例,背阔肌-肋骨肌皮瓣2例,髂骨肌皮瓣2例.术后对29例患者进行外观和功能评估.结果 游离组织瓣修复成功率为93.9%(62/66).修复失败的4例中3例为腹直肌肌皮瓣,1例为腓骨肌皮瓣.术后对29例患者进行功能评估,62.1%(18/29)的患者恢复普通饮食,交流基本无障碍的比例为82.8%(24/29),对外观满意的比例为86.2%(25/29).结论 对于上颌骨Ⅰ型缺损建议主要采用游离前臂皮瓣修复,Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型主要以游离腓骨肌皮瓣,Ⅳ型采用穿支皮瓣修复.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of the distinct free flaps in reconstruction of different types of maxillectomy defects. Methods A retrospective reviews was performed of in 66 consecutive cases of reconstructions with free flaps for maxillary tumor ablation defects from October 1997 to June 2010. There were 43 patients who had recurrences after previous operations and 46 patients had accepted radiation therapy before. According to the classification of Brown's maxilla defect; 10 cases were in class Ⅰ ,13 in class Ⅱ , 23 in class Ⅲ and 20 in class Ⅳ. The reconstructive free flaps included 26 fibula flaps, 10 radial forearm flaps, 7 latissimus dorsi flaps, 7 rectus abdominis flaps, 7 anteriolateral thigh perforator flaps, 5 deep inferior epigastric artery perforators, 2 latissimus dorsi/rib flaps and 2 iliac crest flaps. Postoperative features and functions were assessed in 29 patients. Results The overall free flap success rate was 93. 9% (62/66). Three rectus abdominis flaps and one fibula flap failed. There were 29 patients who received postoperative function assessment Sixty-two percent of the patients restored to taking regular diets, 24(82. 8% ) patients had normal language communication ability, and 25(86.2%) patients were satisfied with their feature. Conclusions Radial forearm flap was recommended to reconstruct the class 1 defect, fibula flap to class 2 or class 3 and preforatoe flap to class 4.     

鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣在修补前颅底部分缺损中的应用

目的:探讨利用鼻中隔和下鼻道黏骨膜瓣对前颅底缺损的修补。方法:对9例鼻腔、鼻窦肿瘤患者和1例自发性脑脊液鼻漏患者,根据肿瘤性质及病变范围,经鼻侧切开行上颌骨部分截除(或全部截除)加筛窦切除术,或上颌骨部分截除(或全部截除)加眶内容剜除术。应用鼻中隔和下鼻道黏骨膜瓣对颅底缺损进行修补。结果:10例患者中,筛骨水平板破坏5例,筛顶破坏2例,眶顶壁破坏2例,筛骨水平板和蝶窦顶壁联合破坏1例,均在手术切除肿瘤后同步修补成功。结论:在鼻腔、鼻窦肿瘤的手术中,当前颅底骨质受到肿瘤侵蚀、切除肿瘤后形成脑脊液鼻漏时,可转移适当的鼻中隔和下鼻道黏骨膜瓣同步修补前颅底骨质缺损。     

神经导航及内镜辅助下经鼻蝶显微切除无功能性 垂体大腺瘤的近期疗效分析

ObjectiveTo investigate the short term effect of neuronavigator and endoscope assisted endonasal trans sphenoidal surgery for patients with nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas.MethodsClinical data of 62 patients with nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas received surgical treatment in our department from Jan 2013 to Sept 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. 62 patients were divided into two groups by whether to use neuronavigator and endoscopic technology or not, i.e. study group (32 cases) and control group (30 cases). Pituitary adenoma resection was performed with assistance of endoscope and neuronavigation in the study group. The indexes including surgery time, postoperative hospitalization duration, postoperative complications, changes of serum endocrinology, MRI, the residual and recurrence rates in the two groups were recorded and analyzed.ResultsThe time of hospital stays (6.6±0.7 d) in the study group was significantly less than that in control group (8.1±0.8 d). The postoperative complication rate (including transient diabetes insipidus, cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, electrolyte disturbances, postoperative bleeding in the tumor cavity,hypopituitarism) in study group was also significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). The postoperative remission rate of study group was significantly higher than that of the control group. The residual (2 cases) and recurrence (0 cases) rates in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group (9 cases and 5 cases). According to the Knosp grade, the residual rate of the patients with Knosp grade=2 in the study group was lower than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).ConclusionThe neuronavigator and endoscopic technology contribute to decrease the occurrence of the postoperative complications, to reduce residual and recurrence rate, and to improve the gross total resection of tumor, is therefore effective for the treatment for patients with nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas.     

核磁共振与内镜检查在带血管蒂鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣颅底重建术后管理中的意义

目的:探讨核磁共振(MR)与内镜检查在带血管蒂鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣颅底修复术后管理中的意义。方法:回顾性分析8例应用带血管蒂的鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣内镜下修复颅底硬膜缺损的资料。其中7例术后(术后5～7d)和近期随访(术后3～7个月)MR和内镜检查资料完整,1例因金属植入物而行CT和内镜检查。2种检查方法配合应用,掌握与颅底重建成败相关的信息,包括术后颅内及颅底修复局部、组织瓣供区和鼻腔鼻窦黏膜术后转归状况,以掌握愈合规律,提高重建成功率。结果:MR结合内镜检查可以准确获取带血管蒂鼻中隔瓣重建颅底术后颅内和修复局部的关键信息。MR可以排除术后常见的颅内并发症如颅内血肿、脑水肿或气颅,显示颅底缺损的位置及大致范围,提示组织瓣的位置及其与硬膜缺损边缘之间的重叠覆盖状态,定位术后脑脊液漏口。在术后和近期随访加强MR中,中隔瓣在颅底大致呈"C"形,7例中隔瓣均匀强化明显,提示血供佳。术后内镜检查证明7例中隔瓣无缺血坏死。6例组织瓣同颅底骨质愈合佳,1例内镜检查发现MR提示的脑脊液漏口并处理。中隔瓣在术后有一定程度的水肿和充血,近期随访时消失,组织瓣有缩小、变薄的征象,1例行CT和内镜检查者,中隔瓣发生坏死,因内衬人工硬膜完好,颅底一期愈合。内镜随访鼻腔鼻窦黏膜水肿在术后近期随访时明显减轻或消失,中隔瓣供区处裸露的中隔软骨在2个月左右被黏膜覆盖。结论:MR结合内镜检查可获取血管化中隔瓣重建颅底术后颅内外关键信息。排除术后并发症,掌握与修复成败密切相关的信息如组织瓣位置,血供及缺损处愈合情况,定位术后脑脊液漏的位置等,为及时处理并发症提供准确信息。所得结果可以提高外科和放射科医师对中隔瓣修复颅底缺损术后康复过程的认识,提高对修复失败情况的辨识和处理能力。     

带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣在侵及前颅底鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤切除术颅底重建中的应用

目的　回顾性分析应用带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣修复内镜下切除侵及颅底鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤术后颅底缺损的效果。方法　2008年9月～2016年5月内镜下切除侵及颅底鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤31例,应用以鼻后中隔动脉和筛前-筛后动脉为供血的两种类型带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣,修复重建前颅底切除后较大颅底缺损。结果　31例患者前颅底重建均一次性修补成功。1例肿瘤复发二次手术患者术后发生脑脊液漏,给予椎管置管引流1周愈合;1例术后10 d撤出鼻腔填塞物后出现脑脊液鼻漏,颅内感染3例,余无颅内出血或血肿等并发症发生。术后随访3～66个月见黏膜瓣愈合良好,无移植瓣膜坏死和脑膜脑膨出发生。结论　血管化带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣是内镜颅底外科的一种首选的、可靠的前颅底修补用材料。     

A novel reconstructive technique after endoscopic expanded endonasal approaches: vascular pedicle nasoseptal flap

BACKGROUND: In patients with large dural defects of the anterior and ventral skull base after endonasal skull base surgery, there is a significant risk of a postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak after reconstruction. Reconstruction with vascularized tissue is desirable to facilitate rapid healing, especially in irradiated patients. METHODS: We developed a neurovascular pedicled flap of the nasal septum mucoperiosteum and mucoperichondrium based on the nasoseptal artery, a branch of the posterior septal artery (Hadad-Bassagasteguy flap [HBF]). A retrospective review of patients undergoing endonasal skull base surgery at the University of Rosario, Argentina, and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center was performed to identify patients who were reconstructed with a vascularized septal mucosal flap. RESULTS: Forty-three patients undergoing endonasal cranial base surgery were repaired with the septal mucosal flap. Two patients with postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leaks (5%) were successfully treated with focal fat grafts. We encountered no infectious or wound complications in this series of patients. One patient experienced a posterior nose bleed from the posterior nasal artery. This was controlled with electrocautery and the flap blood supply was preserved. CONCLUSION: The HBF is a versatile and reliable reconstructive technique for defects of the anterior, middle, clival, and parasellar skull base. Its use has resulted in a sharp decrease in the incidence of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leaks after endonasal skull base surgery and is recommended for the reconstruction of large dural defects and when postoperative radiation therapy is anticipated.     

Palatal Flap Modifications Allow Pedicled Reconstruction of the Skull Base

Objectives: Defects after endoscopic expanded endonasal approaches (EEA) to the skull base, have exposed limitations of traditional reconstructive techniques. The ability to adequately reconstruct these defects has lagged behind the ability to approach/resect lesions at the skull base. The posteriorly pedicled nasoseptal flap is our primary reconstructive option; however, prior surgery or tumors can preclude its use. We focused on the branches of the internal maxillary artery, to develop novel pedicled flaps, to facilitate the reconstruction of defects encountered after skull base expanded endonasal approaches. Study Design: Feasibility. Methods: We reviewed radiology images with attention to the pterygopalatine fossa and the descending palatine vessels (DPV), which supply the palate. Using cadaver dissections, we investigated the feasibility of transposing the standard mucoperiosteal palatal flap into the nasal cavity and mobilizing the DPV for pedicled skull base reconstruction. Results: We transposed the palate mucoperiosteum into the nasal cavity through limited enlargement of a single greater palatine foramen. Our method preserves the integrity of the nasal floor mucosa, and mobilizes the DPV from the greater palatine foramen to their origin in the pterygopalatine fossa. Radiological measurements and cadevaric dissections suggest that the transposed, pedicled palatal flap (the Oliver pedicled palatal flap) could be used to reconstruct defects of the planum, sella, and clivus. Conclusions: Our novel modifications to the island palatal flap yield a large (12–18 cm²) mucoperiosteal flap based on a ～ 3 cm pedicle. The Oliver pedicled palatal flap shows potential for nasal cavity and skull base reconstruction (see video, available online only).     

Mucocele formation under pedicled nasoseptal flap

The pedicled nasoseptal flap has become an indispensible tool for the reconstruction of skull base defects. This flap is easily harvested, provides a large surface area of vascularized tissue, and has few reported complications. We describe the case of a 60-year-old man who underwent endoscopic, endonasal transsphenoidal surgery with septal flap reconstruction who developed a sphenoid sinus mucocele postoperatively. We also have reviewed the literature for similar findings and discuss this complication in the setting of pituitary surgery and endoscopic skull base repair. Although likely a rare occurrence, mucocele formation after septal flap reconstruction should be recognized and monitored with postoperative nasal endoscopy and radiologic imaging. Reoperation or mucocele drainage may be necessary if symptomatic or in cases of rapid enlargement.     

Improving the design of the pedicled nasoseptal flap for skull base reconstruction: a radioanatomic study

BACKGROUND: Reconstruction of the skull base after an expanded endonasal approach (EEA) is critical to achieve a good outcome. A novel technique based on the use of a pedicled nasoseptal flap has proven to be a reliable and versatile reconstructive option for extensive defects of the skull base. Data regarding the potential dimensions of a nasoseptal flap are lacking in the literature. This pilot study was developed to help optimize the design of the nasoseptal flap and to ensure that when harvesting the flap, its width and length are adequate to reconstruct the defects that are created by various EEAs. METHODS: We analyzed the computed tomographic (CT) scans of four patients who underwent EEAs for skull base lesions. Sagittal and coronal CT reconstructions were generated from axial images. The measurements were divided into skull base measurements, flap dimensions required to cover skull base defects resulting from various EEAs, and potential maximal dimensions of the nasoseptal flap. Measurements were studied for three different EEAs: sellar/transplanar, transclival, and transcribiform/anterior skull base. We measured the potential defects for each of these EEAs and the nasoseptal flap dimensions that would be required to reconstruct them. We estimated all dimensions based on the most extensive defect that could result with each EEA. We then compared these with various modifications of the nasoseptal flap. RESULTS: Two male and two female patients were studied. Twenty-seven measurements were taken to compare the different skull base defects and nasoseptal flaps. CONCLUSIONS: The length of the nasal septum comprises sufficient mucoperichondrium and mucoperiosteum to allow the harvesting of a nasoseptal flap that could cover any defect resulting from an anterior skull base, a transsellar/transplanar, or a transclival EEA. Similarly, the height of the nasal septum has the potential to yield a nasoseptal flap with a width that is adequate to cover the laterolateral aspect of any defect of the anterior skull base and clivus. Skull base defects resulting from combined EEAs, such as those that would create a defect that comprises the skull base from sella turcica to frontal sinus, are beyond the potential dimensions of a single nasoseptal flap. This and other defects resulting from a combination of EEAs require other strategies, such as the use of bilateral nasoseptal flaps, or the use of other reconstructive options.     

Utilidad de los colgajos e injertos endonasales en cirugía endoscópica nasosinusal y de base de cráneo. Documento de consenso

IntroductionSkull base reconstruction is one of the greatest challenges extended endonasal endoscopic surgery. Many grafts and flaps from the endonasal fossa have been demonstrated to be useful in the control of complications such a cerebrospinal fluid leaks. Review and analysis of these resources are necessary in skull base recontruction to improve outcomes.ObjectivesThe target is to create a consensus document on the use of different endonasal flaps and grafts in the skull base surgery.Material and methodsLiterature review of the most relevant free grafts and vascularized flaps from the endonasal fossa. Analysis using the Delphi method on the use of the different endonasal resources for endoscopic repair of skull base defects.ResultsWe obtained two results: 1) A selection of the most representative flaps and grafts from the endonasal fossa, describing origin, surface and indications, based on a literature review. 2) A consensus document, using Delphi methodology, with general considerations (2), recommendations (10) and limitations (6) of the different endonasal flaps and grafts.ConclusionsWe present the first consensus document in the field of extended endonasal endoscopic surgery using the Delphi method as a working tool. We highlight the usefulness of the nasoseptal flap together with other endonasal flaps and grafts for skull base reconstruction.