Orthodontic treatment need in Latvia

Measuring the prevalence of malocclusion and treatment need in a population is useful for the planning of orthodontic services. In addition, knowledge concerning the attitudes of patients to malocclusion is becoming increasingly important in orthodontics. Without a satisfactory estimate of the need and demand for treatment it is difficult to develop and organize a meaningful service. The aims of this investigation were to estimate the need for orthodontic treatment in 12-13-year-old school children in urban and rural schools in Latvia. Five hundred and four school children aged 12-13 years were examined using the Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need (ICON). The children were invited to complete a questionnaire about treatment need and their appearance. The survey was carried out in four urban and five rural school settings. There were no statistically significant differences in treatment need between rural and urban settings or between boys and girls. However, there was a difference in ICON scores between Riga and Daugavpils, with a greater need for treatment in Daugavpils. Individual responses to questionnaires illustrated a correlation between individuals who expressed dissatisfaction with the arrangement of their teeth and treatment need according to the ICON score. The overall prevalence of individuals needing orthodontic treatment in Latvia was 35.3 per cent, but this figure masked considerable variation between schools. For example, a greater need was found in Daugavpils than in Riga. This difference is not fully explained but could be due to genetics, the individuals in Daugavpils being mainly of Russian origin. The individuals' perception of the arrangement of teeth and the need for treatment correlated significantly with the ICON score.     

Orthodontic treatment need and demand in 12-14-year-old north Jordanian school children

This study was undertaken to assess the need and demand for orthodontic treatment among 12-14-year-old north Jordanian school children. In total, 1002 students randomly selected to represent five geographical areas of Irbid were examined. The examinations were carried out twice, first on the pupils in the school premises and then using study models taken from each student. The dental health (DHC) and aesthetic (AC) components of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) were used as an assessment measure of the need for orthodontic treatment. The demand for orthodontic treatment was measured by asking the students 'if it was necessary, would they like to have their teeth straightened by an orthodontist'. The results showed that approximately one-third (34 per cent) of the children examined had a definite need for orthodontic treatment. Within this group, 73.5 per cent were in need of orthodontic treatment according to the DHC, 23.5 per cent had both DHC and AC great need scores, and 3 per cent were in need according to the AC only. Severe contact point displacement of more than 4 mm was the most common occlusal feature in the definite treatment need group, followed by impeded eruption of teeth, hypoplasia of a single tooth and increased overjet of more than 6 mm but less than or equal to 9 mm. The demand for orthodontic treatment among the students was 49 per cent. Approximately half of them (54 per cent) had a definite need for orthodontic treatment. This study provides baseline data on the need and demand for orthodontic treatment among a Jordanian population, which is important for planning public orthodontic and dental services.     

Perceived aesthetic impact of malocclusion and oral self-perceptions in 14-15-year-old Asian and Caucasian children in greater Manchester

The aims of this study were to evaluate (i) the effect of ethnicity, social deprivation, and normative orthodontic treatment need on orthodontic aesthetic self-perception, self-perceived need for orthodontic treatment, and oral aesthetic impact of malocclusion; (ii) the effect of ethnicity, social deprivation, and gender on perceived orthodontic treatment need and use of orthodontic services; (iii) the influence of perceived oral aesthetic impact of malocclusion on perceived need and wish for orthodontic treatment; and (iv) whether orthodontic treatment experience influences perceived oral aesthetic impact of malocclusion. A stratified, random sample of 434 14-15-year-old children from schools in Manchester, UK, was obtained. Information was collected on orthodontic aesthetic self-perception and orthodontic treatment experience using a questionnaire. The former data were combined to form an Oral Aesthetic Subjective Impact Scale (OASIS). Normative orthodontic treatment need was measured with the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). Children with higher clinical need for orthodontic treatment perceived themselves as worse off than their peers with lower need. More socially deprived children or those with high IOTN aesthetic component (AC) scores had a higher (i.e. more negative) aesthetic impact (OASIS) score. Asians and females had higher IOTN dental health component (DHC) scores, but a better aesthetic appearance than Caucasians and males. More deprived children were less likely to have received orthodontic treatment. Despite this, OASIS scores were similar between treated and untreated children. Untreated children who wished for orthodontic treatment had higher IOTN AC and OASIS scores.     

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小儿从出生到建立完好的恒牙列,是个漫长的过程。在此期间,常见的龋、牙齿发育异常、口腔不良习惯等,均会对牙、颌、面的生长产生影响,导致面型异常及各种错牙合畸形。如对正处于生长发育高峰期的儿童采取早期治疗,治疗效果最好,可使复杂问题简单化,常可在较短的时间内,用比较简单的矫治方法和矫治器改正,及早地阻断错牙合畸形的发展,引导牙、颌、面正常发育。开展早期治疗,要根据儿童的生长发育特点,依据生长发育的规律和发育的顺序进行诊断和治疗。早期治疗可能只是整个治疗计划的一部分,大多数的患儿常常需要到替牙期后再进行后期常规正畸治疗,所以要把乳牙、混合牙列期的早期治疗作为从乳牙、混合牙列期到恒牙列期的整体正畸治疗过程的一个环节来正确认识。     

Prevalence of malocclusion in high school students in Japan according to the Dental Aesthetic Index

Abstract – The Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) was used to evaluate malocclusion in Japanese high school students ( n = 409, ages 15–18 yr). The purpose of this study was to obtain basic data concerning malocclusion in Japanese high school students. This study used a sample of students from randomly selected urban and rural high schools in Japan's Kyushu district. The DAI scores for urban and rural high school students, as well as the total DAI scores from these two areas were significantly higher than that of American high school students. These results showed that the number of students with an acceptable dental appearance among Japanese high school students is significantly lower than among American high school students. This indicates a higher need for orthodontic treatment among Japanese high school students.     

Need and demand for orthodontic treatment in an adult Swedish population.

The prevalence of malocclusion, the need for and the demand for orthodontic treatment was studied in a randomly selected adult Swedish population > or = 20 years of age. Nine-hundred-and-twenty subjects were examined of whom 669 had their own teeth in occlusion. From those a group of 157 subjects was selected on the basis of objective need and/or subjective demand for orthodontic treatment. The various regimens of treatment required in this group were investigated. The prevalence of malocclusion ranged from 17 to 53 per cent in the various age groups. The spectrum of malocclusion was similar to that previously reported in Swedish children. The awareness of their malocclusion was higher among younger than older subjects and among those who had severe malocclusion. Objective treatment need, evaluated by two experienced orthodontists, was estimated at 11 per cent of the total population, whilst orthodontic treatment was requested by approximately 5 per cent of the population studied.     

Malocclusion and the need for orthodontic treatment in 9-year-old immigrant children in Stockholm, Sweden

In this study the prevalence of malocclusion and the need for orthodontic treatment were studied from objective and subjective aspects in 174 immigrant children (89 boys and 85 girls). At the time of the study the children were 9 years of age. The objective need for orthodontic treatment was judged according to the 5-point scale of the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (Medicinalstyrelsen 1966). No need for treatment (grade 0) was observed in 11% of the children and only minor treatment need (grade 1) in 29%. A desirable need for treatment (grade 2) was found in 28% of the children at the time of the examination and an urgent need for treatment (grades 3 and 4) in 32%. Twenty per cent of those with a desirable need for treatment (grade 2; 6% of all the children) will probably develop an urgent need for treatment when the mixed dentition is replaced by the permanent dentition. 56% of the children were not interested in orthodontic treatment, and 63% found the arrangement of their teeth attractive. These results are discussed in relation to earlier Scandinavian epidemiological studies.     

Malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need of secondary school students in Nigeria according to the dental aesthetic index (DAI)

The aims of this study were to measure the distribution, prevalence and the severity of malocclusion and treatment need amongst randomly selected (n = 703) rural and urban Nigerian children aged 12-18 years (mean 14.0 +/- 1.84) using the dental aesthetic index (DAI), and to assess whether malocclusion was affected by age, gender and socio-economic background. Data were collected according to the method recommended by WHO. Most of the children (77.4 per cent) had a dental appearance which required no orthodontic treatment. Over 13 per cent fell into the group where treatment for malocclusion is considered to be 'elective'. However, a substantial proportion (9.2 per cent) of the population had severe to handicapping malocclusion where treatment is 'highly desirable' or 'mandatory'. There were no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) in DAI scores between age groups, gender and socio-economic background. This study also found that Nigerian adolescents had better dental appearance and less orthodontic treatment need compared with the Caucasian and Oriental populations.     

深圳市福田区5851名中学生错畸形及正畸治疗意识的调查

目的调查深圳市福田区中学生对错畸形的认知和正畸治疗的意识。方法对深圳市福田区5851名11～19岁在校中学生进行错畸形调查,对错畸形患者发放问卷了解其正畸治疗意识。结果 5851名学生错畸形患病率为71.2%（4168/5851）,其中正在矫正的学生有648名,占错畸形学生的15.5%。向错学生共发放问卷4168份,收回的2995份问卷显示,26.9%（806/2995）的学生同意或正在矫正,73.1%的学生暂不考虑矫正;31.7%（950/2995）的学生了解何种牙齿需要矫正,仅10.1%（303/2995）的学生清楚错畸形不利于健康。结论深圳市福田区中学生错畸形率较高,矫正意识较低。     

Attitudes and satisfaction with dental appearance in young adults with and without malocclusion

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of a Public Dental Service (PDS) system in Sweden with regard to the orthodontic care and to investigate the selection made for the consultation by the general practitioners (GPs) and by orthodontists of those patients with malocclusion. In the individuals leaving the PDS system, the residual need and demand for treatment due to malocclusions and satisfaction with and opinion of their teeth was assessed in orthodontically treated and untreated 19-year-olds. Altogether 121 19-year-olds were clinically investigated with respect to six defined malocclusion traits and given a questionnaire. The following results were found: Ten per cent of the 19-year-olds that had not had an orthodontic consultation showed a residual treatment need. One third of the individuals judged by the orthodontist not to need treatment and one third that had been treated by the GP showed a marked orthodontic treatment need at the age of 19 years. Twenty-two per cent of all 19-year-olds left the PDS with an orthodontic treatment need. Ninety-four per cent were satisfied with their teeth irrespective of malocclusion or not. Every second individual considered their teeth important for their self-esteem. It was concluded that 19-year-olds in general were satisfied with their dental appearance. Half of the registered residual need and demand for orthodontic treatment was not related to measurable malocclusions.     

兰州地区青少年正畸患者正畸治疗意识的调查分析

目的 调查兰州地区青少年对错牙合畸形的认识及正畸治疗意识。方法 对兰州地区4个城区4 981名在校中学生进行错牙合畸形调查,并向其发放问卷了解治疗动机和正畸意识。结果 4 981名学生中错牙合患者3 168名（65.61%）,其中有452名正在矫治治疗（14.27%）。对2 716名尚未正畸治疗患者调查其未作治疗原因,有21.54%认为没有觉得不齐,20.00%的认为学习紧张。结论 兰州地区青少年错牙合患病率较高,矫治率低,对正畸治疗认识不足。     

Perceptions of dental attractiveness and orthodontic treatment need among Tanzanian children.

The aim of this study was to assess the opinions of Tanzanian children on dental attractiveness and their perceptions of orthodontic treatment need in relation to their own dental attractiveness as measured by the aesthetic component (AC) of the index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN). In a random sample of 386 school children (48% boys, 52% girls), aged 9 to 18 years, the subjective need was assessed by using a prestructured questionnaire, and attractiveness was scored by using 18 intraoral frontal photographs. Orthodontic treatment need was measured with the IOTN, and 11% of the children definitely needed orthodontic treatment (grades 8-10 of the AC with 4-5 of the dental health component [DHC]). The AC indicated that 11% of the children needed orthodontic treatment, whereas the DHC indicated 22%. Although 38% of the children said they needed treatment, 33% and 31% were unhappy with the arrangement and the appearance of their teeth, respectively. Most children (85%) recognized well-aligned teeth as important for overall facial appearance. Photographs showing severe deviations including crowding were regarded as the most unattractive, with older children tending to dislike them the most (P <.0005). This suggests that, from the children's point of view, grades 8-10 of the AC and 4-5 of the DHC could be given the first priority when considering an orthodontic treatment policy in Tanzania.     

深圳市中学生错畸形患病率及治疗意识调查

目的通过对深圳市在校中学生的错畸形调查,了解中学生错畸形的患病率及治疗意识。方法以安氏错分类法为标准,调查深圳市福田区5851名11～19岁在校中学生的错畸形情况,并通过反馈表了解受检者及家长的治疗意识。结果调查得出深圳市中学生错畸形率71.3%,其中11.1%的学生有矫正治疗史,尚未矫正的患者中73.1%暂不考虑矫正。结论深圳市中学生错畸形率较高,就诊率偏低。     

成人骨性安氏Ⅱ类1分类错(牙合)的正颌-正畸联合治疗

目的采用正畸-正颌手术联合治疗骨性安氏Ⅱ类Ⅰ分类错(牙合)患者,介绍手术前后正畸及术前的准备工作.方法11例成人骨性安氏Ⅱ类Ⅰ分类错(牙合)患者,均经术前正畸-正颌手术-术后正畸的治疗过程.手术前后正畸目的是矫正上下颌前牙前突,排齐牙列,协调上下牙弓,平整牙(牙合)曲线,建立正颌术后良好的咬合关系.术前准备包括术前电脑模拟手术、模型外科、(牙合)板制作.结果11例患者建立了良好的咬合关系及协调的上下颌骨关系,面容美观改善.结论骨性错(牙合)畸形患者采用正畸-正颌联合治疗,能获得功能和美观的满意效果,术前正畸、电脑模拟手术、模型外科、(牙合)板制作及术后正畸,每一操作步骤的精确到位均十分重要.     

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??Objective??To explore the effects of upper airway obstruction on the prevalence of malocclusion in children??and use the cephalometrics to study the effects of upper airway obstruction on craniomaxillofacial growth and development. Methods????1??Prevalence of malocclusion??craniomaxillofacial examination was carried out respectively on 176 children with upper airway obstruction in ENT Department??Group ENT?? and on 485 primary and middle school students??Group GS??. The total prevalence of malocclusion and the prevalence of malocclusion of different dental stages were compared between two groups of children. Then count the malocclusion constitute ratio on Angel??s classification. ??2??Cephalometric analysis??there were 32 patients with upper airway obstruction from ENT department as orthodontic treatment group??Group H??and 32 patients without the upper airway obstruction as orthodontic clinic group??Group N??. Measure the cephalometrics of craniomaxillofacial soft and hard tissue??upper airway sagittal dimension and hyoid bone position??then statistical analysis was done by independent-sample t-test. Results??The prevalence of malocclusion of primary dentition period??mixed dentition period and total prevalence of malocclusion in Group ENT were higher than Group GS with statistical significance??P??0.001??. There was no significant difference between the two groups in permanent dentition period??P??0.05??. Between Group H and Group N??in craniomaxillofacial soft and hard tissue measurements??only SNGoGn had statistical difference??P??0.05????there were significant differences in three parameters of upper airway??posterior nasal spine point to the pharyngeal wall ??PNS-UPW????middle soft palate to the posterior pharyngeal wall??SPP-SPPW??and narrowest airway clearance??Mc1-Mc2????P??0.05????the measurements of H-PP??H-PNS??H-MP and H-C3??V?? representing the vertical position of the hyoid bone had statistically significant differences ??P??0.05??while no other measurements were statistically significant. Conclusion??The prevalence of malocclusion in children with upper airway obstruction is significantly higher than that of the normal population. Children with upper airway obstruction during their growth and development are prone to have vertical mandibular growth??a reduction in the upper pharyngeal sagittal dimension and lower hyoid position.     

儿童上呼吸道阻塞对错牙合畸形患病率和颅颌面生长发育影响研究

目的　研究上呼吸道阻塞患儿错牙合畸形的患病率情况,并利用头影测量分析上呼吸道阻塞对颅颌面生长发育的影响。方法　（1）错牙合畸形患病率调查：选取2017年5—9月于中国医科大学附属盛京医院耳鼻喉科门诊就诊的上呼吸道阻塞患儿176例为病例组（ENT组）,另选取2017年6月于辽宁省沈阳市光明中学七年级和塔湾小学三年级进行口颌面错牙合畸形普查的中小学生485名为对照组（GS组）。比较两组人群不同牙合期和整体错牙合畸形的患病率,并统计不同牙合期错牙合畸形的安氏分类构成比。（2）头影测量分析：选取2017年5—9月于中国医科大学附属盛京医院耳鼻喉科门诊就诊的上呼吸道阻塞并进行正畸治疗的患儿32例为病例组（H组）,另选取2016年1月至2017年12月于中国医科大学附属口腔医院正畸科就诊的上呼吸道通畅并进行正畸治疗的患儿32例为对照组（N组）。分别对两组患儿的颅颌面软硬组织、气道矢状径间隙和舌骨位置进行测量,采用独立样本t检验对两组测量值进行统计学分析。结果　（1）ENT组患儿替牙牙合期、乳牙牙合期以及整体错牙合畸形的患病率均高于GS组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）,但恒牙牙合期两组患病率的差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。（2）H组和N组患儿,在颅颌面软硬组织测量指标中,仅下颌平面角（SNGoGn）测量结果差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;在气道间隙矢状径测量中,软腭上后气道间隙（PNS-UPW）、软腭中后气道间隙（SPP-SPPW）、气道间隙最窄处距离（Mc1-Mc2）3项指标测量结果差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;在舌骨垂直向位置测量中,H点到腭平面的距离（H-PP）、H点与后鼻棘点的距离（H-PNS）、H点到下颌平面的距离（H-MP）和H点与第三颈椎垂直距离［H-C3（V）］4项指标测量结果差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论　上呼吸道阻塞患儿的错牙合畸形患病率明显高于普通人群。在生长发育期,上呼吸道阻塞易导致下颌骨的垂直向生长、咽腔上部矢状间隙的减小和舌骨位置下降改变。     

Subjective need and orthodontic treatment experience in a Middle East country providing free orthodontic services: a questionnaire survey

The aims of this study were to explore orthodontic treatment experience, subjective need for treatment, and perceptions of teeth and dental appearance in relation to background factors such as funding system, area of living, age, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. The subjects were 1076 randomly selected second-year high school students from a rural (Jahra) and an urban (Capital) area of Kuwait, with a mean age of 15.1 years. Kuwaiti citizens constituted 79% of the sample, and the rest were of other Arab origins. The data were collected using a questionnaire. Orthodontic treatment rate was significantly higher for Kuwaitis (10%) than for non-Kuwaitis (2%). Among Kuwaiti subjects, urban area of living and female gender increased the odds of receiving orthodontic treatment. Subjective treatment need was 36%, with no difference between Kuwaiti and non-Kuwaiti subjects, but Kuwaitis in the rural area expressed subjective treatment need less often than those in the urban area. The results suggest that access to free-of-cost orthodontic treatment was likely to affect treatment rate, whereas it did not seem to influence the self-perceived need for treatment. Gender and area of living may be significant for the distribution of free-of-cost orthodontic treatment.     

错(牙合)畸形对儿童口腔健康相关生活质量影响的研究

目的:调查错(牙合)畸形对儿童生活质量的影响.方法:选择门诊就诊儿童118名,采用IOTN-DHC指数评价错(牙合)畸形严重程度,采用儿童和家长版Michigan-OHRQoL量表测定对生活质量的影响.结果:错(牙合)畸形在咀嚼等客观方面对家长和儿童影响较一致,家长对儿童牙齿的主观评价较儿童自身评价高;收入较高与教育程度高的家长评价错(牙合)畸形对患儿的生活质量影响较大.结论:错(牙合)畸形对儿童的口腔健康相关生活质量有影响,影响程度与家长收入及教育程度有关.     

Prevalence and awareness of malocclusion in Swedish men

Previous orthodontic treatment, the awareness of malocclusion, the demand for orthodontic treatment and the prevalence of malocclusion were studied in 389 Swedish men, aged 21-54 years (mean age 32 years). Nine percent had been treated with an orthodontic appliance and 15% reported that permanent teeth had been extracted on orthodontic indications. Malposition of teeth was found in 75%, with rotation as the most common type of malposition. Crowding was recorded in 43% and spacing in 18%. Fifty-seven percent had some occlusal anomaly. The need for orthodontic treatment was rated on a four-point scale. It was found that 76% were in need of treatment. The need for treatment was only slight in half of the men but moderate to urgent in 25% of the sample. About a quarter of the men were aware of malposition of front teeth, equally often for maxillary and mandibular teeth, but only about 1% were aware of malposition of posterior teeth. Only a few percent thought they were in need of orthodontic treatment. The presence of malocclusion was correlated to age, place of birth and educational level. This might perhaps be a consequence of tooth loss.     

Effect of premature loss of deciduous canines and molars on malocclusion of the permanent dentition.

The effect of the premature loss of deciduous canines and first and second molars on malocclusion of the permanent dentition was studied in 255 schoolchildren 11 years of age or older at the most recent examination of the permanent dentition. Malocclusion was evaluated by scoring malalignment (major and minor) and measurement of crowding in the anterior teeth. Children who had a premature loss of one or more canines or molars had a higher frequency of receiving orthodontic treatment of one type or another for the permanent dentition. The likelihood of need of treatment increased with the number of prematurely lost teeth. Children who had lost one or more deciduous teeth through age 9 had a greater than threefold increase in the frequency of orthodontic treatment relative to the control. Of those who did not receive orthodontic treatment, there was no detectable relationship of the premature loss of canines with the malalignment of permanent teeth. However, there was a significant effect of the premature extraction of molars on malalignment especially major malalignment of permanent teeth. No differences were noted in their effects between the first and second deciduous molars. Crowding of the anterior teeth was directly affected by the premature loss of deciduous canines.