顺行和逆行输尿管镜联合会师治疗肾盂输尿管连接部闭锁

目的：探讨顺行和逆行输尿管镜联合会师治疗肾盂输尿管连接部(UPJ)闭锁的方法和疗效。方法：采用经皮肾顺行和经尿道逆行输尿管镜联合操作，在C臂X线机辅助定位下会师，治疗16例因复杂肾结石行肾盂切开取石术后致UPJ闭锁的患者。在复通导丝引导下，4例辅以输尿管镜直视下硬性扩张，10例辅以直视下冷刀切开，2例辅以直视下钬激光切割。结果：14例UPJ闭锁经双输尿管硬镜会师治疗复通成功；2例因输尿管狭窄及扭曲而会师治疗失败，加用经尿道逆行输尿管软镜联合操作而复通成功。14例术后放置两条F6双J支架管，2例放置记忆金属网状支架。结论：对UPJ闭锁的患者，采用顺行和逆行输尿管硬镜联合会师治疗安全，创伤少，疗效满意；对同侧有输尿管狭窄及扭曲的UPJ闭锁，采用输尿管软镜逆行联合操作可以增加UPJ复通的成功率。     

电子输尿管软镜联合钬激光碎石术治疗肾下盏结石35例

目的 探讨电子输尿管软镜联合钬激光碎石术治疗肾下盏结石的安全性、有效性.方法 我院2011年9月-2013年8月采用电子输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾下盏结石35例.结石直径0.8-2 cm,平均1.3 cm.先将输尿管硬镜置入患侧输尿管,观察输尿管管腔情况并留置导丝,退出输尿管硬镜,将输尿管软镜外鞘沿导丝置入输尿管,将输尿管软镜直视下置入患侧输尿管至肾盂,观察肾盂及各肾盏,寻找到结石,术中使用200 μm光纤,0.8-1.5 J/10-20 Hz（10-30 W）功率碎石.将结石碎成〈0.3 cm的碎石,对于较大结石使用套石网篮将结石取出.结果 31例均一期成功完成输尿管软镜碎石术,4例因输尿管腔较窄,输尿管软镜无法上行,留置双J管1-2周后再次行输尿管软镜手术成功.手术时间30-120 min,平均60 min.围手术期均未发生严重并发症.术后1-6个月随访,无泌尿系结石残留,或残留结石直径＜3 mm.结论 电子输尿管软镜数字图像清晰、视野放大,与钬激光联合治疗肾下盏结石安全、有效,值得在临床上推广使用.     

A case of ureteral complication following endopyelotomy]

A case of ureteral complication observed after endopyelotomy is reported. A 19-year-old female patient suffering from right hydronephrosis due to uretero pelvic junction stenosis was treated with endopyelotomy. The stenotic ureter was incised by cold knife for a distance of 5 cm through full thickness. The cut ureteral segment was intubated with a ureteral stent catheter of 10 Fr calibre. The top of the catheter was advanced 1 cm from the edge of the incised ureter. To prevent protrusion of the catheter tip, a flexible guide wire 0.038 inches in diameter was inserted into the catheter and the tip of the guide wire was advanced to the bladder. Antegrade pyelography performed 3 weeks after the operation revealed a lesion resembling a pseudo-ureter. It was made by the catheter that had slipped out of the incised ureter. The lumen of the true ureter was also preserved without stenosis. After removal of the stent catheter and safety guide wire, the true ureter was intubated with a double J catheter of 10 Fr calibre. One week later the pseudo-ureter was not demonstrated by excretory urography performed. Finally, hydronephrosis due to uretero pelvic junction stenosis was treated successfully.     

Ureteral avulsion: a rare complication of ureteroscopy

A case of ureteral avulsion as a complication of ureteroscopy is presented. A 55-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with the complaint of hematuria. The intravenous pyelography revealed a calculus measuring 16 x 12 mm located in the left upper ureter. Transurethral ureterolithotripsy was performed with 8 F rigid ureteroscopy. A safety guide wire was inserted and left ureteral olifice was dilated to 9 F. The ureteroscopy was smoothly introduced just under the stone. The stone was fragmentated with a pneumatic lithotripter. A part of the stone was pushed back to the renal pelvis, so the ureteroscope was passed to that stone and fragmentation was done as much as possible. The ureteroscopy was gently pulled out to the bladder, but the distal ureter was torn at the ureteral orifice and could be seen at the urethral orifice. Pelvis, upper ureter and middle ureter were intact, so open intervention for repair was not performed. A 6Fr double pigtail stent was placed over the safety guidewire. Cystscopy indicated a part of the distal ureter was protruded from the ureteral orifice. Eight weeks later, the protruded part of ureter was necrotic and calcified for ischemia. Transurethral resection of necrotic ureter was performed. Histologically, resected ureter changed necrotic tissue for ischema. Postoperatively intravenous pyelography did not reveal left hydronephrosis and cystoscopy indicated that the left ureteral orifice was almost normally repaired.     

输尿管硬镜联合导入鞘内芯扩张在导入鞘置入失败中的应用价值

目的探讨输尿管硬镜联合导入鞘内芯扩张输尿管下段在导入鞘置入失败时的应用价值。方法2017年1月~2018年12月,输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术中置入导入鞘失败57例,采用F 8/9.8输尿管硬镜联合导入鞘内芯扩张输尿管下段。结果经过扩张后顺利置入F 12导入鞘41例(71.9%),均未见输尿管穿孔或撕裂。扩张后仍未能置入导入鞘16例中,3例留置双J管4周后成功置入F 12导入鞘,11例行无导入鞘输尿管软镜钬激光碎石,2例行经皮肾镜碎石取石术。结论输尿管硬镜联合导入鞘内芯扩张输尿管下段安全、有效,值得推广。     

输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石处理直径〉2cm肾结石

目的 探讨输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术处理直径〉2 cm肾结石的安全性和可行性.方法 2010年2月～2013年4月,采用输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术处理经选择的直径〉2 cm的肾结石35例.先用F8.0/9.8输尿管硬镜探查、扩张患侧输尿管,置入导丝后留置输尿管软镜鞘,引入输尿管软镜进行钬激光碎石,较大、影响视野的结石碎屑用套石网篮取出.结果 一次进镜成功率94.2%（33/35）.手术时间35~95 min,平均45 min.4例因术后残留较大体积结石再次输尿管镜下钬激光碎石.术后4例出现高热,经积极抗感染治疗后好转,无一例出现术中严重并发症.术后住院1~5 d,平均3 d.术后8周随访,结石清除率90.9%（30/33）;2例少量残留结石碎片停留于输尿管中下段,拔除内支架管时同时取出;1例孤立肾结石术后18周随访（术后8周已拔除内支架管）,仍有结石碎片在输尿管下段未排出,局麻下输尿管镜钳夹取出.结论 输尿管软镜碎石术治疗经选择的直径〉2 cm肾结石,安全、有效,特别对于术后复发的肾结石患者可以避免再次肾脏手术损伤.     

急诊输尿管镜碎石取石术治疗输尿管中下段结石并肾绞痛

目的探讨急诊输尿管镜碎石取石术治疗输尿管中下段结石并肾绞痛的临床应用价值。方法回顾分析我院2006年1月至2008年12月行急诊输尿管镜下碎石取石手术治疗输尿管结石并肾绞痛的患者临床资料,共137例,其中男78例,女59例,平均年龄38±9岁。中段11例,下段126例。结果 130例患者一次取石成功,成功率94.9%(130/137);7例未成功,其中2例术中发现结石已排入膀胱,5例进镜失败,术后行体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL),2个月内复查结石均排净。结论急诊行输尿管镜下碎石取石术治疗输尿管中下段结石并肾绞痛是一安全有效选择。     

Retrieval of migrated ureteral stents by coaxial cannulation with a flexible ureteroscope and paired helical basket

PURPOSE: Retrieval of a proximally migrated ureteral stent is a technically challenging endoscopic procedure. We describe the use of a paired wire helical stone retrieval basket through a flexible ureteroscope to remove proximally migrated ureteral stents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five ureteral stents were lost in the proximal (1) and distal (4) ureter after lithotripsy or stent exchange. Once the location of the distal aspect of the ureteral stent was identified by either fluoroscopy or ureteroscopy, a safety guidewire was placed alongside the migrated stent. A flexible ureteroscope was brought to the distal end of the stent under direct visualization. Through the working port of the ureteroscope, the paired wire helical basket was deployed to grasp or coaxially cannulate the lumen of the migrated stent. Once inside the stent, the basket was then opened. The outward resistance of the deployed basket is sufficient to provide enough lateral force to reposition the stent into the bladder. RESULTS: All stents were successfully retrieved without complication. No patient had visual evidence of ureteral injury, and all patients were discharged on the same day as their procedure. CONCLUSION: While proximal migration of a ureteral stent is usually caused by technical error, the ideal technique to reposition the stent should require the least time, trauma to the ureter, and expense to the patient. We describe a simple technique to retrieve migrated stents anywhere along the urinary tract.     

输尿管硬镜入镜困难的原因与处理方法

目的探索传统输尿管硬镜在成人手术中入镜困难的原因及处理方法。方法2011年1月至2012年12月共行成人输尿管硬镜手术486例,其中42例发生入镜困难,均采用相应方法处理。结果20例采用技巧性旋转和调整镜体入镜成功,11例采用调节体位输尿管扩张等方法人镜成功,9例采用边碎石边入镜成功,1例插管后行二期输尿管手术,1例中转开放性手术。结论发生输尿管硬镜入镜困难的主要原因是输尿管壁间段发生了各种类型的解剖结构变异,能顺利人镜的要点是熟悉解剖结构变异与掌握各种操作技巧。     

Antegrade perkutane endoluminale Therapie der nichtmalignen Strikturen von ureterointestinalen Anastomosen nach Harnableitung

We report our experience on the use of antegrade percutaneous incision of ureterointestinal anastomosis strictures after urinary diversion. Since 1994, we evaluated 9 patients with 12 ureterointestinal anastomosis (UAS) strictures who were treated with a cold-knife incision. After placement of an 8-Fr nephrostomy tube, a 0.035-in guide wire was passed through the stricture under guidance of a central opened ureter catheter (5 Fr). A wire-mounted cold-knife was pulled through the strictured area in the retrograde way under fluoroscopic control. Routinely, following the incision, an 8-Fr external stent was left in place for 6-8 weeks. After removal of the stent, the ureteroenteric area remained patent in 7 UAS (58%) cases versus 7 of 9 (78%) patients, with average follow-up of 18 months (range 13-25 months). Failures were associated with radiogenic injury of the ureter in three UAS cases and unexplained in two. No complication was observed. Percutaneous endourological management of ureterointestinal anastomotic strictures with the cold-knife incision is a safe and effective alternative to open surgical repair and should be tried as an initial approach.     

Nephrovesical subcutaneous stent: an alternative to permanent nephrostomy

PURPOSE: We studied whether a subcutaneous ureteral bypass may be an alternative to a permanent nephrostomy tube in patients with ureteral obstruction caused by pelvic malignancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using local anesthesia we inserted an especially designed nephrovesical stent into subcutaneous tissue. The stent consists of 2 J stents that are joined by a connector after insertion into the renal pelvis and bladder. RESULTS: In 8 patients 10 subcutaneous stents were inserted instead of a permanent nephrostomy tube. Nephrostomy was required because of obstructed ureters caused by metastatic prostate or invasive bladder cancer. Attempted Double-J stent insertion into the obstructed ureter had previously failed. The bypass has functioned well in all cases during 6 weeks to 18 months of followup (mean 5.5 months). CONCLUSIONS: The high complication rate of a permanent nephrostomy tube and frequent rehospitalization render the subcutaneous stent an important alternative to nephrostomy. The subcutaneous stent eliminates external devices for urine drainage and improves patient quality of life.     

输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石

目的 总结输尿管软镜结合钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效及并发症,探讨手术技巧.方法 38 例输尿管上段结石患者接受输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗,先使用8/9.8 F 输尿管硬镜探查患侧输尿管,置入导丝后留置输尿管软镜鞘,引入输尿管软镜,钬激光碎石,并使用套石篮套取出较大的结石碎屑.结果 35 例患者一期顺利碎石,3 例因输尿管狭窄难以置入输尿管软镜鞘,留置输尿管内支架2 周后再次手术成功.手术时间31~56 min,平均42 min.术后7 例患者发热,无其他严重并发症.术后1 个月拔除内支架,2 周后复查KUB,结石清除率92.1%.结论 输尿管软镜结合钬激光是处理输尿管上段结石的有效手段,即便输尿管结石进入肾内,也可一期处理,避免了额外的体外碎石操作.     

Rigid ureteroscopy for the treatment of ureteral calculi in children

PURPOSE: We assess the safety and efficacy of rigid ureteroscopy for the treatment of pediatric ureterolithiasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of 33 children with an average age of 7.4 years (range 9 months to 15 years) treated with rigid ureteroscopy between May 1995 and July 2003 were reviewed. In 35 ureteral units use of a rigid 6.9 to 10Fr ureteroscope was planned for treating stones at various levels of the ureter. Stones were located in the upper ureter in 6 cases, middle ureter in 3 and lower ureter in 26. Dilatation of the ureteral orifice was necessary in 11 cases. RESULTS: Stone size varied from 3 to 10 mm (mean 5.3). In 33 patients (94%) all stone fragments were removed successfully. Stones were fragmented with pneumatic lithotripsy in 20 cases and removed by forceps without fragmentation in 13. In 1 child an upper ureteral stone migrated up to the kidney during ureteroscopy but following extracorporeal shock lithotripsy therapy she was rendered stone-free. In another child it was not possible to remove the stone. In a 9-month-old female patient with bilateral stones it was not possible to enter the left ureter because of a tight orifice resistant to balloon dilation. At the end of the procedure a 3 or 4Fr ureteral or a 4.8Fr Double-J (Medical Engineering Corp., New York, New York) stent was left in place for 3 days to 3 weeks in 12 cases. There were no cases of ureteral perforation. Of the patients 31 were followed for 1 to 36 months. No incidence of vesicoureteral reflux was detected in 9 who underwent postoperative cystography. CONCLUSIONS: After becoming experienced and meticulously working with finer instruments in adults, rigid ureteroscopy can be a safe and efficient treatment for ureteral stones in every location in children.     

Percutaneous ureteral incision with a small-caliber flexible ureteroscope.

OBJECTIVES: We reviewed the results of percutaneous ureteral incisions for ureteroenteroanastomotic stricture using the holmium laser. METHODS: We performed this procedure through a 6.9-F flexible ureteroscope on 3 ureters in 3 patients. Balloon dilation was not necessary prior to insertion of the ureteroscope. The stricture was incised with the holmium laser with a 200-microm fiber through the working channel of the ureteroscope. After completion of the incision, a 12-F double-J ureteral stent was left in situ for 6 weeks. Thereafter, patients were followed with repeated renal scans, ultrasound, or both, and excretory urography at 3- to 6-month intervals. RESULTS: The stricture resolved completely in all cases at an average follow-up of 25.3 months (16 to 32 months). CONCLUSIONS: Although the number of treated patients was small, percutaneous ureteral incision for ureteroenteroanastomotic stricture using the holmium laser was associated with a good outcome. We recommend this procedure be considered initially because it is less invasive and has a favorable outcome.     

输尿管软镜联合钬激光碎石术治疗肾和输尿管上段结石:附86例报告

目的 评价输尿管软镜联合钬激光治疗上尿路结石的效果及影响碎石成功的因素和技巧.方法 2008年7月至2011年6月86例输尿管软镜钬激光碎石病例.共104枚结石,结石最大直径10~25 mm.术中使用输尿管硬镜探查患侧输尿管,放置输尿管软镜鞘并换用Storz Flex-X2 F7.5输尿管软镜.若输尿管鞘无法插入,可直接在导丝引导下插入输尿管软镜至肾盂.如果软镜仍不能直接插入,则在放置导丝后留置6 F双J管,1~2周后第二次试行输尿管软镜碎石.术后4周复查KUB或双肾CT平扫,评估碎石效果.结果 软镜一次进镜成功率87.2%(75/86),余11例第二次手术9例成功进镜,总的进镜成功率为97.6%(84/86),钬激光碎石成功率95.3%(82/86).4周后结石清除率为83.7%02/80.12例再次行输尿管软镜碎石,其中9例排净结石.总的结石清除率为94.1%(81/86).平均手术时间为45 min(18-75 min).无严重并发症.结论 输尿管软镜钬激光碎石是治疗10~25mm肾和输尿管上段结石的安全有效的方法.其结石排净率高、并发症低,可以作为体外冲击波碎石失败和经皮肾镜碎石术后残留结石的治疗选择.     

尿流改道术后输尿管结石一例报告并文献复习

目的探讨经皮肾通道联合软性输尿管镜处理尿流改道术后输尿管结石患者的技巧与疗效。 方法回顾性分析2017年12月我院收治的1例尿流改道术后输尿管-新膀胱吻合口处结石患者的临床资料并查阅相关文献。手术关键在于术前设计穿刺通道,术中精准穿刺至目标上组肾盏。 结果该例患者成功完成经皮肾通道联合软性输尿管镜手术,手术时间为70 min,住院时间为7 d,术中出血量为20 ml,术中术后未发生严重并发症,术后复查结石完全清除。 结论经皮肾通道联合输尿管软镜手术处理尿流改道术后输尿管结石安全可行。     

输尿管良性狭窄内切开前行球囊扩张的临床研究

目的 探讨输尿管良性狭窄内切开前使用球囊扩张的必要性.方法 16例输尿管良性狭窄患者行钬激光输尿管内切开前,6例采用球囊扩张狭窄段,10例采用输尿管硬镜扩张狭窄段.回顾性分析其临床资料和随访结果,包括病因、狭窄部位、诊断方法和超声等随访情况.结果 输尿管硬镜扩张者3例失败,改用球囊扩张成功;使用球囊扩张的患者均扩张成功.狭窄长度为0.8～1.4 cm.用球囊扩张的手术时间短于用输尿管硬镜扩张,但手术费用高于用输尿管硬镜扩张,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).随访3～28个月,无围手术期并发症,2例用输尿管硬镜扩张患者出现再狭窄.结论 输尿管良性狭窄内切开前使用球囊扩张安全、有效,但费用较高.     

输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗婴幼儿上尿路结石

目的探讨输尿管软镜联合钬激光治疗婴幼儿（<2岁）上尿路结石的可行性与有效性。 方法回顾性分析我科自2016年1月至2018年2月应用输尿管软镜治疗婴幼儿上尿路结石62例（77侧）。其中男37例,女25例,均为维吾尔族,年龄8～24个月,单侧上尿路结石47例,双侧上尿路结石15例。输尿管上段结石19侧,肾盂结石31侧,肾上盏结石18侧,下盏结石9侧,结石最大径8～25 mm。所有患儿均Ⅰ期置入双J管被动扩张输尿管2周,Ⅱ期采用导丝引导下直接置入输尿管软镜,配合200 μm钬激光光纤碎石,激光功率为20～30 W,术后留置双J管2～3周。 结果62例均入镜成功,51例行一次碎石手术（双侧上尿路结石6例）,9例双侧上尿路结石行两次碎石手术,2例下盏结石未能寻及继续观察。术后住院3～5 d,术后8周复查67侧结石排尽,结石清除率87.0%（67/77）,平均手术时间为35 min（20～55 min）。 结论输尿管软镜联合钬激光碎石治疗婴幼儿上尿路结石,有较高的清石率和临床安全性。     

输尿管软镜在治疗输尿管上段漂移结石中的应用

目的 探讨输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石治疗输尿管上段漂移结石的疗效和安全性.方法 2004年11月～2012年11月,在输尿管硬镜钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石中有63例结石或＞5 mm残余结石漂入肾盂,在输尿管扩张鞘或Flexor输尿管导入鞘帮助下置入输尿管软镜62例,因输尿管细沿导丝置入输尿管软镜1例,应用钬激光碎石治疗.结果 输尿管软镜下钬激光同期碎石成功率81.0％ (51/63).败血症1例,肾周包膜下血肿1例,无大出血、输尿管撕脱或断裂.结论 输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石是在输尿管硬镜碎石时对漂入肾盂内结石或残余结石的安全、有效的治疗手段.     

组合式输尿管软镜钬激光治疗上尿路结石57例报道

目的 探讨组合式输尿管软镜联合钬激光碎石处理上尿路结石的临床价值.方法 2011年10月~2013年5月,治疗上尿路结石57例.中上组肾盏结石24例,下组肾盏结石14例,肾盂结石12例,输尿管上段结石硬镜碎石术中结石或碎片上移至肾盂7例.其中3例肾上盏结石及2例中盏结石为经皮肾镜术后残余结石.合并脊柱侧弯畸形2例.结石直径9~24 mm,平均16 mm.全麻或硬膜外麻醉,截石位.在斑马导丝引导下置入输尿管导引鞘,组合式输尿管软镜沿鞘上行至肾盂、肾盏寻找结石,使用钬激光碎石.术后常规留置F5双J管4~5周,留置导尿管2~7天.术后2~3天常规复查KUB或B超,了解结石粉碎情况及双J管位置.结果 本组57例中,50例（87.7%）顺利寻及结石并一次碎石成功.碎石成功率,中上组肾盏95.8%（23/24）,下组肾盏64.3%（9/14）,肾盂结石91.7%（11/12）,输尿管上段结石上移100%（7/7）.5例经皮肾镜术后残余结石全部碎石成功.手术时间40~120 min,平均75 min.无输尿管穿孔、撕脱、大出血等并发症.术后高热7例,体温38.5~39.6 ℃,经抗感染治疗3~5天体温恢复正常.术后住院时间3~7 d,平均5 d.术后4周复查KUB或B超并拔除双J管,7例残石碎片3~4 mm,均位于肾下盏,予随诊观察.结论 组合式输尿管软镜治疗上尿路结石,具有微创、疗效确实、并发症少的优点,对于输尿管上段结石上移及经皮肾镜取石术后残余结石的处理可作为很好的补充.