分化型甲状腺癌的预防性颈中央区淋巴清扫术适应证探讨

一、颈中央区淋巴结清扫的现状及定义分化型甲状腺癌的自然病史长,预后好,缺少前瞻性随机研究的临床资料,因此,对分化型甲状腺癌的原发灶及转移淋巴结的外科治疗一直存在较大争议[1-3].多数学者认为,分化型甲状腺癌NIb颈淋巴结转移应该行改良性颈淋巴结清扫术,清扫范围为颈Ⅱ～Ⅵ区[4].如果发现有上纵隔淋巴结转移,同时行Ⅶ区淋巴结清扫[1].当然,对颈部淋巴结分区是否应该包括Ⅶ区,学术界还有不同的声音[5].Nla颈淋巴结转移应该行颈中央区淋巴结清扫术,清扫范围为颈Ⅵ区.目前并不主张对NO分化型甲状腺癌行预防性全颈淋巴结清扫术,但对是否需要行预防性颈中央区淋巴结清扫术,意见尚不一致[6].     

分化型甲状腺癌颈淋巴结清扫术

分化型甲状腺癌(differentiated thyroid cancer,DTC)起源于甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞,占甲状腺癌的90％以上,主要包括甲状腺乳头状癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)和甲状腺滤泡状癌(follicular thyroid carcinoma,FTC),少数为Hurthle细胞或嗜酸性细胞肿瘤.颈部淋巴结转移是PTC主要的生物学特性之一,约20％ ～90％ PTC诊断时病理证实颈部淋巴结转移,转移部位最常见为同侧颈Ⅵ区淋巴结.甲状腺癌患者的颈部淋巴结转移,是复发率增高、存活率降低的危险因素.低分化型甲状腺癌也属于分化型甲状腺癌范畴,此类型肿瘤的临床生物学特点为高侵袭性、易转移、预后差.     

分化型甲状腺癌颈清扫术的选择

近30年来,甲状腺癌(thyroid cancer,TC)发病率呈持续增长趋势[1],其中分化型TC( differentiated TC,DTC)包括乳头状癌( papillary TC,PTC)和滤泡状癌(follicular TC,FTC)及其亚型占到90％.颈淋巴转移是影响DTC治疗效果及预后的重要因素之一,因此对DTC患者颈淋巴结的处理策略与颈清扫术( neck dissection,ND)的术式选择具有重要的临床意义[2].     

胸骨劈开纵隔清扫术在分化型甲状腺癌中的应用

目的评价采用胸骨劈开纵隔清扫术治疗分化型甲状腺癌上纵隔转移的安全性、合理范围及肿瘤学效果。方法回顾性分析我院头颈外科单一治疗组自2001年1月～2010年12月采用胸骨劈开纵隔清扫治疗18例分化型甲状腺癌患者,统计其转移淋巴结的部位、术后并发症及随访情况。结果上纵隔清扫标本检出淋巴结8～19枚,平均14枚,全组病例均检出阳性淋巴结。不同分区受累比例包括2R 83.3%(15/18),2L 72.2%(13/18),4R 55.6%(10/18),4L 16.7%(3/18),3a 38.9%(7/18)。低位气管旁淋巴结(4R或4L区)转移的病例均伴随同侧的高位气管旁淋巴结(2R或2L区)转移。全组并发症发生率50.0%(9/18)。上纵隔清扫相关并发症包括胸骨裂开1例,胸腔积液1例。全组病例随访时间18～120个月,全部生存,上纵隔局部控制率为94.4%(17/18)。结论胸骨劈开纵隔清扫术是治疗分化型甲状腺癌广泛纵隔淋巴转移安全有效的术式,清扫标本应包括心包以上两侧纵隔胸膜间大血管表面及间隙的淋巴结、软组织及胸腺。     

甲状腺癌患者临床颈淋巴结阴性的中央区颈淋巴清扫术

目的 探讨中央区颈淋巴清扫术在甲状腺乳头状腺癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)临床颈淋巴结阴性(cNO)患者术中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析1999年1月～2004年6月我院46例cNO的PTC患者临床资料,术中常规手术探查颈部Ⅵ区淋巴结并清扫送检.结果 46例患者有11例(23.9%)患者发现淋巴结阳性,4例Ⅵ区淋巴结阳性患者术后颈部复发再次行颈部淋巴结清扫术.结论 对cNO的PTC应常规行Ⅵ区淋巴结探查,在技术纯熟的前提下尽量清除中央区淋巴脂肪组织.     

甲状腺癌颈淋巴结清扫术后并发乳糜胸临床分析

目的　探讨甲状腺癌颈淋巴结清扫术后乳糜胸的发生机制、诊断及治疗。方法　回顾性分析2015年1月～2018年6月收集的6例甲状腺癌行颈淋巴结清扫术后并发乳糜胸患者的临床资料,并进行文献回顾。结果　6例患者均因甲状腺乳头状癌行颈部淋巴结清扫术,术中未见明显变异淋巴管,均于术后2～4天出现胸闷、气促、咳嗽等症状,行床旁B超或胸部CT提示胸腔积液,予胸腔穿刺抽液,见乳糜样液体确诊乳糜胸,经饮食控制等保守治疗后好转出院。结论　甲状腺癌颈淋巴结清扫术后需警惕乳糜胸的发生,积极的保守治疗效果尚可。     

补救性中央区淋巴清扫术在甲状腺乳头状癌中的应用

目的 探讨甲状腺乳头状癌中央区淋巴结可疑残留的补救治疗策略.方法 回顾性分析2006年1月至2009年1月行补救性中央区淋巴清扫术且临床随访资料完整的甲状腺乳头状癌患者85例.结果 补救性中央区淋巴清扫术后59例患者有阳性淋巴结,总的淋巴转移率为69.4％(59/85).59例共清扫336枚淋巴结,平均5.7枚;共有159枚转移淋巴结,每例平均2.7枚.外院记录已行清扫的6例患者补救手术后4例病理结果有淋巴转移,其中2例残留淋巴结位于头臂动脉与气管相交处,1例位于喉返神经的深面,1例位于气管前胸腺内.本组并发症发生率为10.6％(9/85),其中5例出现声嘶,其中2例患者发生暂时性甲状旁腺功能低下,术后出血1例,颈阔肌皮瓣下积液1例.随访3～5年,随访中位时间44个月,对侧中央区复发1例,侧颈复发4例,1例患者出现肺转移,全组无死亡病例.结论 对于未行中央区淋巴清扫但转移风险高(T3、T4级,原发灶被膜外侵犯,原发灶考虑肿瘤残留,血管或淋巴管侵犯)或在影像学下发现可疑转移淋巴结的病例,以及对于已行中央区清扫但考虑清扫范围不足、残留可能性大,或者未行中央区清扫,但术后病理发现阳性淋巴结的病例,须行补救中央区清扫手术.     

中央区淋巴结快速病理检查指导分化型甲状腺癌手术方式的选择

目的探讨分化型甲状腺癌患者中央区肿大淋巴结的快速病理检查,对选择分化型甲状腺癌患者手术方式的意义,以避免过多切除甲状腺组织,影响患者的生活质量.方法1997年1月至2000年9月在甲状腺癌患者手术中,根据对中央区淋巴结快速病理的检查结果,分别对甲状腺癌患者行甲状腺双侧全切除术、一侧全切+峡部切除以及单侧或双侧功能性颈淋巴结清扫术.结果术后随访4～6年,1例于手术后1年半复发而再次手术,其他患者无复发,复发率为2.78%.结论在分化型甲状腺癌患者的手术中,对中央区淋巴结的术中快速病理检查,可以指导对甲状腺癌患者手术方式的选择,减少手术后癌的复发率及转移率,提高患者的生活质量.     

分化型甲状腺癌前哨淋巴结活检术

本文就前哨淋巴结活检术运用于分化型甲状腺癌的历史及研究现状进行了叙述,阐述了前哨淋巴结活检术的三种方法,前哨淋巴结检出后的处理、临床意义、研究中存在的问题及国内外的研究现状与前景.     

甲状腺癌颈清扫术后乳糜漏的综合治疗

目的 探讨甲状腺癌颈淋巴清扫术后产生乳糜漏的原因及处理策略。 方法 回顾性分析647例甲状腺乳头状癌患者行颈淋巴清扫术后的临床资料。对11例术后发生乳糜漏的患者给予静脉营养、低脂饮食、局部加压及负压引流等措施。 结果 该组患者乳糜漏出现在手术后的第0.5~3.0天,其发生率为1.7%,患者乳糜漏的峰值引流量为 120~1100 mL/d。该组患者接受淋巴结清扫区域:单侧叶+峡部切除449 例,接受全甲状腺切除152例,单侧叶+峡部切除+对侧次全切除46例;单纯中央区淋巴结清扫总共 395 例,发生乳糜漏5例,发生率为1.26%(5/395)。侧颈+中央区淋巴清扫共83例,发生乳糜漏4例,发生率为4.8%(4/83),内镜辅助上纵隔清扫总共6例,发生乳糜漏2例,发生率为33.3%(2/6)。乳糜漏左侧与右侧之比为7∶4;其中3例患者为复发再清扫(rRLN)。每日引流量<20 mL/d时拔管,乳糜漏闭合时间为6~23 d,中位时间11 d。所有患者未行二次手术处理。 结论 甲状腺癌行淋巴结清扫手术时应仔细规范操作以预防乳糜漏的发生,及时采取调整饮食、负压引流等综合措施多可治愈,保守治疗无效时行手术治疗。     

Horner's syndrome after neck surgery

Horner's syndrome (oculosympathetic paresis) is characterised by the classic triad of ipsilateral palpebral ptosis, pupillary miosis and facial anhidrosis. The syndrome arises from the interruption of sympathetic innervation to the eye and adnexa at varying levels. It is a rare complication of neck surgery.We describe 6 patients who presented with Horner's syndrome after a neck procedure in our department during the last 5 years and review the different neck procedures that can cause it.     

Local lymph node recurrence after central neck dissection in papillary thyroid cancers: A meta analysis

BackgroundProphylactic central neck dissection (CND) at the time of total thyroidectomy (TT) remains controversial in clinically node-negative (cN0) papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to compare the local recurrence between patients who underwent TT plus CND and those who underwent TT alone.MethodsThe publicly available literature published from January 1990 to October 2017 concerning TT plus prophylactic CND versus TT for PTC was retrieved by searching the national and international online databases. Meta-analysis was performed after the data extraction process.ResultsTwenty-five studies with comparison between TT + CND and TT alone were eligible and included in this meta-analysis. For both PTC and papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC), the overall recurrence in TT + CND group was significantly lower than that in TT alone group. The central compartment recurrence was significantly higher in TT alone group than TT + CND group (OR = 3.41, 95% Cl [2.00 ～ 5.80], P < 0.00001), while no significant difference of lateral compartment recurrence was observed between the two groups (OR = 1.19, 95%Cl [0.81 ～ 1.77], P = 0.38). We compared ipsilateral CND + TT with TT alone and found that the recurrence was not significantly different between the two groups (OR = 1.44, 95%Cl [0.74 ～ 2.81], P = 0.28). On the other hand, bilateral CND + TT showed significantly low recurrence (OR = 2.48, 95%Cl [1.75 ～ 3.53], P < 0.00001).ConclusionsThe addition of CND to TT resulted in a greater reduction in risk of local recurrence than TT alone, especially preventing central neck recurrences. Additionally, we discovered that bilateral CND in patients with PTC > 1 cm was necessary.     

Surgical complications and recurrence after central neck dissection in cN0 papillary thyroid carcinoma

Objectives

To evaluate surgical complications and recurrence patterns after central neck dissection (CND) in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC).

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed on 361 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy with or without CND for PTC from 2000 to 2007. Clinicopathological results and recurrence were stratified according to treatment modality.

Results

Incidence of occult central metastasis of PTC was 64.3%. With respect to surgical morbidities, the total thyroidectomy (TT) with CND group exhibited a significantly higher incidence of transient vocal fold paralysis (10.0% vs 3.4%, p = 0.029) and permanent hypocalcaemia (11.4% vs 4.5%, p = 0.041), and significantly prolonged mean operating time (195.8 min vs 153.0 min, p < 0.001) than the TT alone group. Analysis of the recurrence patterns revealed that level IV was most commonly involved in both groups. When the location of recurrence was categorised into central and lateral neck, the recurrence rate in the lateral neck was significantly higher than that in the central neck, regardless of initial CND.

Conclusions

CND was associated with permanent hypocalcaemia and transient vocal fold paralysis. The lateral neck was mainly involved in recurrence regardless of initial CND, suggesting the clinical benefit of CND may be small.     

Horner's syndrome and thyroid neoplasms

Although thyroid goiter is a common condition, it rarely results in Horner's syndrome. We report a case of a patient with an intrathoracic multinodular goiter complicated by Horner's syndrome. Benign thyroid disease was confirmed pathologically, and the patient's symptoms improved after surgery. In the literature, the major cause of Horner's syndrome is neoplasia, with malignant lesions being twice as frequent as benign tumors. An extensive review of the literature demonstrates a different repartition for thyroid neoplasia: including our case, 38 cases of Horner's syndrome secondary to a benign thyroid tumor are described, against only 8 cases caused by a thyroid carcinoma. We conclude that contrary to the commonly held opinion, Horner's syndrome is more often due to benign thyroid diseases than to thyroid malignancies.     

Clinical course of thyroid carcinoma after neck dissection

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The objective was to compare the rate and site of recurrences in patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma who underwent a central compartment dissection, a posterolateral neck dissection, or a combination of both procedures. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. METHODS: The charts of 522 consecutive patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma were reviewed, and 74 patients who had undergone a neck dissection were identified. The rates of recurrence in three sites were noted: the central compartment nodes (levels VI, superior mediastinum), posterolateral compartment neck nodes (levels II-V), and distant sites. These rates were compared in patients who underwent a central compartment dissection (level VI, superior mediastinum) and in patients who underwent a posterolateral neck dissection (levels II-V). RESULTS: Six patients underwent only a central compartment dissection, 47 patients had only a posterolateral neck dissection, and 21 patients had both a central compartment and a posterolateral neck dissection. In these three groups there were zero, two, and two central compartment node recurrences; two, nine, and seven posterolateral neck recurrences; and zero, two, and three distant recurrences, respectively. There were no significant differences in the rate of recurrence in any of the three sites examined between any of the three treatment groups (Fisher's Exact test, all P values >.20). CONCLUSION: In patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma, dissection of only the central or posterolateral compartments of the neck with clinical or radiographic evidence of disease is advocated.     

颈部Castleman病两例报告

正Castleman病(castleman's disease,CD)又称巨大淋巴结增殖症、血管滤泡淋巴组织增生等,属原因不明的反应性淋巴组织增生性病变,主要累及浅表淋巴结及纵隔淋巴结[1]。Castleman病的发病部位为全身任何部位的淋巴组织,在耳鼻咽喉头颈外科的主要临床表现为单侧无痛性淋巴结肿大,质软,边