内镜治疗胆总管结石146例

[目的]探讨内镜下乳头括约肌切开术(EST)治疗胆总管结石的疗效和安全性.[方法]对2003年1月～2007年12月采用内镜治疗的146例胆总管结石病例进行分析研究.[结果]146例中,EST成功142例,取石成功138例,成功率为97.18%(138/142).其中1次取净结石者108例,2次或2次以上取净结石者30例,8例未成功者转外科手术治疗.取石成功者中10例出现并发症,占7.25%(10/138).[结论]内镜治疗胆总管结石安全、有效.     

内镜下逆行胰胆管造影加取石术诊治胆总管结石

[目的]评价内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)同时行乳头括约肌切开术(EST)对胆总管结石的诊断与治疗价值.[方法]回顾性分析98例经B超检查诊断为胆总管结石的患者,先行ERCP检查,再行内镜下EST治疗胆总管结石.[结果]98例中ERCP准确诊断胆总管结石96例,怀疑胆总管结石1例,未发现异常1例,其确诊率为97.9%.96例EST后采取网篮取石、球囊取石和机械碎石网篮取石成功,1例失败.[结论]ERcP对胆总管结石诊断价值较高.EST是一种治疗胆总管结石安全、有效、简便的方法.     

经内镜治疗胆总管结石60例临床分析

目的探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）和内镜下十二指肠乳头肌切开术（EST）治疗胆总管结石的临床效果。方法对60例确诊为胆总管结石的患者采用经内镜治疗,其中结石直径〈1．0cm的47例采用取石网篮取结石,泥沙样结石加用气囊取石,结石直径在1．1～2．0cm的8例,用取石网篮,但对稍大、较硬的结石用碎石网篮碎石后取出。结石直径〉2．1cm的5例,用碎石网篮碎石后取出。结果60例经治患者,一次性取净结石者51例,2次取净者6例,共57例取石成功,内镜治愈率95％;出现并发症5例,占8．33％;其中急性胰腺炎1例,其他4例患者为术后轻度的上腹疼痛、恶心、呕吐、及一过性发热和高淀粉酶血症。结论内镜治疗胆总管结石具有创伤小、并发症少、疗效确切、恢复快等优点．是目前胆管疾病较好的微创介入治疗方法。     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影十二指肠乳头括约肌切开取石诊治胆总管结石163例体会

目的探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）十二指肠乳头括约肌切开（EST）诊断、治疗胆总管结石的临床效果和价值。方法163例临床诊断胆总管结石者行ERCP检查，造影成功159例，150例确诊为胆总管结石并经内镜行乳头括约肌切开术。结果胆总管结石ERCP与临床诊断符合率为94．3％；胆总管结石150例，取石成功141例，成功率94．0％；EST术后发生急性胰腺炎4例，少到中等量肠道出血3例，高淀粉酶血症5例，无肠穿孔、大出血及死亡等并发症发生。结论ERCP可提高胆管结石的诊断准确率；EST取石是肝外胆管结石治疗的优良方法，对已作胆囊切除后肝外胆管残留或复发结石并应为首选治疗方法。     

ERCP联合EST诊治胆总管结石效果观察

目的观察经内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）联合十二指肠乳头括约肌切开取石（EST）诊治胆总管结石的效果。方法219例疑似胆总管结石患者,先行ERCP观察胆总管,摄片证实为胆总管结石后行EST治疗。结果本组189例患者经ERCP证实为胆总管结石,181例行EST取石成功,4例巨大结石（直径〉3．0cm）和4例胆总管内多发结石择期行腹腔镜胆管镜取石或直接切开胆总管T管引流。1例行EST后切口出血,立即停止手术并给予止血治疗后好转。术中患者均有不同程度咽部刺激、恶心、呕吐、腹胀、轻度腹痛等症状,未出现严重并发症如肠穿孔和急性胰腺炎,无死亡病例。结论ERCP联合EST诊治疑似胆总管结石效果满意。     

内镜下乳头括约肌切开术治疗胰胆管疾病195例分析

目的探讨内镜下乳头括约肌切开术(EST)治疗胰胆管疾病的方法、疗效及并发症的防治措施。方法回顾开展ERCP检查258例,其中195例进行了EST治疗,探讨了如何进行EST治疗和提高其成功率及防治并发症的措施。结果EST195例中治疗成功189例,成功率96.9%,其中胆总管结石、胆囊切除术后合并胆总管残石、胆囊结石合并胆总管结石共122例,均经EST切开取石成功;肝内胆管及胆囊并胆总管泥沙样结石13例、总胆管癌6例、胰头癌7例、壶腹部癌7例,均经EST行内镜逆行胆管引流术(ERBD)引流成功;慢性胰腺炎合并化脓性胆管炎6例、胆源性胰腺炎5例,均经EST切开排脓,放置鼻胆管引流治疗痊愈;胆总管下段狭窄7例、单纯性胆总管扩张7例、胆总管扩张伴下段狭窄6例、胆总管狭窄3例,均经EST做网石篮或气囊扩张治疗成功。结论EST适用范围广,尤其适用于老年患者和胆囊切除术后合并胆总管残石患者。对化脓性胰胆管炎及梗阻性胰腺炎的治疗,方法简单,疗效可靠,具有重要的临床意义。     

内镜下取石气囊扩张法治疗胆总管结石

目的　探讨内镜下取石气囊扩张 (EBD)治疗胆总管结石的可能性、有效性及安全性。方法　对 4 7例胆总管结石患者进行了内镜下以取石气囊扩张Oddi括约肌及用气囊、网篮及机械碎石等方法取石治疗。为预防并发胰腺炎 ,术后酌情应用了善得定、鼻胆管引流及十二指肠乳头小切开等措施。结果　本组患者EBD治疗胆总管结石的成功率为 91 5 % ( 4 3 / 4 7)。一次EBD治疗后 4 1例 ( 87 2 % )结石全部取出 ,有 2例 ( 4 3 % )患者经第 2次EBD治疗后将结石全部取出 ,避免了内镜下乳头括约肌切开 (EST)。 4 7例患者中 2 7例 ( 5 7 4 % )结石直径大于 1 0cm ,施行了机械碎石术。 4例 ( 8 5 % )患者因结石太大 (≥ 2 0cm ) ,EBD治疗未成功 ,改行EST取出结石。本组患者无穿孔及出血并发症。 11例 ( 2 3 4 % )术后血清淀粉酶一过性升高 ,其中只有 1例伴有腹痛 ,经内科保守治疗迅速缓解。结论　EBD治疗胆总管结石可行、有效、安全。     

经内镜治疗大于1.0 cm的胆总管结石

直径≤1．0cm的胆总管结石行经内镜乳头括约肌切开（EST）后可用取石网篮直接取出，操作较简单，取石成功率高，并发症少。而直径大于1．0cm的结石，必须碎石后取出，增加了操作难度、手术风险，并发症的发生率高。本文总结本院近年来37例1．0cm以上胆总管结石患者的治疗结果，报告如下。[第一段]     

腹腔镜单纯胆囊切除术后胆道并发症的内镜治疗

目的探讨十二指肠镜治疗腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）后胆道并发症的效果。方法胆管结石先行内镜下胆总管Oddi括约肌切开术（endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST）或内镜下乳头气囊扩张术（endosco picpapillary balloon dilatation,EPBD）后取石,胆总管上段狭窄行胆道扩张加支架置入术,胆漏、胆管横断者行内镜下鼻胆管引流术（endoscopic nasobiliary drainage,ENBD）或内镜下胆管内塑料支架引流术（endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage,ERBD）治疗。结果69例中,胆总管结石53例（76.7%）,胆总管上段部分狭窄11例（15.9%）,胆管横断2例（2.9%）,胆漏3例（4.3%）。53例胆总管结石患者49例行EST后取石,4例因乳头较小行EPBD后取石。11例胆总管部分狭窄行胆道扩张术后放置内支架引流治疗,3个月后5例拔管造影未见明显狭窄结束治疗,6例狭窄未能完全解除者,再行胆管扩张及重新放置塑料内支架,均于9个月内恢复。2例胆管横断患者行ENBD后开腹手术治疗。3例胆漏患者用医用胶注射封堵漏口后行ENBD或ERBD后症状明显减轻,一周后缓解。结论LC后胆道并发症应早期行ERCP以明确诊断;十二指肠镜对LC后并发症的处理是一种好方法,优于其它检查和治疗。     

内镜下胆道支架引流术在复杂胆管结石中的应用

目前ERCP以其微创优势已成为治疗胆管结石的首选方法,对部分复杂胆管结石,采取内镜下胆管塑料支架引流术(endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage,ERBD),既避免了手术风险,又减少了因长时间ERCP可能带来的并发症.我院自2002年6月-2008年1月共对29例复杂胆管结石(胆总管结石巨大且多发,或因乳头胆管解剖因素及全身情况太差不能耐受手术或长时间内镜治疗)患者行ERBD,取得较满意疗效.     

内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术治疗老年胆总管巨大结石40例

目的探讨内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)治疗老年胆总管巨大结石的可行性及安全性。方法 40例老年胆总管巨大结石患者完善术前准备,密切监护下经十二指肠镜先行ERCP,发现胆总管结石后行内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开(EST)和机械碎石(EML)取石,视具体情况留置鼻胆管引流及支架置入引流。结果 40例患者37例取石获得成功,成功率92.5%;其中10例经过二次取石。所有患者腹痛症状明显改善,皮肤巩膜黄染迅速消褪,发热患者48 h内体温趋于正常。术后并发轻型胰腺炎4例,乳头肌切口创面轻度渗血2例,均经内科保守治疗痊愈,未发生肠穿孔、胆道撕脱等严重并发症和死亡。结论 ERCP治疗老年胆总管巨大结石是一种安全、有效的治疗方法,应考虑作为治疗的首选方案。     

经内镜诊治肝移植术后胆道远期并发症

目的：探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)在诊断和治疗肝移植患者胆道远期并发症中的应用。方法：肝移植术后出现胆道远期并发症患者6例，共行ERCP 12次，根据患者的情况进行扩张、内镜下乳头切开取石、内支架置入等治疗。结果：1例胆总管结石行乳头切开后取石成功，1例胆道狭窄在胆道扩张后胆道梗阻症状解除，4例胆道狭窄合并胆总管结石的狭窄近端结石经乳头切开取出，狭窄远端结石行胆道扩张、内支架置入等治疗后取出。所有患者经治疗后胆红素、碱性磷酸酶等酶学指标均有不同程度的下降，无严重并发症发生。结论：ERCP是诊断和治疗肝移植患者胆道远期并发症安全、有效的手段。     

ERCP在老年胆胰疾病治疗中的临床应用

目的探讨逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)在老年胆胰疾病患者治疗中的应用价值及安全性。方法对2000年1月～2006年10月在我院收治的32例70岁以上的胆胰管疾病患者进行回顾性分析。结果32例老年患者行ERCP治疗36例次,成功率100%。进行单纯EST2例,EST加ENBD2例,EST加取石术19例(23例次),EST加取石术及ENBD2例,ENBD5例,ERBD2例。本组发生内镜有关的并发症4例,无死亡病例。术后各项指标与术前相比有明显好转。结论对胆胰疾病的老年患者行ERCP治疗具有创伤小、安全性好、并发症少、疗效确切等优点,值得临床推广应用。     

治疗性ERCP在78例高龄人群中的临床研究

目的高龄人群(≥70岁)行治疗性逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)的疗效观察。方法对78例高龄胰胆管疾病患者行治疗性ERCP,分析诊治经过及并发症的处理。结果 78例患者中成功行治疗性ERCP 74例,其中胆总管结石52例,行十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(EST)取石40例,行胆管支架引流术(ERBD)8例(3～6个月再次行ERCP取石治疗),行鼻胆管引流(ENBD)4例;胰胆肿瘤18例,均行ERBD后病情减轻;十二指肠乳头炎症4例,行EST后治愈。术后6例患者出现高淀粉酶血症,2例出现ERCP相关胰腺炎,2例合并胆管炎,1例发生小穿孔。结论 ERCP对高龄患者治疗安全有效。     

逆行胰胆管造影、乳头括约肌切开配合腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗胆石症

为治疗伴有或可疑伴有胆总管结石的胆囊结石病人，在对胆囊结石病人行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）时，对ＬＣ术前可疑伴有胆总管继发性结石的１４２例病人（术前组）和ＬＣ术后可疑胆总管残留结石的３９例病人（术后组）选择性地行逆行性胰胆管造影（ＥＲＣＰ）检查和乳头括约肌切开术（ＥＳＴ）治疗。结果：术前组ＥＲＣＰ发现胆总管继发结石６５例，ＥＳＴ清除结石６０例，清除率９１．５％；术后组ＥＲＣＰ发现胆总管残留结石６例，ＥＳＴ清除结石５例。结果提示ＥＲＣＰ、ＥＳＴ配合ＬＣ治疗伴有胆总管结石的胆囊结石病人是一种安全有效的好方法，明显减少了ＬＣ的并发症和胆总管结石开腹手术的比例。     

ERCP、EST、ENBD治疗胆总管结石391例临床分析

目的 总结应用逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）、内镜括约肌切开术（EST）和鼻胆管引流术（ENBD）治疗胆总管结石的疗效.方法 胆总管结石患者391例,常规行ERCP检查,证实胆管内有结石后行EST.然后根据结石情况采取不同方法处理.（1）结石直径小于1.0 cm的315例用取石网篮取石;（2）结石直径大于1.0 cm的61例用碎石篮碎石;（3）6例巨大结石而于胆管内置入支架3个月.术后所有病人常规置入鼻胆引流管.结果 EST成功382例（97.70%）,胆总管结石完全取出367例（96.07%）.发生各种并发症35例（8.95%）,主要为急性胰腺炎、急性胆管炎和Oddi扩约肌切口渗血,未成功病例和一例重症胰腺炎转开腹手术治疗治愈.结论 ERCP、EST和ENBD诊治胆管结石特别是胆总管结石,安全、有效,病人痛苦小.     

Recurrent symptomatic common bile duct stones after endoscopic stone extraction in elderly patients

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) and stone extraction are established therapeutic procedures for common bile duct (CBD) stones. Little is known about the outcomes of EST for CBD stones among elderly patients. OBJECTIVES: To examine the rate and the risk factors (CBD dilation and/or angulation, periampullary diverticulum, and past open cholecystectomy) for recurrent symptomatic CBD stones after EST in the elderly. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: A total of 228 patients who underwent EST for CBD stones in the period 1997 to 2004 were included. Follow-up data were obtained from medical records and by questioning all the patients. The correlation between age and stone recurrence, as well as between age and the prevalence of risk factors for recurrence was calculated. In addition, a subgroup of 45 elderly patients aged > or =80 years was compared with a control subgroup of 51 young patients aged < or =50 years, in terms of stone recurrence and associated risk factors. SETTING: Single-center, retrospective study. INTERVENTIONS: Endoscopic sphincterotomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Symptomatic CBD stone recurrence rate and frequency of risk factors for it. RESULTS: In the group of all patients, a correlation was found between the age and stone recurrence, as well as between age and the known risk factors for recurrent stones. In analyzing the 2 subgroups, CBD stones recurred in 20% of the elderly patients compared with 4% of the young patients. Risk factors for recurrent CBD stones were more common in the elderly, and so was the presence of multiple risk factors in the same patient. CONCLUSIONS: Recurrence of symptomatic CBD stones after endoscopic therapy was more frequent in the elderly patients because of an increased frequency of risk factors.     

Which Is the Better Treatment for the Removal of Large Biliary Stones? Endoscopic Papillary Large Balloon Dilation versus Endoscopic Sphincterotomy

Background/Aims

We evaluated the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation (EPLBD) for large common bile duct (CBD) stone removal compared with endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST).

Methods

A total of 1,580 patients who underwent endoscopic CBD stone extraction between January 2001 and July 2010 were reviewed. The following inclusion criteria were applied: choledocholithiasis treated by EPLBD with minor EST or EST with mechanical lithotripsy; and follow-up >9 months after treatment.

Results

Forty-nine patients with EPLBD and 41 with EST were compared. There was no significant difference in the complication rates and stone recurrence rates between the two groups. However, significantly more endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) sessions were required in the EST group to achieve the complete removal of stones (1.7 times vs 1.3 times; p=0.03). The mean cost required for complete stone removal per patient was significantly higher in the EST group compared to the EPLBD group (USD $1,644 vs $1,225, respectively; p=0.04). Dilated CBD was the only significant factor associated with recurrent biliary stones (relative risk, 1.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.17; p=0.02).

Conclusions

EPLBD is the better treatment (compared to EST) for removing large CBD stones because EPLBD requires fewer ERCP sessions and is less expensive.     

不同内镜术式治疗胆总管结石青年患者的长期随访研究

目的探讨不同的常用内镜治疗方法对胆总管结石青年患者治疗后结石复发的影响以及结石近期复发、远期复发的危险因素。方法选择经一次性治疗性内镜逆行胰胆管术（ERCP）成功取石后随访资料完整的胆总管结石青年（21～45岁）患者,按手术方式分为内镜下乳头球囊扩张术（EPBD）组、乳头括约肌切开术（EST）组、EST（切开〈0．5cm）＋EPBD组,进行随访,统计近期（≤3年）及远期（〉3年）结石复发率,并对复发危险因素进行Logistic回归分析。结果资料完整的327例患者平均随访76．5个月,54例（16．5％）结石复发,其中近期复发35例（10．7％）,远期复发19例（5．8％）。近期胆总管结石复发率EPBD组（11．3％）和EST组（13．2％）均高于EST＋EPBD组（8．1％）,但无统计学差异（P均〉0．05）。远期胆总管结石复发率EPBD组（11．3％）和EST组（6．6％）均显著高于EST＋EPBD组（0．8％）,差异具统计学意义（P均〈0．05）。Logistic回归分析结果表明,胆囊结石、结石最大径、结石个数、机械碎石与近期结石复发显著相关（P〈0．05）,而远期胆总管结石复发则与结石最大径及单纯球囊扩张显著相关（P〈0．05）。结论对于胆总管结石青年患者,单纯EPBD取石固然可保留乳头括约肌功能,但增加了结石的远期复发风险,而乳头括约肌小切开联合EPBD取石可显著降低胆总管结石复发率。     

How Does Aging Affect Presentation and Management of Biliary Stones?

Common bile duct (CBD) stones are common in elderly adults, but the effect of aging on the presentation of CBD stones remains to be evaluated. Recent studies have demonstrated that the clinical presentation of CBD stones may vary with age. Younger adults may present with classical biliary colic symptoms, whereas elderly adults may have no unapparent clinical features. Younger adults with CBD stones were significantly more likely to have abnormal liver function tests than those without. The sensitivity and accuracy of transabdominal ultrasound scans in screening for CBD stones increases with age. Antibiotic agents should be promptly administered to individuals with CBD stones complicated by cholangitis, but the effects of pharmacotherapy on renal function should be considered in elderly adults. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is considered to be first‐line treatment for CBD stones, and endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy (EST) or endoscopic papillary balloon dilation (EPBD) along with ERCP is an adequate biliary drainage method in individuals with CBD stones. EPBD has a lower bleeding risk but higher post‐ERCP risk of pancreatitis than EST. Longer‐duration (>1 minute) EPBD may be preferred over EST because it is associated with a comparable risk of pancreatitis but a lower rate of overall complications, although recurrent cholangitis or unfavorable outcomes will increase during CBD dilation or in the presence of residual CBD stones.