载尿激酶阴离子脂质微泡联合低频超声体外溶栓的效率研究

目的制备载尿激酶（uPA）阴离子脂质微泡,探讨其联合低频超声的体外溶栓效果。方法利用二硬脂酸磷酯酰胆碱（DSPC）、二棕榈酰磷酯酰甘油（DPPG）、PEG2000修饰二硬脂酸磷酯酰乙醇胺（DSPE-PEG2000）3种磷脂,通过机械振荡法制备阴离子微泡,再将微泡与uPA混合孵育,两者结合即得载药微泡,用粒径分析仪测定其粒径及分布。用FITC标记uPA,制得荧光标记的载药微泡,在荧光显微镜下观察微泡的形态及uPA与微泡的黏附情况。用Zeta电位仪分别测定载药微泡与未载药微泡的表面电荷;用十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS—PAGE）对载药微泡进行验证;测量加入10000、50000和100000UuPA时微泡的包封率。抽取大鼠血液制作体外血栓模型,测定载药微泡联合低频超声的体外溶栓效果。采用两样本t检验、单因素方差分析及Bonferroni法进行数据比较。结果载药微泡的平均粒径为（1．76±0．29）μm,在荧光显微镜下可以观察到FITC标记的uPA成功结合到阴离子微泡表面。载药微泡的表面电荷明显低于未载药微泡的表面电荷：（-36．64±0．21）mV与（-66．33±2．38）mV,t=21．538,P〈0．05;SDS—PAGE显示载药微泡的泳道有明显的蛋白质条带,而未载药微泡没有;当uPA加入量分别为10000、50000和100000U时,药物包封率分别为（42．01±2．02）％、（33．24±1．95）％和（33．10±1．65）％（F=22．340,P〈0．05）。生理盐水组、生理盐水±超声组、未载药微泡±超声组、载药微泡±超声组、单纯uPA组的体外溶栓效率分别为（4．09±0．80）％、（8．50±1．48）％、（14．27±1．59）％、（35．72±6．31）％、（16．87±0．46）％,载药微泡超声组最高（F=48．783,t=-8．613、-7．273、-5．942及-6．908,均P〈0．05）。结论阴离子微泡能成功搭载uPA,该微泡联合低频超声的溶栓效果良好。     

携药靶向前列腺癌的聚吡咯超声/荧光微泡的制备及其特性研究

目的 制备载多西他赛、吲哚菁绿的聚吡咯纳米壳微泡超声造影剂,评价其理化特性并考察其体外寻靶能力.方法 应用机械震荡法制备携药聚吡咯超声/荧光造影剂.检测并观察造影剂微泡的形态、造影剂粒径和表面电位.将造影剂放置在4℃保存,在1天、3天、5天不同的时间观察造影剂的稳定性.应用显微镜观察前列腺癌细胞摄取吲哚菁绿的情况.结果...     

静电吸附法制备抗αvβ3靶向脂质微泡及体外寻靶实验

 目的 探讨静电吸附方法制备携带抗αvβ3单克隆抗体的靶向微泡的可能性,并初步评价该靶向微泡在体外的寻靶能力.方法 将适量的负电荷脂质微泡造影剂与抗αvβ3单克隆抗体混合,利用静电吸附方法,制备亲黑色素瘤的靶向超声造影剂,并通过观察与黑色素瘤细胞的结合情况,验证该靶向微泡的靶向性.结果 静电吸附方法能够使抗体与微泡结合.携带抗αvβ3单克隆抗体的靶向微泡粘附在黑色素瘤细胞表面的靶向微泡数目明显多于普通对照微泡.结论 静电吸附法能够制备脂质靶向超声微泡,体外亲肿瘤细胞的寻靶试验验证了携带抗αvβ3单克隆抗体的靶向超声微泡具有一定的寻靶能力.     

优化积雪草苷非离子表面活性剂囊泡的处方和工艺

 目的 筛选积雪草苷非离子表面活性剂囊泡的最优处方和最佳制备工艺。方法 采用薄膜蒸发法制备积雪草苷囊泡,以包封率和载药量为指标对非离子型表面活性剂的种类和用量、投药量、胆固醇用量、孵化时间、孵化温度等处方因素和工艺条件进行单因素考察,正交设计筛选处方、优化制备工艺,并对积雪草苷囊泡的最优处方和工艺进行验证。结果 因素考察试验中,对积雪草苷囊泡包封率和载药量影响的顺序依次为:投药量>孵化温度>孵化时间。优化处方及工艺为:积雪草苷36 mg,孵化温度30 ℃,孵化时间30 min,其包封率和载药量分别为89.56%和25.26%,镜下观察成典型囊形。结论 采用薄膜蒸发法所制备的积雪草苷囊泡呈圆形,分散性好,囊泡的包封率和载药量均较高。     

微泡的性质及其在炎症反应中的作用

炎症反应在机体的生理病理过程中广泛存在,过去一直认为,炎症是通过细胞因子及可溶性因子的直接及间接作用来维持,最近研究发现,微泡是炎症反应中细胞交流的重要方式,它可以将细胞因子等物质运输到靶细胞,进而激活一系列靶基因及信号通路,在炎症反应中发挥重要作用。微泡是由细胞表面向外增殖脱落而来,它的脱落是一个高度调节的过程,并且微泡的结构和功能取决于它所起源细胞的种类。本文概述了微泡的性质及在炎症过程中的潜在作用。     

基于ST68微泡的磁靶向控释载体的制备及性能研究

目的 构建具有超声和磁场双重响应特性的磁性微泡.方法 采用声振空化法制备基于表面活性剂的微泡超声造影剂(ST68),用多元醇法制备表面带负电荷的磁性Fe3O4纳米粒子.以微泡为模板,通过静电吸引层层自组装的方法使聚乙烯亚胺和磁性Fe3O4纳米粒子在微泡表面交替沉积,制备磁性微泡.搭建体外超声造影装置,对比注入磁性微泡(3×108个/ml)前后装置中硅胶管的超声图像,并观察对硅胶管施加磁场后磁性微泡的运动情况.对比注入磁性微泡前后新西兰大白兔肾脏的超声图像,以评价磁性微泡的体内超声造影效果.结果 制得的Fe3O4纳米粒子表面带有稳定的负电荷(-24.6±6.7)mV,组装得到的磁性微泡中超过98％的微泡粒径小于8μm,满足对超声造影剂大小的基本要求.注入磁性微泡前,硅胶管无回声信号;注入磁性微泡后,硅胶管内呈实性回声;施加磁场后,磁性微泡向磁场方向定向迁移.兔体内超声造影结果示推注磁性微泡前,超声图像不能显示肾;推注后肾脏影清晰.结论 制备的磁性微泡磁靶向和超声造影效果良好,为进一步研究具有诊断和治疗双重作用的磁靶向微泡超声造影剂打下了基础.     

鼠疫耶尔森菌亚单位疫苗鼻腔免疫微球的制备与性质

目的：制备F1，V，F1-V3种鼠疫耶尔森菌亚单位疫苗鼻腔免疫微球，研究其体外释放性质、抗原活性等性质。方法：采用复乳溶剂挥发法制备鼠疫疫苗微球，以激光粒度测定仪测定微球的平均粒径，以BCA法及微量BCA法测定微球的疫苗含量及疫苗从微球的释放，以ELISA法考察从微球中释放出的鼠疫疫苗的活性。结果：鼠疫耶尔森菌亚单位疫苗微球粒径均匀，F1，V，F1-V疫苗微球平均粒径分别为4．2，4．6和5．9μm，包裹率分别为68．2％，61．3％和51．0％，载药量分别为9．7％，8．7％和6．2％，微球中包裹的疫苗与原溶液相比活性降低不明显。结论：采用复乳溶剂挥发法，通过控制一定的因素，可以得到具有较高包封率的鼠疫耶尔森菌亚单位疫苗微球。     

蕨麻素冻干脂质体的制备及理化性质的研究

目的 制备蕨麻素冻干脂质体注射剂并研究其理化性质。方法 采用薄膜超声分散法并冷冻干燥来制备蕨麻素脂质体，用葡聚糖凝胶（Sephadex G-50）微型柱离心法测定包封率。结果 制得的蕨麻素脂质体包封率为56．62％，粒径范围为71．70—166．47nm，透射显微镜下观察脂质体为粒径均匀的球类或近球状小囊泡。结论 蕨麻素脂质体处方和制备工艺稳定可行，重现性好。     

包膜超声造影微泡的计算机辅助设计、制备与实验研究

目的 研究纳米包膜超声造影微泡的结构参数及声学参数对其次谐波特性的影响,并对其进行优化设计,据此制备适用于次谐波成像的超声造影微泡。方法 基于包膜超声造影微泡的理论模型建立计算机辅助优化设计与分析系统,从理论上分析微泡的结构参数与声学参数等对微泡次谐波特性的影响。同时,对微泡进行分级分离得到不同尺寸分布的微泡,并对其体外声学特性进行测试。结果 仿真计算和实验结果表明当微泡的膜材料一定时,通过控制微泡粒径的分布,在一定的声压条件下可得到较强的次谐波响应;通过分级分离除去较小微泡后所得的次谐波响应比未分离前显著增强。结论 利用基于模型的计算机辅助设计系统能够对微泡的次谐波特性进行优化设计,并对微泡的制备进行理论性指导。     

葛根素肠溶纳米粒的制备及体外释放度研究

目的制备葛根素肠溶纳米粒,并对其体外释放度进行考察。方法采用离子交联法制备葛根素肠溶纳米粒,HPLC法测定药物的包封率及体外释放度,透射电镜考察纳米粒的表面形态,激光粒度分析仪测定粒径分布。结果制备的纳米粒,粒径较小,分布均一,包封率较高,理化性质合乎要求,并在pH7.2的磷酸盐缓冲液中释放达到70%以上。结论葛根素肠溶纳米粒体外释药良好,能达到良好肠溶效果。     

The role of interventional radiology in trauma

Introduction Interventional Radiology has evolved into a specialty having enormous input into the care of the traumatized patient.In all hospitals,regardless of size,the Interventional Radiologist must consider their relationships with the trauma service in order to     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

Carbohydrate Supplementation during Exercise: Does It Help? How Much is Too Much?

KEY POINTS· Carbohydrate intake during exercise can delay the onset of fatigue and improve performance of prolonged exercise as well as exercise of shorter duration and greater intensity (e.g., continuous exercise lasting about 1h and intermittent high-intensity exercise), but the mechanisms by which performance is improved are different.     

Diagnóstico ecográfico del neumotórax

The ultrasonographic diagnosis of pneumothorax is based on the analysis of artifacts. It is possible to confirm or rule out pneumothorax by combining the following signs: lung sliding, the A and B lines, and the lung point. One fundamental advantage of lung ultrasonography is its easy access in any critical situation, especially in patients in the intensive care unit. For this reason, chest ultrasonography can be used as an alternative to plain-film X-rays and computed tomography in critical patients and in patients with normal plain films in whom pneumothorax is strongly suspected, as well as to evaluate the extent of the pneumothorax and monitor its evolution.     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

磁共振DWI和动态增强鉴别颅底脊索瘤和侵袭性垂体瘤的应用

目的 探讨磁共振扩散加权成像(DWI)和动态增强在颅底脊索瘤和侵袭性垂体瘤(IPA)鉴别诊断中的应用价值.方法 搜集经手术病理证实且影像学有鞍区破坏的颅底脊索瘤患者15例、向鼻咽部侵犯的IPA患者20例.测量二者的表观扩散系数(ADC)值,绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC),分析动态增强曲线的类型,统计达峰时间(TTP)、增强峰值(EP)和最大对比增强率(MCER),分析各个参数在鉴别诊断中的价值.结果 颅底脊索瘤的ADC值为(1.274±0.07)×10-3mm2/s,高于IPA ADC值(0.672±0.03) ×10-3 mm2/s(P ＜0.001),ADC阈值为0.964×10-3mm2/s时,ROC曲线下面积为0.997,敏感度为93.3％,特异度为100％.颅底脊索瘤时间-信号强度曲线(TIC)Ⅰ型14例,TICⅢ型1例,此例TICⅢ型者TTP约40 s;IPA TIC Ⅰ型7例,TICⅢ型13例.颅底脊索瘤和IPA的EP、MCER差异均有统计学意义(P ＜0.001).结论 ADC值和TIC的类型及其相关参数(EP,MCER)有助于颅底脊索瘤和IPA之间的鉴别.     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.