Detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients: sensitivity of CT and ultrasonography.

Patients with cirrhosis are at increased risk for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. The heterogeneous hepatic parenchyma produced by cirrhosis makes detection of hepatomas more difficult. The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivities of CT and ultrasonography for detecting hepatomas in cirrhotic patients. A retrospective analysis was performed of 733 patients who underwent liver transplantation at our institution. A study population of 21 patients was selected who met our inclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria required a pathologic diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, pathologic evidence of cirrhosis, and contrast-enhanced CT and sonographic examinations performed within 1 week of each other. The sensitivities of CT and ultrasonography were determined by comparing the imaging findings with pathology findings from serially sectioned total hepatectomy specimens. A total of 40 hepatomas were detected pathologically in the 21 patients in our study population. CT identified 12 of 21 patients with hepatomas and detected 18 of 40 individual lesions (patient detection sensitivity = 57%, lesion detection sensitivity = 45%). Ultrasonography identified 14 of 21 patients with hepatomas and detected 21 of 40 individual lesions (patient detection sensitivity = 67%, lesion detection sensitivity = 51%). Combining the findings of CT and ultrasonography allowed identification of 17 of 21 patients with hepatomas and detection of 24 of 40 individual lesions (patient detection sensitivity = 80%, lesion detection sensitivity = 60%). We conclude that CT and ultrasonography have a low sensitivity for the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis.     

乙型肝炎病毒X抗原、X抗体检测的临床意义

目的了解乙型肝炎病毒X抗原(HBxAg)、X抗体(HBxAb)在乙型肝炎、肝硬化、肝癌患者血清中的表达情况,探讨HBxAg和HBxAb与上述疾病的相关性和临床意义。方法应用大肠埃希菌合成重组HBxAg,用该抗原免疫动物获得的HBxAb分别包被反应板以酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测患者(171例乙型肝炎、70例肝硬化和38例肝癌)血清中HBxAg和HBxAb。结果在乙型肝炎、肝硬化、肝癌患者血清中HBxAg和HBxAb阳性率分别为8.8%、18.6%、7.9%和10.5%、47.1%、34.2%,HBxAg在肝硬化患者中检出率较高(P<0.025);与乙型肝炎组比较,HBxAb阳性率在肝硬化和肝癌患者均有显著增高(P<0.005)。结论HBxAg在肝硬化患者检出率较高,而HBxAb则在乙型肝炎后的肝硬化和肝癌患者检出率较高,提示HBxAg和HBxAb可能参与肝组织的免疫病理性损伤过程。     

高尔基蛋白73（GP73）在原发性肝癌中的诊断价值

目的评价高尔基蛋白（GP73）在原发性肝癌诊断中的价值。方法选择肝癌患者93例,对照人群共71例（包括健康人,肝硬化,及慢性肝炎患者）,用电化学发光法检测AFP;采用WesternBlot方法和ELISA方法检测高尔基蛋（q73（GP73）。结果GP73的ROC曲线下面积为0．873,当35．76ng／ml为GP73诊断肝细胞癌的cut．off值时,GP73检测肝细胞癌的敏感性和特异性分别为79．6％和85．9％。AFP阳性的肝癌组23．4％（11／47）GP73阴性,如果单用GP73检测,会漏诊23．4％。AFP阴性同时GP73阴性占（6／93）6．4％,联合检测AFP、GP73,肝癌漏诊率降低至6．4％。肝硬化组GP73浓度均值大于慢性肝炎及正常人群,但差异无统计学意义。丙型肝炎肝癌组GP73浓度均值高于乙型肝炎及非病毒性肝炎肝癌,差异有统计学意义。结论GP73诊断肝细胞癌的敏感性优于AFP。GP73、AFP联合应用有较好的互补性,可以有效避免可能发生的AFP阴性病例的漏检。GP73可成为鉴别肝硬化、肝癌患者的血清标志物,有一定的早期诊断价值。     

Detection of hepatocellular carcinomas and dysplastic nodules in cirrhotic liver: accuracy of ultrasonography in transplant patients.

The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of ultrasonography in the detection of hepatocellular carcinomas and dysplastic nodules in patients with liver cirrhosis. Pretransplantation sonograms in 52 patients with liver cirrhosis who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation were evaluated retrospectively. The numbers of hepatocellular carcinomas and dysplastic nodules were assessed in the explanted liver specimens and compared with pretransplantation ultrasonographic results. Eighteen hepatocellular carcinomas in 16 patients and 20 dysplastic nodules in 11 patients were present in the explanted livers. The size of hepatocellular carcinomas ranged from 0.6 to 5.0 cm (mean, 2.1 cm) in diameter, and that of dysplastic nodules ranged from 0.5 to 1.7 cm (mean, 1.0 cm) in diameter. Pretransplantation ultrasonography enabled detection of 6 of 18 hepatocellular carcinoma and 0 of 20 dysplastic nodule lesions; lesion detection sensitivity for hepatocellular carcinomas and dysplastic nodules was 33% and 0%, respectively. Patient sensitivity and specificity for hepatocellular carcinomas were 38% (6 of 16) and 92% (33 of 36), and those for dysplastic nodules were 0% and 95% (39 of 41), respectively. On the basis of our results, ultrasonography is insensitive for detection of hepatocellular carcinomas and dysplastic nodules in patients with advanced liver cirrhosis.     

肝细胞肝癌组织ICAM-1及血清sICAM-1水平变化的临床意义

目的：研究细胞间黏附分子-1（ICAM-1）在肝细胞肝癌（HCC）中表达的临床意义。方法：应用免疫组化方法结合全自动图像检测40例HCC组织及其癌旁组织和28例肝硬化组织中ICAM-1的表达，以酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）法测定42例HCC、26例肝硬化患者和22例正常健康者血清中可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1（sICAM-1）的水平，并与甲胎蛋白（AFP）进行同步分析。结果：40例HCC组织ICAM-1表达阳性率为80．0％，高于癌旁和肝硬化组织（P〈0．05），阳性率与组织学分类相关。HCC组织中ICAM-1含量高于癌旁及肝硬化组织（P〈0．05），转移组HCC中ICAM-1的含量也高于非转移组（P〈0．05），而癌旁及肝硬化组织中含量差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。HCC患者血清sICAM-1水平高于肝硬化及正常健康组（P〈0.05），HCC伴转移组患者血清中sICAM-1无转移组（P〈0.05），AFP阴性组与阳性组sICAM-1水平差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。结论：HCC组织中高度表达ICAM-1和血清中高水平的sICAM-1，在一定程度上可以反映HCC发展程度及转移状态，ICAM-1有可能作为HCC的一个新的诊断指标。     

Hepatocellular carcinoma with or without cirrhosis: A comparison of CT and angiographic presentations in the United States and Japan

We compared the computed tomographic (CT) and angiographic presentations of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with or without cirrhosis in the United States and Japan. Tumors in the United States were advanced and less frequently associated with liver cirrhosis (association of cirrhosis: United States) 56.2%, Japan 91.0%. In patients with cirrhosis, the size of the tumor tended to be smaller, and nodular tumors (single or multiple) were frequent. In early stage of HCCs with cirrhosis, tumors were hypovascular without a capsule. In advanced stage, tumors were hypervascular and a capsule was frequently observed around the tumor both with CT and angiography. HCCs without cirrhosis were seen in younger patients. These tumors were large at the time of diagnosis. A massive or diffuse mass without a capsule was frequently seen. Most tumors were hypodense on precontrast CT and hypervascular on angiography. Lymph node enlargement was significantly frequent. The radiological characteristics of HCC in both countries were significantly different depending upon associated cirrhosis, as well as the time of the diagnosis.     

超声造影与增强螺旋CT诊断肝硬化背景下≤2 cm结节样病灶的比较研究

目的 探讨超声造影(contrast-enhanced ultrasound,CEUS)与增强螺旋CT(contrast-enhanced helical computed tomography,CECT)对肝硬化背景下≤2 cm结节样病灶的诊断效能.方法 对72例81个肝硬化背景下常规超声检查可疑肝内小占化病变者(最大直径≤2 cm)进行CEUS和CECT检查(两者间隔时间≤2周),将两种检查的术前诊断与病理结果进行比较分析,评估两种检查方法的诊断效能.结果 81个病灶53个为肝细胞癌(HCC),26个增生结节,2个血管瘤.53个HCC中,CEUS 51个(96.2%)病灶动脉期呈高增强,CECT 41个(77.4%)病灶动脉期显示强化,CEUS与CECT在显示动脉期血供方面差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).以病灶动脉期呈高增强,门脉期或延迟期消退为低增强作为诊断HCC的标准,CEUS诊断小结节样病灶的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为86.8%、82.1%、85.2%.CECT分别为73.6%、92.9%、80.2%(P>0.05).结论 CEUS对≤2 cm HCC动脉期血供的显示率高于CECT,CEUS对肝硬化背景下小结节样病灶的诊断能力与CECTT相似.     

多药耐药基因相关蛋白在原发性肝癌中的表达及意义

目的探讨原发性肝细胞癌中耐药基因相关蛋白P-糖蛋白(P-gp)、DNA拓扑异构酶-Ⅱ(Topo-Ⅱ)、谷胱苷肽-S-转移酶(GST-π)的表达及其意义。方法应用免疫组织化学方法S-P法检测49例原发性肝癌组织、14例肝硬化组织及13例正常肝组织中P-gp、Topo-II、GST-π的表达。结果肝癌组三者表达均高于肝硬化组及正常组(P<0.05),肝硬化组与正常组之间两者表达差异无统计学意义。P-gp表达与肿瘤Edmondson分级呈负相关;Topo-II表达则与Edmondson分级和转移呈正相关。P-gp、Topo-II表达呈负相关。结论联合检测肝癌耐药基因相关蛋白P-gp、Topo-II、GST-π的表达有助于临床判断肝癌对化疗的敏感性及预后。     

甲胎蛋白异质体（AFP—L3）在肝癌诊断中的意义

[目的]探讨采用甲胎蛋白异质体（AFP—L3）在良恶性肝病及肝癌预警中的作用。[方法]应用微量离心柱分离甲胎蛋白异质体,采用电化学发光法检测AFP和AFP—L3,并计算AFP—L3在AFP中的含量比例。[结果]肝癌患者血清中AFP—L3％显著高于肝炎肝硬化患者和正常人,P〈0．01。对9例AFP—12％呈阳性的肝炎肝硬化患者进行跟踪随访,已有3例CT结果为阳性。[结论]AFP—L3对于鉴别良恶性肝病和预警肝癌具有重要临床意义。     

外周血sICAM-1联合AFP检测对原发性肝癌诊断的意义

目的:联合检测血清中甲胎蛋白和可溶性细胞间黏附因子-1,以提高原发性肝癌的确诊率。方法:肝病住院患者174例中原发性肝癌46例,肝转移癌18例,肝硬化42例,各型肝炎30例,良性肝肿瘤38例以及健康对照者46例,分别采用荧光酶联免疫吸附法和双抗体酶联免疫吸附法检测血清甲胎蛋白和可溶性细胞间黏附因子-1。结果:甲胎蛋白和可溶性细胞间黏附因子-1联合检测使原发性肝癌的检出灵敏度达84%,正确率达87%,高于其中任一单项检测,可明显降低漏诊率。结论:肿瘤标志物的联合检测对确诊原发性肝癌具有临床价值。     

原发性肝癌患者外周血生存素检测的意义

目的 评价原发性肝癌患者外周血生存素检测对于疾病诊断的价值,与甲胎蛋白(AFP)、肿瘤临床分期的关系.方法 将研究对象分为原发性肝癌组(n=56)、肝硬化对照组(n=22)和正常对照组(n=28).原发性肝癌组患者按照AFP浓度分为AFP正常、升高2个亚组或按照肿瘤临床分期分为3个亚组.各组空腹采集静脉血3 ml,通过双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附测定法检测生存素浓度.结果 原发性肝癌组外周血生存素浓度高于肝硬化对照组和正常对照组,(87.6±26.1)ng、L VS(51.25±31.3)ng、L、(60.2±32.9)ng、L(P＜0.01);肝硬化对照组与正常对照组外周血生存素浓度差异无统计学意义.原发性肝癌组中AFP正常亚组与升高亚组外周血生存素浓度差异无统计学意义,不同临床分期3个亚组外周血生存素浓度差异亦无统计学意义.根据试验结果绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线.曲线下面积为0.797(P＜0.01).结论 外周血生存素可能是一种有价值的原发性肝癌血清学非特异性辅助诊断指标,对于初次诊断及复发监测具有一定的价值,并有助于血清AFP水平正常的原发性肝癌及早期原发性肝癌诊断.     

原发性肝癌的螺旋CT双期增强特征及其诊断价值

目的：探讨原发性肝癌的CT双期增强特征及其诊断价值。材料与方法：回顾性分析56例经临床及手术病理证实的原发性肝癌双期增强表现。结果：56例共发现82个病灶。平扫呈低密度;肝动脉期91%强化,9%无明显强化;门脉期76%呈低密度或稍低密度,病灶密度呈“速升速降”的变化特点。结论：CT双期扫描可充分反映原发性肝癌的特征,对肝癌的检出和定性准确率的提高有重要价值     

巨块型肝细胞癌螺旋CT双期增强扫描的诊断价值

目的:探讨巨块型肝细胞癌螺旋CT双期增强扫描的诊断价值。材料和方法:对53例巨块型肝细胞癌进行全肝螺旋CT平扫及双期增强扫描,分析有关的CT征象。结果:①肿瘤实质均呈不均匀性强化,并可出现3种基本形态的肿瘤血管,它们与瘤内“密度更低区”有一定的关系;②部分肿瘤边缘部或包膜分别或同时在动脉期及门脉期出现环形强化;③91.9％的巨块型肝细胞癌肝内转移性子灶只在动脉期才被检出。结论:①巨块型肝细胞癌螺旋CT双期增强扫描的强化特点及动脉期瘤内出现肿瘤血管,不但是巨块型肝细胞癌的主要特征,而且具有重要的鉴别诊断价值;②部分巨块型肝细胞癌边缘部或包膜存在肝动脉、门脉或动、门脉双重血供;③巨块型肝细胞癌术前必须进行全肝范围的动脉期增强扫描,以利于发现占大多数平扫及门脉期均呈等密度的肝内转移性子灶。     

Hepatocellular carcinoma with extrahepatic primary neoplasms

We experienced seven cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with extrahepatic primary malignant neoplasms (PMNs), which accounted for 7.5% of 93 HCC cases in our department during a 5.5-year investigation period. No common characteristics of the seven patients with extrahepatic PMNs in terms of age, sex, computed tomographic (CT) features of hepatocellular carcinoma, or presence of liver cirrhosis were evident. One of the seven cases had triple PMNs. Extrahepatic PMNs were found in various organs: stomach, colon, kidney, lung, larynx, and esophagus. Attention to extrahepatic organs should be undertaken in the management of HCC. Two patients in hepatic coma died 4 and 6 months after the diagnosis of HCC due to the advanced HCC, and accompanying extrahepatic malignancies were not the primary cause of death.     

Sclerosing Hepatic Carcinoma: Helical CT Features

Background The purpose of this study was to describe our experience, particularly for CT features, with four patients who had pathologically proven sclerosing hepatic carcinoma that mimicked other malignant hepatic tumors with abundant fibrosis at CT. Methods Over a 10-year period, we collected four patients with surgically proven sclerosing hepatic carcinoma. All patients were men (age range, 49–63 years; mean, 56 years). Three-phase helical CT images were obtained in all patients, and their CT features were correlated with pathologic findings. Results The tumor size ranged from 2.7 to 11 cm (mean, 7.2 cm). The tumors were manifested as a hypoattenuating mass with peripheral, rim enhancement at hepatic arterial phase, followed by centripetal enhancement progressively during portal venous and equilibrium phases. Histopathologically, the tumors showed features intermediate between hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma with abundant fibrosis and surrounding liver had no liver cirrhosis. Conclusion As described above, the CT features of sclerosing hepatic carcinoma may be similar to other malignant hepatic tumors with abundant fibrosis. Although sclerosing hepatic carcinoma is extremely rare, the radiologists should recognize that this tumor may be one of the malignant hepatic tumors with abundant fibrosis, especially in the non-cirrhotic liver.     

16层螺旋CT双动脉期与门脉期诊断原发性肝癌的临床应用

目的分析原发性肝癌多层面CT(multi-slicesCT,MSCT)双动脉期与门静脉期增强扫描各期强化特征,评价三期增强扫描对癌灶的检出率。方法101例原发性肝癌治疗前行MSCT的平扫,以3ml/s肘静脉注射100ml对比剂后,行动脉早期20~22s,动脉晚期34~37s,门静脉期60s扫描。测病灶平扫及各增强期CT值,观察病灶的强化情况及检出情况,以增强各期检出的肿瘤为癌灶总数。结果三期增强扫描一共显示445个病灶,<3cm癌灶199个,动脉早期检出108(54.27%),动脉晚期检出162(81.40%),门静脉期检出131(65.83%);>3cm的癌灶246个,动脉早期检出228(92.68%),动脉晚期检出236(95.93%),门静脉期检出224(91.06%)。49个仅在三期增强扫描的一期显示,动脉早期5个,动脉晚期21个,门静脉期23个。结论动脉晚期的检出率明显高于门静脉期与动脉早期。双动脉期与门静脉期增强扫描可提高肝癌检出率。     

乙型病毒性肝炎肝硬化并肝脏畸胎瘤误诊为肝癌原因分析

目的提高乙型病毒性肝炎（乙肝）肝硬化并肝脏畸胎瘤诊断水平,减少误、漏诊。方法回顾分析1例乙肝肝硬化并肝脏畸胎瘤误诊为肝癌临床资料。结果患者以右上腹痛伴尿黄入院,经血清肝纤维化指标、肝炎病毒血清标志物检查诊断乙肝肝硬化,根据B超及CT检查显示肝右叶占位及甲胎蛋白（AFP）1320．00μg／L,诊断原发性肝癌。患者拒绝手术,经保肝、降酶及抗病毒治疗,肝功能及AFP改善,3个月后恢复正常。随访20个月,肝脏占位病变无变化,行手术治疗,经病理检查确诊肝脏畸胎瘤。结论乙肝肝硬化并肝脏占位伴AFP增高者,易误诊,条件许可情况下,应尽早手术确诊。     

血清GPC3与AFP的检测对原发性肝癌诊断意义比较

目的检测原发性肝癌患者血清中磷脂酰肌醇蛋白聚糖3（glypican-3,GPC3）和甲胎蛋白（AFP）水平,比较二者对肝癌的诊断价值,并探讨二者的相关性。方法对120例肝癌、32例肝硬化病人及25例正常人血清标本,通过ELISA法检测标本GPC3值,电化学发光法检测标本AFP值并对结果进行分析。结果 （1）肝癌组GPC3值为22.014±36.930ng/ml,与正常对照组及肝硬化组之间差异存在显著性（P〈0.01）。（2）GPC3对肝癌诊断的敏感度及特异度分别为85.83%和50.00%;AFP对肝癌诊断的敏感度及特异度分别为83.33%和62.50%,GPC3与AFP之间差异没有显著性（P〉0.05）;二者联合检测敏感度及特异度分别为95.83%和46.88%,敏感度有所提高。（3）肝癌组GPC3与AFP之间无相关性（P〉0.05）。结论 GPC3作为一种新的肿瘤标志物对肝癌诊断的敏感性较高,GPC3与AFP联合诊断更能提高肝癌的检出率,但二者之间并无相关性。     

Magnetic resonance of focal liver lesions in hepatic cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis.

Detection of focal liver nodules in patients with cirrhosis continues to be a radiologic challenge despite progressive advances in liver imaging in the past 2 decades. Patients with hepatic cirrhosis have a high predisposition to develop hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and the early detection and diagnosis of this tumor is very important because the most effective treatment is surgical resection, transplantation, or local ablation therapy when the tumor is small. Cirrhotic livers are mainly composed of fibrosis, together with a broad spectrum of focal nodular lesions ranging from regenerative nodules to premalignant dysplastic nodules to overt HCC. Awareness of such lesions and interpretation of imaging studies in these patients requires a critical review to detect subtle tumors, and a thorough understanding of the imaging appearance of the malignant and benign masses that can occur in the cirrhotic liver. Although the recent advances in liver imaging techniques, especially computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR), have facilitated the detection and characterization of focal liver nodules in cirrhotic patients, discriminating between HCC and precancerous nodules remains problematic with all available imaging techniques. Nevertheless, MR imaging appears to have more potential than other imaging techniques in the study of cirrhotic patients and MR may be more appropriate than the other imaging modalities for the detection of small HCCs. In this article we review the imaging characteristics of nodular focal lesions that arise in cirrhotic livers, with special attention to MR imaging features.