股神经阻滞在全膝人工关节表面置换围手术期多模式镇痛中的应用

背景：股神经阻滞作为一种新兴疼痛控制方式在人工膝关节置换后的应用尚未见广泛开展。 目的：观察股神经阻滞在人工膝关节表面置换围手术期镇痛中的临床疗效。 方法：将接受单侧人工膝关节表面置换的77例患者随机分为治疗组(32例)和对照组(35例),两组患者均采用多模式镇痛方式,即置换前3 d口服塞来昔布+术中术区局部“鸡尾酒疗法”注射+自控静脉镇痛泵;另外,治疗组患者置换后则于患侧行股神经阻滞。 结果与结论：人工膝关节表面置换后48 h内,治疗组吗啡使用量及相关不良反应明显低于对照组(P < 0.05);置换后1周内,治疗组患者疼痛目测类比评分与关节活动度改善情况明显优于对照组(P < 0.05);两组患者置换后3个月HSS评分比较,差别无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。结果显示膝关节表面置换后应用股神经阻滞技术可有效缓解置换后疼痛并促进关节功能早期恢复,同时可降低吗啡用量,从而有效减少相关不良反应的发生。因此,该方法是一种安全有效、镇痛效果满意的镇痛方法。     

人工全髋关节置换术围手术期护理干预

人工全髋关节置换术(THR)是近10年发展很快的矫形手术,是目前治疗股骨头缺血性坏死、老年人股骨颈骨折等最有效的方法[1]。而手术效果是否理想,不仅仅取决于手术本身的成功,术前、术后的护理干预也至关重要。我院自1996年7月至2005年月7月共施行人工全髋置换术83例,效果满意,现将护理体会总结如下。1临床资料本组83例,其中男49例,女34例;年龄45～86岁,平均63岁。陈旧性股骨骨折35例,股骨头无菌性坏死48例。治疗效果按Harri评定,优:63例,良:20例,优良率达100%。2例术后出现假体脱位,经麻醉下手法复位治愈。2术前护理干预2.1心理护理人工关…     

人工全髋关节置换术围手术期护理

全髋关节置换术是采用金属及高分子聚乙烯材料模拟人体髋关节,用以替代严重受损的关节,从而恢复关节功能的一种重建手术。自2004年1月至2008年12月,我院对38例患者实施了人工全髋关节置换术,经过精心的护理均达到了预期手术效果,现将围手术期的护理体会报告如下。     

超高龄股骨颈骨折患者人工髋关节置换围手术期处理

目的：总结超高龄股骨颈骨折患者人工髋关节置换的围手术期处理方法及疗效。方法2008年10月~2013年10月对20例股骨颈骨折的超高龄患者(年龄≥86岁),采用有效的围手术期综合处理和人工髋关节置换手术。结果20例患者均安全渡过围手术期,术后早期出现并发症6例。结论个体化的围手术期综合处理是超高龄股骨颈骨折患者人工髋关节置换手术的有效保障。     

膝关节置换术的围术期区域镇痛方式选择

高质量的围术期疼痛管理对于全膝关节置换术(TKA)后的快速康复和改善功能恢复都十分重要。随着区域麻醉技术的发展和超声在麻醉镇痛领域的应用,股神经阻滞、坐骨神经阻滞和收肌管阻滞等区域麻醉技术以其可靠的镇痛效果和较少的全身不良反应在术后镇痛中的应用比例逐渐提高。局部切口浸润的应用也越来越广泛。无论采用哪种方法,重要的临床需求都是改善功能锻炼期间的镇痛效果和充分保留下肢运动功能。临床实践一直在探索一种安全、持久、有效和无运动神经阻滞的镇痛方法,或多种方法的联合应用,因此,现阶段仍鼓励为TKA患者提供多模式镇痛。     

成人先髋全髋置换术1例术中与围手术期联合护理

2009年5月我科对1例成人先天性髋关节脱位（congenital dislocation of the hip,CDH）患者行人工全髋关节置换术,经过全程精心护理效果满意。现将全程护理报告如下：     

全膝关节置换多模式联合镇痛的短期效果

背景：全膝关节置换围手术期疼痛处理一直为临床所关注,部分国内医院已经开展多模式镇痛治疗和其他综合围手术期镇痛措施,并报道取得了较好临床效果,但仍缺乏系统化的围手术期疼痛控制方案。 目的：通过比较多模式与非多模式两种镇痛方案在围手术期疼痛控制方面的短期临床效果,探索较为有效、规范的围手术期镇痛方案。 方法：随机选取2010年10月至2011年10月首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院接受单侧初次全膝关节置换患者40例。并按照镇痛方案的不同分为多模式镇痛组20例及非多模式镇痛组20例。非多模式镇痛组采取常规的持续硬膜外镇痛,并在置换后给予非类固醇类消炎镇痛药物。多模式镇痛组则进行超前镇痛,置换后留置股神经阻滞管进行初期持续、后期负荷剂量镇痛。 结果与结论：多模式镇痛组患者置换后6,12,24 h的疼痛目测类比评分均值小于非多模式镇痛组,然而差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。置换后第2天多模式镇痛组活动痛要明显小于非多模式镇痛组,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.01)。置换后第3-7天多模式镇痛组患者静息痛及活动痛均小于非多模式镇痛组,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.01)。置换后第2-7天多模式镇痛组患者膝关节活动度均值大于非多模式镇痛组,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。结果可见采用多模式疼痛控制方案能够在置换后短期内减少疼痛,加快关节功能的恢复。     

膝关节镜手术围手术期的护理

目的探讨膝关节镜手术的围手术期护理,为今后临床治疗和护理提供依据。方法采集我科2012年9月~2013年12月对19例膝关节镜手术患者的术前、术后护理,并发症的预防及科学的康复训练。结果减轻患者的心理恐惧,19例患者全部顺利康复出院,无感染,无并发症发生,膝关节功能恢复良好。结论规范化的围手术期护理及康复指导是膝关节镜手术成功的重要保证。     

髋关节置换术围手术期对深静脉血栓的预防性护理对策

目的分析和研究髋关节置换术围手术期对深静脉血栓的预防性护理效果。方法我们选取2011年9月~2013年12月髋关节置换术患者126例,将其按奇、偶数字法分为两组：对照组63例(给予行常规护理)与观察组63例(在常规护理基础上加用预防性护理干预),将两组患者术后深静脉血栓发生率进行对比。结果观察组患者术后深静脉血栓发生率明显低于对照组(P<0.05),具有统计学意义。结论将深静脉血栓预防性护理措施应用于髋关节置换术患者的围手术期护理中,通过术前评估宣教、术后实施预防性护理措施,能够有效减少或避免深静脉血栓发生机率,对提高手术效果有重要作用。     

甲基强的松龙在颈椎病围手术期的疗效观察

目的探讨甲基强的松龙（MP）在脊髓型颈椎病围手术期的疗效。方法将因脊髓型颈椎病行单纯前路减压的117例患者随机分为3组：A组40例,减压手术前在持续心电监护下于30 m in内以30 mg/kg剂量快速静脉滴注MP,术后1-3 d按照3 mg·kg^-1·d^-1剂量静滴MP;B组39例,仅术后1-3 d按照3 mg·kg^-1·d^-1剂量静滴MP;C组38例,仅术后1-3 d以10 mg地塞米松静脉滴注。术后常规给予脱水、预防溃疡及神经营养药物治疗。于术后3 d、7 d、180 d对3组患者的脊髓神经功能恢复情况及并发症发生率进行统计学分析。结果3组术前JOA评分无显著差异,术后A组神经功能恢复率优于B组和C组,B组术后1周内优于C组。术后各时相点JOA评分较术前显著提高（P〈0.01）,各组之间术后并发症发生率无显著差异。结论脊髓型颈椎病围手术期给予MP治疗对于神经功能的恢复有良好疗效,且术前给予大剂量冲击治疗较单纯术后使用MP疗效更好。     

关节局部注射罗哌卡因结合静脉PCA泵对全膝关节置换术后的镇痛研究

目的研究全膝关节置换术后关节周围注射罗哌卡因结合PCA泵的镇痛效果。方法选取择期行全膝关节置换手术患者90例,随机分为3组,每组30例（n=30）,第一组（A组）术后包括膝关节后关节囊和前侧切口周围组织浸润注射罗哌卡因,结合静脉PCA泵镇痛;第二组（B组）术后仅在前侧切口周围组织浸润注射罗哌卡因,而不注射后关节囊,结合静脉PCA泵镇痛。第三组（C组）术后仅采用静脉PCA泵镇痛。分别在术后2、12、24、48、72小时,以视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale,VAS）评估患者术后的疼痛水平。结果术后2、12、24、48、72小时A、B、C组评分分别为2．0,2．1,4．9;2．7,2．6,5．5;3．5,3．4,4．6;2．4,2．5,3．8;1．4,1．4,2．8。A组和B组评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,A组和B组评分较C组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论全膝关节置换术后应用罗哌卡因和静脉PCA泵能够有效缓解疼痛,后关节囊可不注射,镇痛效果优于单用PCA泵。     

A randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacies of ketorolac and parecoxib for early pain management after total knee arthroplasty

BackgroundNonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used to reduce pain after orthopedic surgery. Currently, selective COX-2 inhibitors can provide effective pain reduction with less platelet inhibition compared with conventional NSAIDs. We aimed to compare the analgesic effect and perioperative blood loss (PBL) after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) between ketorolac and parecoxib administration.MethodsWe conducted a prospective randomized controlled study of 100 unilateral TKAs. The ketorolac group of 50 patients received an intraoperative periarticular injection (PAI) with 100 mg of bupivacaine and 30 mg of ketorolac. Afterwards, 30 mg of ketorolac was intravenously injected every 12 h until 48 h. In the parecoxib group of 50 patients, 20 mg of parecoxib was added to PAI, and the first intravenous dose was 20 mg followed by 40 mg every 12 h. The primary outcomes were visual analog scales (VASs) of postoperative pain, amount of morphine consumption, PBL, and blood transfusion rate.ResultsThe ketorolac group had a significantly lower VAS pain score than the parecoxib group at 6 h after TKA (2.38 ± 2.52 vs. 4.12 ± 2.86, P < 0.01). Thereafter, the VAS of both groups and total morphine consumption at 24 and 48 h were comparable. The PBLs of the ketorolac and parecoxib groups were 529.72 ± 263.02 and 402.40 ± 191.47 ml, respectively (P = 0.01). However, the blood transfusion rates between groups were not different.ConclusionParecoxib provides comparable analgesic effects to ketorolac. Additionally, perioperative use of parecoxib is safe and is associated with significantly less blood loss after TKA.     

Analgesia for total knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis comparing local infiltration and femoral nerve block

Patients frequently experience postoperative pain after a total knee arthroplasty; such pain is always challenging to treat and may delay the patient''s recovery. It is unclear whether local infiltration or a femoral nerve block offers a better analgesic effect after total knee arthroplasty.We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to compare local infiltration with a femoral nerve block in patients who underwent a primary unilateral total knee arthroplasty. We searched Pubmed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library through December 2014. Two reviewers scanned abstracts and extracted data. The data collected included numeric rating scale values for pain at rest and pain upon movement and opioid consumption in the first 24 hours. Mean differences with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each end point. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate potential sources of heterogeneity.While the numeric rating scale values for pain upon movement (MD-0.62; 95%CI: -1.13 to -0.12; p=0.02) in the first 24 hours differed significantly between the patients who received local infiltration and those who received a femoral nerve block, there were no differences in the numeric rating scale results for pain at rest (MD-0.42; 95%CI:-1.32 to 0.47; p=0.35) or opioid consumption (MD 2.92; 95%CI:-1.32 to 7.16; p=0.18) in the first 24 hours.Local infiltration and femoral nerve block showed no significant differences in pain intensity at rest or opioid consumption after total knee arthroplasty, but the femoral nerve block was associated with reduced pain upon movement.     

Comparison of total joint arthroplasty care patterns prior to the Covid-19 pandemic and after resumption of elective surgery during the Covid-19 Outbreak: A retrospective,large urban academic center study

BackgroundAfter the suspension of elective surgeries was lifted in June 2020 in New York State, challenges remained regarding coordination of total joint arthroplasty (TJA) cases. Using the experience from a high-volume health system in New York City, we aimed to describe patterns of care after resumption of elective TJA.MethodsWe retrospectively assessed 7,699 TJAs performed before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Perioperative characteristics and clinical outcomes were compared between TJAs based on time period of performance: 1) pre-pandemic (PP, June 8th–December 8th, 2019), 2) initial period post-resumption of elective surgeries (IR, June 8th–September 8th, 2020), and 3) later period post-resumption (LR, September 9th–December 8th, 2020).ResultsLOS > 2 days (83%, 67%, 70% for PP, IR, LR periods respectively) and discharge rates to post-acute care (PAC) facilities were lower during the pandemic periods (OR_{IR vs. PP}: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.40–0.59, p < 0.001; OR_{LR vs. PP}: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.53–0.75, p < 0.001). Compared to the pre-pandemic period, the risk for 30-day readmission was lower during the IR period (OR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.40–0.98, p = 0.041) and similar during the LR period (OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.65–1.41, p = 0.832).ConclusionsDespite decreased LOS and discharge to PAC for TJAs performed during the pandemic, 30-day readmissions did not increase. Given the increased costs and lack of superior functional outcomes associated with discharge to PAC, these findings suggest that discharge to PAC facilities need not return to pre-pandemic levels.     

局部应用不同剂型氨甲环酸对初次全髋关节置换术围手术期失血量的影响

目的探讨不同剂型氨甲环酸(tranexamic acid,TXA)对降低单侧初次全髋关节置换术(total hip arthroplasty,THA)围手术期失血量的有效性和安全性。方法将2016年10月至2018年10月180例行单侧初次THA手术的患者按随机数表法分为粉剂氨甲环酸组(粉TXA组)、水剂氨甲环酸组(水TXA组)、单纯静脉注射组,每组60例。粉TXA组患者于切皮前10 min静脉单次使用20 mg/kg的TXA,关闭关节腔前将2 g TXA粉剂直接倒入腔内;水TXA组患者同样于切皮前10 min静脉单次使用20 mg/kg的TXA,关闭关节腔前将2 g TXA溶于20mL生理盐水局部浸泡手术部位。记录各组术中出血量及术后引流量;复查术后1、3 d血常规,记录患者血红蛋白水平和红细胞比容,通过公式计算并比较患者术后绝对失血量;如患者血红蛋白低于70 g/L,则予以同型红细胞悬液2 U静脉输入;术后5 d复查双下肢静脉彩超,记录术后输血和深静脉血栓的发生率。结果各组患者术中出血量无差异;粉TXA组患者术后引流量、绝对失血量均低于水TXA组、对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);粉TXA组患者术后输血1例,水TXA组8例,对照组18例,各组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05);粉TXA组患者术后发现1例下肢深静脉血栓,水TXA组、对照组患者未发现术后下肢静脉血栓,三组患者术后深静脉血栓发生率无明显差异。结论粉剂TXA局部关节腔内使用可以更加有效地减少THA围手术期的血液丢失及术后输血率,无需配药,减少操作环节,不增加下肢深静脉血栓的发生风险,粉剂TXA局部用于关节腔是THA围手术期控制血液丢失的安全、有效的方法。     

全髋关节置换术围术期预防深静脉血栓形成的研究进展

深静脉血栓形成(deep vein thrombosis,DVT)是全髋关节置换(total hip arthroplasty,THA)术后常见的并发症,可造成不同程度的慢性深静脉功能不全,还可能导致肺栓塞,甚至死亡。THA围术期DVT的预防,旨在减少静脉内膜的损伤、加快静脉内血液流动、解除静脉内血液高凝状态,降低DVT的发生率,改善预后,促进术后康复。DVT的预防必须贯穿整个围术期,临床医生需根据患者的实际情况,结合不同预防方法的特点,实施高效合理的个体化预防措施。笔者就THA围术期DVT预防的研究进展作一综述。     

旋转平台全膝置换术治疗治疗重症膝关节炎34例的临床观察

目的探讨旋转平台全膝置换治疗重症膝关节骨性关节炎的临床疗效。方法对2007年1月～2009年10月我院34例（41膝）人工旋转平台全膝置换术进行临床分析和总结,行HSS[5,6]膝关节评分系统进行分析。结果术后平均随访17个月（5～31个月）,手术前HSS（thehospitalforspecialsurgery）评分平均51分,手术后评分平均92分,手术优良率为91%。病人术后在膝关节疼痛,功能和活动度方面有明显改善。结论旋转平台全膝置换术对治疗重症膝关节炎有良好的疗效。     

Avoidance of intramedullary violation in computer-assisted total knee arthroplasty lowers the incidence of periprosthetic joint infection compared with conventional total knee arthroplasty: A propensity score matching analysis of 5342 cases

BackgroundConventional total knee arthroplasty (CONV-TKA) inevitably perturbs femoral medullary canal, disturbs medullary micro-architecture and increases blood loss and inflammatory responses. We hypothesized that avoidance of intramedullary violation may lower the incidence of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). The aim of this study was to verify whether computer-assisted total knee arthroplasty (CAS-TKA) lowers the incidence of PJI as compared with CONV-TKA.MethodsA propensity score matching study of 5342 patients who underwent CAS-TKA (n = 1085) or CONV-TKA (n = 4257) for primary osteoarthritis of the knee from 2007 to 2015 in our institute was performed. Patients who underwent CAS-TKA were matched to those who received CONV-TKA at a 1:2 ratio according to demographics and comorbidities. PJI was defined according to the Musculoskeletal Infection Society diagnostic criteria from the 2013 International Consensus Meeting.ResultsAfter controlling potential risk factors, the use of CAS-TKA resulted in a lower incidence of PJI as compared with CONV-TKA [adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 0.42; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.18–0.99]. The same trend in PJI reduction was observed with the usage of CAS-TKA under sensitivity testing [HR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.12–0.95]. The cumulative incidence of PJI was lower in the CAS-TKA group than the CONV-TKA group (log-rank test, p = 0.013).ConclusionAvoidance of intramedullary violation during TKA may play a pivotal role in lowering the incidence of PJI. The use of CAS-TKA can reduce the incidence of PJI, with a better survival rate in terms of being free of PJI, as compared with CONV-TKA.Level of evidence III.     

Navigation-based analysis of associations between intraoperative joint gap and mediolateral laxity in total knee arthroplasty

BackgroundNo data have demonstrated how joint gap measured under a distraction force is actually associated with mediolateral laxity evaluated under a varus–valgus force during total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This study aimed to investigate the correlations between them using a navigation system.MethodsA total of 113 primary navigated TKAs were included. After bone resection and soft-tissue balancing, the component gap was measured with a distraction force of 60 N and 80 N for both the medial and lateral compartment (i.e. a total of 120 N and 160 N) at 0°, 10°, 30°, 60°, 90°, and 120° knee flexion. After the final prosthetic implantation and capsule closure, mediolateral laxity under a maximum varus–valgus stress was recorded with image-free navigation at each knee flexion angle. The correlation between joint gap laxity (total differences between component gap and insert thickness in the medial and lateral compartment) and mediolateral laxity was analyzed using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient.ResultsThe joint gap laxity under both distraction forces showed significant positive correlations with mediolateral laxity at 10°, 30°, 60°, and 90° flexion, whereas no correlation was observed at extension and 120° flexion. The correlations were stronger in gap measurement under 80 N than 60 N at all examined ranges. In patients with body mass indexes (BMIs) ≥ 30 kg/m², the correlation became non-significant.ConclusionIntraoperative joint gap laxity was associated with mediolateral laxity after TKA, especially at mid-flexion angles. The factors weakening the correlations were a lower applied distraction force for gap measurement and a larger BMI.     

Groningen orthopaedic exit strategy: Validation of a support program after total hip or knee arthroplasty

OBJECTIVE: Validation of the program theory of the Groningen orthopaedic exit strategy (GOES), a theory-driven program aiming to improve the rehabilitation of total hip and knee arthroplasty patients after shortened hospital stay. First part of the program theory is the action theory, hypothesising that the GOES treatment positively influences the mediating variables (self-efficacy, social support, pain-coping). The second part, the conceptual theory, hypothesis a positive relationship between these variables and the outcome variables (ADL functioning, physical activity behaviour, quality of life). METHODS: Patients were randomly assigned to the GOES or control groups. Questionnaires were used to assess mediating and outcome variables in 103 patients (50 GOES, 53 controls) pre-operatively, and 6 and 26 weeks post-operatively. RESULTS: No difference was seen between the two groups in terms of changes between pre-operative and post-operative mediating variables (action theory). Moderate-to-large correlations explaining reasonable amount of variance (22%, 25%, 56%) were found between the mediating and outcome variables (conceptual theory). CONCLUSION: The conceptual theory is supported; however, as the treatment did not influence the mediating variables (action theory), it has no added value in its current form. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The treatment needs to be adjusted; it is discussed that individualised treatment could be more effective.