α-MSH对EGTA发热的作用

目的：观察α－ＭＳＨ对ＥＧＴＡ发热反应的作用及其可能机制。方法：建立ＥＧＴＡ发热模型；在离体条件下，应用Ｆｕｒａ－２荧光指示剂测定细胞内Ｃａ２＋浓度（［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ）；体外培养下丘脑神经细胞。结果：α－ＭＳＨ能明显抑制ＥＧＴＡ性发热反应（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＥＧＴＡ可以降低下丘脑神经细胞［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ水平（Ｐ＜０．０１），但α－ＭＳＨ不影响正常下丘脑神经细胞［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ及ＥＧＴＡ对下丘脑神经细胞［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ的作用（Ｐ＞０．０５）；ＥＧＴＡ可刺激体外培养的下丘脑神经细胞释放ＣＲＨ（Ｐ＜０．０５），而α－ＭＳＨ能抑制ＥＧＴＡ的这种作用（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：α－ＭＳＨ抑制中枢发热介质ＣＲＨ的产生可能是降低ＥＧＴＡ发热反应的主要机制之一；中枢ＣＲＨ的产生和释放增加可能是ＥＧＴＡ性发热的一个重要因素。     

缺氧对培养的猪肺内皮细胞胞浆游离钙的影响

本文应用荧光探针Ｆｕｒａ－１／ＡＭ测定胞浆游离钙浓度（［Ｃａ＾２＋］ｉ）技术，观察培养的猪肺动脉内皮细胞［Ｃａ＾２＋］ｉ在缺氧时变化。实验发现：向细胞悬液中充氮气造成缺氧时，肺动脉内皮细胞［Ｃａ＾２＋］ｉ升高８１±２１％（Ｐ＜０．０５，ｎ＝８）。结果提示肺动脉内皮细胞钙信使系统可能参与缺氧所致血管反应。     

淋巴细胞内pHi、Na~＋－H~＋交换活性与SHRSP关系的研究

本文应用ｐＨ敏感的ＢＣＥＣＦ和Ｃａ敏感的Ｆｕｒａα萤光染料，分别测定雄性。１６周龄ＳＨＲＳＰ和ＷＫＹ循环淋巴细胞ｐＨｉ，Ｎａ￣＋－Ｈ￣＋交换活性和［Ｃａ￣（２＋）］ｉ，结果表明ＳＨＲＳＰ循环淋巴细胞ｐＨｉ、Ｎａ￣＋－Ｈ￣＋交换活性和［Ｃａ￣（２＋）］ｉ均显著高于ＷＫＲ，而细胞缓冲能力在两组大鼠之间没有显著差异。提示在ＳＨＲＳＰ细胞膜可能存在Ｎａ￣＋，Ｈ￣＋交换遗传性缺陷。将两组大鼠的资料合并，经直线回归相关分析发现ｐＨｉ与Ｎａ￣＋－Ｈ￣＋交换活性和ｐＨｉ与［Ｃａ（２＋）］ｉ均呈显著正相关。表明Ｎａ￣＋－Ｈ￣＋交换活性和［Ｃａ￣（２＋）］ｉ参与ｐＨｉ调节．它们之间既相互调节又相互制约。细胞内Ｎａ、Ｃａ和细胞膜Ｎａ￣＋－Ｈ￣＋离子转运系统异常可能是高血压病因中重要因素之一。     

钙离子与牛磺酸两者跨心肌细胞膜内流的相互影响

目的和方法：取新生ＳＤ大鼠心室肌制备培养搏动心肌细胞，采用放射性同位素４５Ｃａ２＋及３Ｈ－牛磺酸示踪技术，观察钙离子与牛磺酸跨心肌细胞膜内流的相互影响。结果：（１）牛磺酸内流在低胞外Ｃａ２＋浓度（［Ｃａ２＋］ｏ，０．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）和高［Ｃａ２＋］ｏ（４０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）均比正常［Ｃａ２＋］ｏ（１５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）和高［Ｃａ２＋］ｏ（４０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）时增加，尤以低［Ｃａ２＋］。时明显；异搏定（１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）能促进牛磺酸的内流；（２）１０～２０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ牛磺酸对不同［Ｃａ２＋］。（０５、１５和４０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）下的Ｃａ２＋内流均有抑制作用，而１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ牛磺酸只抑制高［Ｃａ２＋］ｏ时Ｃａ２＋内流，对低［Ｃａ２＋］ｏ和正常［Ｃａ２＋］ｏ时Ｃａ２＋内流无明显作用；１～２０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌβ－丙氨酸对Ｃａ２＋内流无明显影响。结论：胞外Ｃａ２＋浓度的变化可直接影响牛磺酸内流，而牛磺酸能抑制Ｃａ２＋的内流，两者相互影响，从而发挥牛碘酸调节细胞内Ｃａ２＋浓度的作用     

下丘脑[Ca^2＋]i,cAMP在家兔EGTA性发热机制中的作用

用６０只新西兰兔分两部分进行实验。（１）用１２只制备下丘脑细胞悬液，在离体条件下，应用Ｆｕｒａ－２荧光指示剂测定细胞内Ｃａ＾２＋浓度（Ｃａ＾２＋］ｉ）。结果表明，用ＥＧＴＡ络合神经细胞外Ｃａ＾２＋而降低细胞外Ｃａ＾２＋浓度时，下丘脑神经细胞（［Ｃａ＾２＋］ｉ）明显降低（Ｐ＞０．０１）；相反，增加细胞外Ｃａ＾２＋浓度，则［Ｃａ＾２＋］ｉ明显增高（Ｐ＞０．０１）。（２）用４８只家兔分４组，分别向侧脑室     

卒中型高血压大鼠心肌线粒体Ca~（2＋），Mg~（2＋）—ATPase及膜流动

本文比较了卒中型自发往高血压鼠（ＳＨＲｓｐ）和京都Ｗｉｓｔａｒ正常血压鼠（ＷＫＹ）心肌线粒体Ｃａ￣（２＋），Ｍｇ￣（２＋）－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力及膜流动性。用定磷法测得ＷＫＹ和ＳＨＲｓｐ的Ｃａ￣（２＋），Ｍｇ￣（２＋）－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力（２５℃）分别为０．２８７±０．０１６及０．２１８±０．０１７μｍｏｌ／（ｍｉｎ．ｍｇ）（－ｘ±Ｓｘ）。ＳＨＲｓｐ心肌线粒体Ｃａ￣（２＋），Ｍｇ￣（２＋）－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力降低２４．７％，两组比较有显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０１，ｎ＝９）．以ＤＰＨ标记心肌线粒体膜，测得ＷＫＹ和ＳＨＲｓｐ的荧光偏振值分别为０．１８７±０．００３及０．１８１±０．００３（Ｐ＞０．０５，ｎ＝６）。     

去甲肾上腺素对大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞内IP_3、［Ca~（2＋）］_i和Ia抗原表达

本文应用细胞膜放射标记和离子交换层析法测定巨噬细胞（ＭФ）内肌醇－１，４，５－三磷酸（ＩＰ３）、用Ｃａ￣（２＋）指示剂的分光光谱法测定ＭФ内Ｃａ￣（２＋）浓度（［Ｃａ￣（２＋）］）、用ＡＰＡＡＰ桥联酶标法检测ＭФ表面Ｉａ抗原的表达，研究去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ）对大鼠腹腔的ＭФ内ＩＰ３、［Ｃａ￣（２＋）］ｉ和ＭФ表面ｌａ抗原表达的影响。结果显示ＮＥ（１０￣（－８）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）可显著增高ＭФ中ＩＰ＿３含量（４４２±２２ｃｐｍ／１０￣６ｃｅｌｌｓ，对照组１０２±８ｃｐｍ／１０￣６ｃｅｌｌｓ，Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＮＥ可使ＭФ内［Ｃａ￣（２＋）］ｉ显著增高（３２２±７８ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ，对照组９７±１７ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＮＥ可显著增高ＭФ表面Ｉ－Ａ、Ｉ－Ｅ抗原的表达（６４±８％、５８±６％，对照组５０±３％，４４±４％，Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示神经递质ＮＥ促进ＭФ表面Ｉａ抗原表达的作用可能是通过第二信使ＩＰ＿３和Ｃａ￣（２＋）介导的。     

异丙肾上腺素致大鼠心肌坏死时心肌细胞核钙转运功能的变化

目的：观察ＩＳＯ心肌坏死时大鼠心肌细胞核钙转运系统的改变。方法：大鼠心肌坏死模型采用皮下注射ＩＳＯ制备,心肌细胞核采用差速离心和密度梯度离心分离纯化,用酶学方法鉴定核的纯度及测定ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性,用４５Ｃａ２＋同位素法测定核钙摄取。结果：与对照组相比,ＩＳＯ坏死心脏组织呈显著的损伤和坏死,心系数增加３５％（Ｐ＜０．０１）,心肌组织ＭＤＡ和钙含量分别增加５７％和８０％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。与对照组相比,ＩＳＯ心肌坏死细胞核Ｃａ－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的［Ｃａ２＋］反应Ｖｍａｘ降低２７．５％（Ｐ＜０．０１）,Ｋａ无显著变化;对［ＡＴＰ］反应的Ｖｍａｘ无显著变化,而Ｋｍ增加６１．７％（Ｐ＜０．０５）;ＩＳＯ组４５Ｃａ２＋摄取显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）,Ｖｍａｘ与对照组相比降低４６．１％（Ｐ＜０．０１）,Ｋｍ无显著变化。结论：坏死心肌细胞核钙转运系统功能显著降低,可能与心肌坏死时细胞核功能紊乱有关     

异丙嗪对家兔EGTA性发热的解热作用及其机制研究

目的：观察异丙嗪（ｐｒｏｍｅｔｈａｚｉｎｅ,ＰＭＺ）对家兔ＥＧＴＡ性发热的影响并探讨其作用机制。方法：侧脑室和静脉给药。用Ｆｕｒａ－２荧光分光光度法测定细胞内游离钙浓度（［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ）。结果：（１）侧脑室灌注０６μｍｏｌＥＧＴＡ引起家兔明显的发热反应,侧脑室灌注０６μｍｏｌＥＧＴＡ２０ｍｉｎ后,静脉注射ＰＭＺ（５ｍｇ／ｋｇ）明显抑制ＥＧＴＡ引起的结肠温度上升,其３ｈ发热反应指数明显低于侧脑室灌注０６μｍｏｌＥＧＴＡ２０ｍｉｎ后静脉注射生理盐水（ＮＳ）组。而侧脑室灌注人工脑脊液（ＡＣＳＦ）２０ｍｉｎ后静脉注射ＰＭＺ（５ｍｇ／ｋｇ）组家兔结肠温度明显低于ＡＣＳＦ＋ＮＳ对照组。（２）体外实验发现,向下丘脑细胞悬液中加入终浓度为０７４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＰＭＺ,下丘脑细胞［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ从（１５９２±１８８）ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ升高到（５３３７±９０１）ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ（Ｐ＜００５）。结论：ＰＭＺ诱导体温调节中枢神经细胞［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ升高可能是ＰＭＺ抑制家兔ＥＧＴＡ性发热的中枢机制之一。     

慢性肾功能衰竭患者血小板胞浆游离钙浓度及血栓素B_2含量的观察

用Ｆｕｒａ－２荧光测定法和ＲＩＡ，对２４例慢性肾功能衰竭（ＣＲＦ）维持血透患者（男１６例，女８例，年龄２６～７１岁，平均５０．９岁）血小板的胞浆游离钙浓度和血栓素Ｂ２（ＴＸＢ２）含量进行了测定。ＣＲＦ组透析前、后血小板胞浆游离钙浓度均高于正常对照组（Ｐ均＜０．００１），透析后低于透析前（Ｐ＜０．００２）；透前、后血小板ＴＸＢ２均低于正常（Ｐ分别小于０．００１和０．０５），透析后高于透析前（Ｐ＜０．００１）。血小板胞浆钙浓度变化与ＴＸＢ２生成不相关。Ｐ＜０．００１：与透析前比，ΔＰ＜０．０５，ΔΔＰ＜０．００２在相关分析上，Ｐｔ［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ与血小板ＴＸＢ２在正常对照组不相关（ｒ＝－０．２７，ｐ＜０．１），透析前、后也均不相关（ｒ＝０．３４和－０．２２，ｐ分别＜０．２和０．５）。讨论Ｃａ２＋是重要的细胞内信使，多种形式的细胞损伤或细胞处于病理生理状态下，常伴有胞浆钙水平的增高。血小板胞浆Ｃａ２＋在刺激信号的转导中发挥重要的作用，促使血小板的变形、聚集、释放，调节血小板的花生四烯酸代谢［３］。有关研究已证实，血小板［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ的变化能诱发内源性花生四烯酸代谢物的释放，参与ＴＸＡ２生成的调节；而ＴＸＡ２对［Ｃａ     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Involvement of the striatum in the central regulation of the hormonal functions of the gonads

Studies reported here show that intrastriatal administration of corticoliberin to rats decreases the blood testosterone level. However, in conditions of chemical deficiency of dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the effect of this neurohormone did not appear. It is concluded that extrahypothalamic corticoliberin is involved in regulating the hormonal reproductive system acting via dopaminergic mechanisms. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 594–597, April, 1999.     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008