腕关节韧带的解剖学观测及临床意义

通过对５０侧成人尸体腕关节韧带的细致观察，证实腕关节的主要韧带为腕掌侧关节囊内韧带，首次测量了这些韧带的长、宽和厚度，并发现了头月关节掌侧面的弓桥韧带。作者还对腕关节韧带损伤与腕关节不稳的解剖学基础进行了探讨。     

扬子鳄附肢关节的初步研究

观察了６例扬子鳄附肢骨骼的连结情况，并对前、后肢各主要关节的结构和功能进行了比较，发现肩带仅以上喙软骨与胸廓相连，腰带形成完整的骨环；肩臼鞍状，髋臼大而浅；肩关节和髋关节结构相似，囊的前下方无有滑膜襞，但后者关节囊较厚，且囊内有韧带；肘关节和膝关节结构亦相似，膝关节内尚有半月板和交叉韧带；足关节较复杂；掌指、跖趾和指、趾间关节均为屈戌关节；指、趾短伸、屈肌肌健分别止于爪的基部背、腹侧。     

高频超声在隐性腕部腱鞘囊肿诊断中的应用

隐性腕部腱鞘囊肿是指发生于腕关节囊内的囊肿,大多起自于舟月脊侧韧带,由于囊肿位于腕关节囊内,且体积较小,在体表难以触及或看到包块,如果不进行MRI、超声等检查则易被漏诊或误诊.     

手舟骨月骨间韧带的解剖学及临床意义

目的：俾舟骨与月明间的舟月骨间韧带的解剖学结构和分布特点，探讨其对舟月骨间关节稳定性的作用。方法：采用２２只成人尸腐朽 标本，在解剖显微镜膛月骨间韧带的大体形态、长度变化、与腔囊内韧带的关系和在舟月骨上的附着点的位置及宽度。结果：舟月骨间韧带分成掌侧部、近仙部和背侧部，其掌背侧部以致密纤维结构为主，但近侧部显示有纤维软骨样成分。此韧 和桡舟头韧带、桡舟月专带及腔背侧横韧带有关系，舟月骨间韧带对舟，     

骨连结教学探索

骨连结是运动系统的重要内容 ,如果教师教学或引导得当能减轻学生负担 ,消除学生对解剖学的畏惧心理 ,有利于以后的解剖学学习。骨连结的教学以下方面值得注意 :第一、教学中应采用理论与实验相结合以实验为主的学习方法。第二、骨连结总论 :采取理论课教学 ,除介绍骨连结的概念、形态分类和关节的结构以外 ,应特别强调关节的形态分类及各类关节的运动形式 ,从而使学生在以后的学习中能够根据关节类型推断关节的运动形式而不是去死记关节的运动 ,达到事半功倍的效果。第三、骨连结各论采取实验课教学。对于直接连结主要是认识其结构特点及临…     

拇指腕掌关节韧带的解剖学特点及其临床意义

目的　研究拇指腕掌关节韧带的解剖学特点及各韧带在拇指运动中的作用,为韧带重建提供形态学基础。 方法　放大镜下解剖成人男性尸体20例新鲜手标本,观察拇指腕掌关节韧带的起止点及附着部位,分别测量各韧带在中立位下的长、宽、厚及最大拉伸长度,测量关节的活动范围。 结果　拇指腕掌关节周围共5条韧带,其中桡背韧带、后斜韧带、前斜韧带为囊内韧带,第1骨间韧带、尺侧韧带为囊外韧带。在囊内韧带中,最厚的是桡背韧带（2.08±0.27） mm,最薄的是前斜韧带（1.14±0.17） mm。最宽的是前斜韧带（9.33±1.09） mm,最窄的是后斜韧带（7.23±0.88） mm。延伸率最大的是桡背韧带（57.33±9.21%）,最小的是前斜韧带（38.43±8.26%）。 结论　拇指腕掌关节存在三级稳定结构,在关节囊韧带中,桡背韧带厚韧而紧张,对维持关节稳定性起重要作用,前斜韧带薄而松弛,外伤或自发性劳损引起退行性变可能性较大,拇指腕掌关节炎应该首选重建前斜韧带。     

近侧列腕骨间关节及韧带的应用解剖学观察

目的　对近侧列腕骨间关节及部分腕部韧带的解剖组织学特性进行详细观察。 方法　对成人腕关节标本的近侧列腕骨间关节及部分韧带进行解剖学观察、测量，并进行组织学观察。 结果　舟月及月三角骨间韧带各亚区中，近侧亚区最薄弱，掌、背侧亚区较粗壮。小多角骨－第2掌骨间背侧韧带长(3.13±0.28)mm，宽(9.12±0.35)mm，厚（3.28±0.25）mm，头状骨－第3掌骨间背侧韧带长（3.45±0.15）mm，宽（11.87±0.44）mm，厚（3.03±0.29）mm。舟月骨间韧带（SLIL）掌、背侧亚区韧带纤维间含较多血管神经束，近侧亚区则为乏血管区；SLIL与月三角骨间韧带（LTIL）有较高的穿孔率。 结论　小多角骨－第2掌骨间背侧韧带及头状骨－第3掌骨间背侧韧带均可作为舟月骨间韧带背侧亚区重建的供区材料；SLIL及　LTIL按组织结构及形态可分为掌、背、近侧3个亚区；SLIL及LTIL较高的穿孔率表明腕关节造影术不能准确判断关节内韧带是否损伤。     

右膝关节前交叉韧带缺乏一例报道

正常膝关节的关节囊薄而松弛，周围有韧带加固，以增强关节稳定性。其韧带分囊内韧带和囊外韧带，囊内韧带为前交叉韧带和后交叉韧带，可防止胫骨向前、后移位。本文作者在制作教学标本的过程中，发现一例右膝关节缺乏前交叉韧带，为积累国人体质变异资料和临床应用，现报道如下：     

切开复位加压空心螺钉内固定治疗经舟骨月骨周围骨折-脱位

目的　探讨切开复位加压空心螺钉和克氏针内固定治疗经舟骨月骨周围骨折-脱位的临床效果。 方法　对25例患者采用切开复位、克氏针固定腕骨关节,舟骨骨折复位加压空心螺钉内固定,同时修复关节囊和韧带,术后进行康复治疗。 结果　术后随访7～24个月,平均15个月,根据Cooney腕关节评分标准, 本组优8例、良10例、可5例,差2例,平均评分值82分。X线片检查舟状骨骨折一期愈合,腕关节达解剖复位,腕骨间隙正常。 结论　应用切开复位加压空心螺钉和克氏针内固定,修复关节囊和重要韧带, 有利于腕关节功能的恢复,是治疗经舟骨月骨周围骨折-脱位的较好方法。     

人工生物材料及组织工程学手段修复腕关节韧带损伤

目的:总结分析人工生物材料干预腕关节韧带损伤的特点。方法:作者应用计算机检索PubMed数据库(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed)及CNKI数据库(www.cnki.net/index.htm),在标题和摘要中以"腕关节,韧带,康复,治疗"或"WristJoint,Ligament,Rehabilitation,Treatment"为检索词进行检索。选择文章内容与腕关节韧带损伤与治疗手段、材料学特点、生物相容性及其应用效果相关,同一领域文献则选择近期发表或发表在权威杂志的文章,共纳入22篇文献。结果:腕关节属于非常复杂的连接系统,由于腕关节生理结构及其生物力学的特殊性,体育运动中腕关节韧带损伤较为常见。目前,国内外已对腕关节韧带做过较多的解剖学、组织学及生物力学特性的研究,但针对腕关节韧带损伤后运用人工生物材料及组织工程学手段修复或重建方面的报告甚为少见。结论:随着细胞生物学和分子生物学方法和技术的进步,韧带组织损伤修复研究进入了崭新阶段,人工生物材料及组织工程学的兴起为腕关节韧带损伤后的治疗与康复措施提供了新的研究方向。     

腕管内压测量及其临床意义

目的探讨腕管综合症的发病原因,寻找治疗腕管综合症的最佳方法。方法利用通过造改的血压测量器,测量腕管在碗横韧带上、下方的内压;观察测量腕横韧带的厚度。结果腕管内压力在韧带上方左侧为（1.39±1.14）mmHg,右侧为（1.81±0.72）mmHg,在韧带下方左侧为（3.02±1.12）mmHg,右侧为（3.15±1.23）mmHg;腕横韧带的厚度为（0.13±0.06）mm。切断腕横韧带后用此种压力测量器尚未测出腕管内压。结论腕管内压的维持与腕横韧带的厚度有一定关系,某种因素造成腕横韧带的增厚是腕管综合症的发病原因之一。     

腕管综合征的解剖学基础

目的：为临床行腕管内正中神经松解术治疗腕管综合征提供解剖学资料。方法：用局部解剖法在50侧上肢标本上观察并测量腕管、腕横韧带、正中神经和腕管内容物等解剖参数。结果：腕管的左右径、腕横韧带的长度、正中神经距腕横韧带的垂直距离、腕管及内容物的横断面积以及面积比等均是近侧端大过远侧端，而腕管的前后径、正中神经的径线、腕横韧带的厚度等则为近侧端小于远侧端。结论：腕管是一个缺乏伸展性的骨-韧带管道，任何因素卡压正中神经均可导致腕管综合征。在对患者做正中神经松解治疗时，保守注射疗法一般应在掌长肌腱内侧讲针．手术治疗时府在腕横韧带远侧端切开。     

腕管内容物测量在临床中的应用

目的观测腕管内容物并描述其相互间关系,为临床手外科学和显微外科学中的应用提供参考。方法采用游标卡尺对22具本成人尸体（男16具,女6具）,44侧标本成人尸体标本腕管内容物测量,腕管解剖学观察、腕管内容物、腕横韧带的厚度测量等。结果腕管为纤维性骨管,略呈扁圆柱形,男性：狭窄部内外径（25．0±2．6）mm,前后径（10．2±1．1）mm;女性：狭窄部内外径（17．0±2．5）mm,前后（10．4±1．5）mm。腕横韧带男性：长（25．5±4．7）mm,宽（22．1±2．2）mm,厚2．3mm,下界距腕远纹（28．4±2．6）mm;女性：长（22．7±3．3）mm,宽（20．1±2．5）mm,厚3．1mm,下界距腕远纹（27．5±2．1）mm。腕管的断面,男性第1断面：（189．7±17．5）mm2,第2断面：（182．1±13．7）mm2,第3断面：（223．4±29．8）mm2;女性第1断面：（172．4±15．2）mm2,第2断面：（153．1±17．3）mm2,第3断面：（178．1±11．6）mm2。结论男性腕管宽短,女性腕管狭长,腕横韧带上半部薄,下半部厚,坚韧而缺乏弹性,女性腕管比男性狭窄,可能是好发疾病的原因之一。     

Anatomic variations of the median nerve in carpal tunnel release

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a well-known clinical entity. Release of the transverse carpal ligament is considered to be the treatment of choice. Both open and endoscopic release of the transverse carpal ligament in CTS has yielded satisfactory results. Although these procedures are very common in surgical practice, inadequate release and intraoperative damage to neural elements are very frustrating complication for both the patient and the surgeon. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate incidental intraoperative findings of variations of the standard median nerve anatomy. We obtained incidental intraoperative identification of median nerve variations in 110 consecutive patients operated with open release of the transverse carpal ligament in CTS. Using the Amadio classification, we found intraoperatively variations of median nerve at the wrist in 11 patients. In three patients, there was an aberrant sensory branch arising from the ulnar side of the median nerve and piercing the ulnar margin of the transverse carpal ligament. Neural variations arising from the ulnar aspect of the median nerve were common and could be a cause of iatrogenic injury during endoscopic or open release. Surgeons should be aware of anomalous branches, which should be recognized and separately decompressed if needed.     

Fiber orientation of the transverse carpal ligament

The transverse carpal ligament is the volar roof of the carpal tunnel. Gross observation shows that the ligament appears to have fibers that roughly orient in the transverse direction. A closer anatomical examination shows that the ligament also has oblique fibers. Knowledge of the fiber orientation of the transverse carpal ligament is valuable for further understanding the ligament's role in regulating the structural function of the carpal tunnel. The purpose of this study is to quantify collagen fiber orientation within the transverse carpal ligament using the small angle light scattering technique. Eight transverse carpal ligament samples from cadaver hands were used in this study. Individual 20-μm sections were cut evenly along the thickness of the transverse carpal ligament. Sections of three thickness levels (25%, 50%, and 75% from the volar surface) were collected for each transverse carpal ligament. Fibers were grouped in the following orientation ranges: transverse, longitudinal, oblique in the pisiform-trapezium (PT), and oblique in the scaphoid-hamate (SH) directions. In analyzing the fiber percentages, the orientation types for the different thickness levels of the ligament showed that the transverse fibers were the most prominent (>60.7%) followed by the PT oblique (18.6%), SH oblique (13.0%), and longitudinal (8.6%) fibers.     

Transverse carpal muscle in association with carpal tunnel syndrome: report of three cases

Anomalous muscles of the upper extremity are common, however, symptomatic anomalies causing CTS are rare. Three cases of CTS that are believed to be caused by an anomalous muscle located palmar to the transverse carpal ligament with transversely oriented muscle bundles is presented. Despite the arguments in literature, this is certainly an anomalous muscle that can be encountered during carpal tunnel release and be problematic to manipulate when minimally invasive approaches are chosen.     

腕关节韧带功能解剖在桡骨远端骨折复位中的意义

目的探讨腕关节韧带功能解剖在桡骨远端骨折复位中的意义。方法2008年9月至2009年3月我科门诊收治46例桡骨远端骨折患者采用闭合复位小夹板外固定方法治疗,术后即进行手指、肩、肘关节活动,术后4~6周据骨折愈合情况拆除夹板,进行腕关节指导下的功能锻炼。结果本组46例,有38例获得随访,其中有5例粉碎骨折1周复查时移位明显而改为切开复位内固定术,随访6~12个月。所有骨折伤后2.5~3.5个月愈合,平均3个月,参照Aro关于桡骨远端骨折复位后的功能评价标准,优26例,良8例,可4例,优良率89.5%。结论将腕关节韧带的功能解剖与复位手法相结合加夹板外固定进行桡骨远端骨折复位,是一种治疗桡骨远端骨折的理想方法。     

Development and morphogenesis of human wrist joint during embryonic and early fetal period

The development of the human wrist joint has been studied widely, with the main focus on carpal chondrogenesis, ligaments and triangular fibrocartilage. However, there are some discrepancies concerning the origin and morphogenetic time-table of these structures, including nerves, muscles and vascular elements. For this study we used serial sections of 57 human embryonic (n = 30) and fetal (n = 27) specimens from O'Rahilly stages 17-23 and 9-14 weeks, respectively. The following phases in carpal morphogenesis have been established: undifferentiated mesenchyme (stage 17), condensated mesenchyme (stages 18 and 19), pre-chondrogenic (stages 19 and 20) and chondrogenic (stages 21 and over). Carpal chondrification and osteogenic processes are similar, starting with capitate and hamate (stage 19) and ending with pisiform (stage 22). In week 14, a vascular bud penetrates into the lunate cartilaginous mold, early sign of the osteogenic process that will be completed after birth. In stage 18, median, ulnar and radial nerves and thenar eminence appear in the hand plate. In stage 21, there are indications of the interosseous muscles, and in stage 22 flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus and lumbrical muscles, transverse carpal ligament and collateral ligaments emerge. In stage 23, the articular disc, radiocarpal and ulnocarpal ligaments and deep palmar arterial arch become visible. Radiate carpal and interosseous ligaments appear in week 9, and in week 10, dorsal radiocarpal ligament and articular capsule are evident. Finally, synovial membrane is observed in week 13. We have performed a complete analysis of the morphogenesis of the structures of the human wrist joint. Our results present new data on nervous and arterial elements and provide the basis for further investigations on anatomical pathology, comparative morphology and evolutionary anthropology.