超常量全麻诱导合并困难气道1例

病人,男, 27岁。体质量 70Kg,右上腹疼痛伴全身黄染 10d。自述对水杨酸、磺胺类药物过敏,吸烟史 20年, 10年前曾在全麻下行额、面、颅骨骨折修补术,以及 4次连续硬膜外麻醉下下肢多处骨折切开复位内固定术。体检:一般状态良好,心、肺无异常,脊柱无畸形及压痛,四肢关节活动自如。最大张口时上下齿间距离为 4 0cm;目视可见咽腭弓及软腭,不能窥见悬雍垂;寰枕关节活动正常,甲颏间距 6cm。化验检查:WBC12 06×109 /L,TBIL107 00μmol/L,DBIL13 30μmol/L,ALT107 00U/L,AST44 55U/L,ALT/AST2 40,GCT404 00U/L,AKP191 00U/L,G…     

困难气道2例气管插管的体会

例1，男，37岁。全身大面积烧伤植皮术后2年，拟行颜面及双手瘢痕切除、皮瓣移植术。查体：颜面及颈部瘢痕挛缩，双眼睑、口唇不能闭合，双侧鼻孔〈0．5cm，张口度〈2．0cm，颏胸瘢痕粘连，颏甲间距〈3．0cm，气管左偏。例2，男66岁。胆囊结石拟行腹腔镜胆囊切除术，患强直性脊柱炎30年，病变累及C2-L2致颈部僵直，颈部伸屈活动受限。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停与困难气道关联性的Meta分析

 目的 对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停和困难气道之间的关联性进行Meta分析,为临床处理提供参考。方法 检索2000-01-01至2018-12-31 Pubmed、ProQuest Central、EMBASE、Medline、Cochrane Online Library和Web of Science的前瞻性研究的文献,对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(obstructive sleep apnea, OSA)患者和非OSA患者中发生困难气道的情况进行Meta分析。结果 与非OSA患者相比,OSA患者发生困难插管、困难面罩通气以及困难插管合并困难面罩通气的OR值分别为2.86 (95% CI:2.30～3.56, P＜0.01; 12.81% vs 2.37% )、3.37(95% CI:2.82～4.03, P＜0.01; 3.87% vs 1.01% )和3.78(95% CI: 3.26～4.38, P＜0.01;1.08% vs 0.30% )。结论 OSA患者发生困难气道的风险显著高于非OSA患者。     

困难气道误吸处理1例

误吸指由于患者咽喉反射迟钝或消失,食物或胃内容物进入气道,造成气道阻塞或吸入性肺炎（Mendelson 综合征）.麻醉下反流较呕吐更常见,因为是一种“无声”的动作,不易被发现,常见于麻醉诱导和苏醒期以及牵拉腹腔脏器时.出现反流和误吸后可出现缺氧、发绀、喉痉挛、支气管痉挛、肺水肿、心脏骤停、急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）等更为严重的并发症,甚至死亡.我科于2013-02-24救治一例困难气道误吸,疗效较好.     

光索在成人上下颌骨折困难气道插管中的应用

临床上经常会遇到气管插管困难的病例,如何解决好困难气道的插管,一直是困扰麻醉医生的问题。困难气管插管的患者因生理、病理解剖位置异常,麻醉后常无法完成气管插管。尽管气管插管的失败率为0.05%～0.35%,但气管插管所致的并发症和死亡亦时有发生,     

在钢丝引导下完成困难气道气管插管27例

气管插管是进行呼吸道管理的前提,是麻醉手术安全的重要保障.据报道困难气道的发生率为1%～4%[1],目前解决困难气道较好的办法有在可视喉镜、纤维支气管镜、光棒等辅助下气管插管,但往往由于设备昂贵,操作复杂等原因难以普及.笔者采用钢丝引导,经普通喉罩进行气管插管27例,取得了满意的效果.     

甲状腺癌与乳腺癌关系研究进展

多重癌是指先后发生于同一患者体内不同器官、系统或同一器官不同组织来源的两种及两种以上的原发恶性肿瘤.提高对多重癌的认识,有助于诊疗方案的选择,提高患者生存率[1].乳腺癌是第二大常见癌症,也是女性诊断频率最高的癌症之一.近年来,甲状腺癌和乳腺癌发病率明显增加,且在女性中发病率处于较高水平.多项研究表明,甲状腺癌与乳腺癌...     

小儿全麻术后气管插管气道管理常见困难及护理对策

目的:提高小儿全麻术后气管插管护理质量。方法:回顾性分析PICU2011-03～2011-12收治的98例全麻术后气管插管患儿临床资料,总结其护理经验。结果:98例患儿中6例意外拔管,4例脱管,1例误吸。经及时处理后,均痊愈出院。结论:医护人员应高度重视小儿全麻术后气管插管气道管理常见困难,因材施教,灵活掌握指针,精心护理才能避免护理并发症的发生,提高小儿全麻术后气管插管护理质量。     

^(125)I粒子植入治疗合并气道狭窄的难治性甲状腺癌的临床疗效北大核心CSCD

目的探讨^(125)I粒子植入治疗合并气道狭窄的难治性甲状腺癌的疗效和安全性。方法收集2017年12月至2021年12月郑州大学第一附属医院行^(125)I粒子植入治疗合并气道狭窄的难治性甲状腺癌患者15例。通过CT引导下植入放射性^(125)I粒子,活度为0.3~0.8 mCi,处方剂量为80~120 Gy。随访观察肿瘤客观缓解情况、气道狭窄改善情况及不良反应等。结果术后即刻靶区D_(90)、V_(90)、V_(100)、V_(150)、V_(200)、CI、EI、HI分别为(105.30±11.22)Gy、(98.15±11.23)%、(93.01±1.15)%、(63.72±6.13)%、(42.15±6.26)%、0.63±0.07、(41.55±13.32)%、(27.72±7.13)%。术后2个月CR为1例,PR为10例,SD为4例。术后2个月、4个月、6个月客观缓解分别为11例、12例、15例。15例患者术前肿瘤大小及气道直径为(7.53±1.82)cm、(0.52±0.20)cm,术后2个月肿瘤大小及气道直径为(4.35±1.51)cm、(0.62±0.23)cm,术后6个月肿瘤大小及气道直径为(2.15±1.12)cm、(1.03±0.22)cm。2例患者粒子距离食管较近,植入2周后出现间断恶心、呕吐、咽下疼痛,症状较轻,给予解痉、抑酸、低剂量泼尼松口服后缓解。2例患者粒子距离皮肤较近,植入1个月后出现皮肤色素沉着,未出现破溃、感染,考虑1级放射性皮肤损伤。1例患者术后2个月因肿瘤完全缓解,粒子聚集,局部剂量过高,出现4级放射性损伤,皮肤色素沉着、溃烂、窦道形成,粒子部分脱落,经整形外科处理后愈合。所有患者均未出现因穿刺导致的窒息、死亡等即刻并发症。结论^(125)I粒子植入治疗合并气道狭窄的难治性甲状腺癌安全有效。     

甲状腺结节钙化与甲状腺癌的关系

 目的 探讨术前超声发现甲状腺结节钙化与甲状腺癌的关系。方法 回顾性分析武警总医院 2012 -06 至 2012 -08 行甲状腺结节手术的患者,术前超声检查的甲状腺结节钙化类型,以及和术中、术后病理结果之间关系。结果 58例中,良性病变31例,甲状腺乳头状癌27例。术前超声甲状腺结节钙化检出率39.7%,术后病理的钙化检出率为38%,术中冷冻的钙化检出率为17.2%。良性病变钙化检出率为16.1%,良性病变微钙化检出率6.4%;甲状腺乳头状癌钙化发生率66.7%,其中微钙化发生率为51.9%。良性病变与恶性病变之间的钙化发生率、微钙化发生率比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。良性病变的单个结节钙化发生率为20%,恶性病变的单个结节钙化发生率为61.1%,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论 术前超声发现的甲状腺结节的微钙化与甲状腺癌的关系密切。     

Chemo-radionuclide therapy for thyroid cancer: initial experimental study with cultured cells

Radioiodine therapy has long been used for distant metastases of thyroid cancer. Although partially effective in most cases, it can render a complete cure only in a limited number of patients. One way to enhance its efficacy would be to combine it with antineoplastic agents. Here we describe an initial in vitro evaluation with 4 thyroid cancer cell lines. METHODS: Cells were sparsely seeded in microtiter plates and allowed to grow for 2 days; then they were exposed to sublethal concentrations of cisplatin (CDDP), doxorubicin (Dox), or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), followed by treatment with I-131 for 48 hr. Cell survival was measured with a commercial kit based on the colorimetry of succinate dehydrogenase activity. RESULTS: Chemotherapeutic drugs exerted similar concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects in all 4 cell lines. The doses necessary to reduce the surviving fraction to half of the control were about 3 microg/ml for CDDP, 0.3 microg/ml for Dox, and 3 microg/ml for 5-FU (when used continuously for 48 hours). On the other hand, sensitivity to I-131 irradiation differed among the lines; same doses (7.4-14.8 MBq/ml) caused the greatest damage in FRO cells, a modest effect in NPA and WRO, and only minimal change in B-CPAP. The combined effect was most demonstrable in wells treated with Dox and radioiodine, whereas the addition of CDDP or 5-FU had marginal or insignificant merit, respectively. In FRO cells, half-lethal doses of the above mentioned CDDP, Dox, and 5-FU, when used together with 14.8 MBq/ml I-131, reduced cell survival to 54.5%, 29.4% and 33.4%, respectively, vs. 60.2% with radioiodine alone. CONCLUSION: In vitro, clinical concentrations of Dox can accelerate the killing of thyroid cancer cells by radioiodine. These favorable experimental results warrant future studies to evaluate whether this new bidisciplinary approach is clinically relevant and feasible.     

甲状腺癌的基因治疗

甲状腺癌的基因治疗包括免疫基因疗法,自杀基因疗法,抑癌基因疗法,NIS基因介导的131I治疗,反义基因治疗等,具有广阔的前景,但应用于临床还有许多的问题需要解决。     

双能量 CT 碘图及标准化碘浓度对甲状腺癌的诊断价值

目的：探讨双能量CT碘图形态学与碘浓度测定对甲状腺癌的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析行双能量CT增强扫描且经手术病理证实的甲状腺结节患者,分别测量动、静脉期颈内动脉C T值,筛选C T值同时满足动脉期110～250 H U、静脉期70～110 HU共90例（恶性60例,良性30例）。测量正常甲状腺组织,良、恶性结节碘浓度,得出NICnod值（normalized iodine concen‐tration ,标准化碘浓度）,比较良、恶性及正常组间甲状腺结节的差异。对结节形态学分析,分别观察：形态是否规则、沙砾样钙化、结节强化环不完整呈“强化残圈征”、结节突破甲状腺包膜呈“节段缺损征”在诊断恶性结节中的灵敏度、特异性及准确度,比较在碘图及普通图像上的差异。结果①甲状腺癌碘图上,形态不规则、结节强化环不完整呈“强化残圈征”、结节突破甲状腺包膜呈“节段缺损征”诊断为甲状腺癌的灵敏度、特异度及准确度均较普通 CT图像高（P均＜0．05）,沙砾样钙化在碘图与普通图像上无差异（P＞0．05）。②正常与恶性组、正常与良性组及恶性与良性组 NICnod静脉期差异均有统计学意义（Z值分别为－3．092、－3．187、－2．660, P均＜0．05）,动脉期良、恶性组差异无统计学意义。静脉期最佳 NICnod为0．76,小于该值诊断为恶性,受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）的曲线下面积（AUC）值为0．91,敏感度和特异度分别为74．61％、75．60％。③碘图形态学结合结节NICnod诊断甲状腺癌的灵敏度、特异度及准确度分别为：91．67％、86．67％、94．44％。结论双能量C T碘图形态学及碘浓度测量对甲状腺癌的定性诊断有价值。     

不摄取131I的甲状腺癌治疗

甲状腺癌通常预后较好,但约30%发生肿瘤去分化,最终发展成高度恶性的未分化癌,平均生存率少于8个月.由于有关去分化的甲状腺特异性功能的丧失,这些肿瘤不能接受标准的治疗方法,例如131I治疗和甲状腺激素调节的促甲状腺激素抑制.甲状腺髓样癌也是高侵犯性肿瘤,治疗局限于外科手术,若患者对标准治疗方法不反应则无其他选择.最近,几个新的方法已试用于甲状腺癌的治疗,其中大多数采用基因治疗方法①肿瘤抑制体p53基因的再引进;②自杀基因治疗;③白细胞介素-2基因表达的抗肿瘤免疫应答;④抗肿瘤标志物降钙素的DNA接种以诱导免疫应答⑤甲状腺钠碘转运体的转导使不摄碘组织可以接受131I治疗;⑥通过抗敏低聚核苷酸阻断肿瘤基因c-myc的表达⑦放射性标记抗体的放射免疫靶向治疗;⑧维甲酸再分化治疗;⑨生长激素释放抑制激素.     

Value of technetium scintigraphy and iodine uptake measurement during follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer

Measurement of serum thyroglobulin (Tg) levels and I-131 whole body scintigraphy (WBS) are used in the follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). This study was designed to evaluate the significance of persistent I-131 uptake in the thyroid bed in patients with DTC following surgery and/or radioactive iodine ablation. Tc-99m thyroid scintigraphy (TS) and I-131 thyroid uptake (IU) were also performed to determine their clinical impact on patient management. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-two non-metastatic patients (14 men, 48 women) with a mean age of 44 years (range: 16-75) who had undergone surgical thyroidectomy for DTC were evaluated prospectively. All patients had undergone technetium and iodine scintigraphy (IS). Although serum Tg levels were measured in all patients, IU was available in 36. RESULTS: Tg values were in the range of 0.2-24 ng/ml (median: 0.2 ng/ml) when patients were in the hypothyroid state. I-131 WBS detected residual tissue in the neck in 30 patients (48%); however TS was positive in only 12 (19%). I-131 uptake in the thyroid bed ranged from 0 to 14% (median: 0.1%). Twelve of 13 patients with positive IS and negative TS had uptake values < or = 0.3% (p < 0.00001). When IU values were < or = 0.3%, 54% of our patients did not have any uptake in the thyroid bed on TS or IS, whereas when IU was > 0.3%, 80% of patients had neck uptake on both TS and IS (p < 0.00001). CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrate that the concordance of IS and TS depends on the IU level after suspension of replacement therapy. Measurements of IU and TS are of considerable value in evaluating patient response to therapy and will substantially reduce the need for repetitive radioiodine scans and unnecessary treatment doses in patients with undetectable Tg values.     

Brain metastasis from differentiated thyroid cancer in patients treated with radioiodine for bone and lung lesions

Brain metastasis of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) often is detected during treatment of other remote lesions. We examined the prevalence, risk factors and treatment outcome of this disease encountered during nuclear medicine practice. Of the 167 patients with metastasis to lung or bone treated 1-14 times with radioactive iodine (RAI), 9 (5.4%) also had lesions in the brain. Five were males and 4 females, aged 49-84, out of the original population of 49 males and 118 females aged 10-84 (mean 54.7) years. Three of them underwent removal of their brain tumors, 5 received conventional external beam irradiation, and 2 had stereotactic radiosurgery with supervoltage X-ray. None of the brain lesions showed significant uptake of RAI despite demonstrable accumulation in most extracerebral lesions. Seven patients died 4-23 (mean 9.4) months after the discovery of cerebral metastasis, brain damage being the primary or at least a contributing cause. The 8th and 9th patients remained relatively well for more than 42 and 3 months, respectively, without any evidence of intracranial recurrence. Our results confirmed that the brain is a major site of secondary metastasis from DTC. No statistically significant demographic risk factor was detected. Any suspicious neurological symptoms in the course of RAI treatment warrant cerebral computed tomography. As for therapy, from our initial experience, radiosurgery seemed promising as an effective and less invasive alternative to surgical removal.     

碘难治性分化型甲状腺癌的诊断与靶向治疗

近年来甲状腺癌的发病率逐年升高,其中分化型甲状腺癌（DTC）占到了90%以上。一部分DTC可在自然状态下或治疗过程中失分化而发展为碘难治性分化型甲状腺癌（RAIR-DTC）。目前有关RAIR-DTC的定义尚未达成共识,这在一定程度上影响了其诊断与治疗。由于RAIR-DTC的治疗效果欠佳,一直是甲状腺癌的治疗难点。随着对甲状腺癌分子病理学研究的深入,分子靶向药物得到了迅速发展,尤其是其在碘难治性甲状腺癌中的应用取得了明显的效果,为甲状腺癌的治疗开辟了新的方向。