应变率显像对缺血心肌收缩和舒张功能评价的研究

目的通过应变率显像评价冠心病患者缺血心肌的局部收缩和舒张功能。方法30例冠心病患者,测定缺血心肌的应变率数值（SR）,包括收缩期峰值（SRs）、舒张早期峰值（SRe）和舒张晚期峰值（SRa）,并测量左室射血分数（EF）;正常组选取30人作为对照。结果冠心病组节段心肌SRs和SRe均低于正常组相应节段的测值（P〈0．05）,而两组间的EF差异无统计学意义。结论心肌应变率显像是一项实用的诊断心肌缺血的新方法。     

应变率显像评价不同构型高血压患者左室舒张功能及收缩后缩短

目的探讨心脏应变率显像（SRI）技术评价不同构型高血压患者左室舒张功能价值及收缩后缩短（PSS）现象。方法原发性高血压非左室心肌肥厚（NLVH）组30例,左室心肌肥厚（LVH）组30例,对照组30例,分别获得左室6个壁基底部、中间部和心尖部舒张早期应变率（SReb、SRem、SRea）,统计3组左室壁出现的PSS的节段数,并记录PSS值。结果NLVH组SReb、SRem、SRea均低于对照组（P〈0.01）。LVH组的SReb、SRem、SRea均低于NLVH组（P〈0.05）。LVH组的PSS出现比率及PSS绝对值均高于NLVH组（P〈0.05）。结论SRI技术为定量、准确评价不同构型高血压左室局部心肌舒张功能提供了新的方法,LVH组病理性PSS的出现提示局部心肌节段存在相对心肌缺血。     

应变率成像评价高血压和冠心病患者左室心肌功能

目的应用应变率成像（SRI）技术评价高血压和冠心病患者的左心室功能,探讨SRI评价左心室功能的临床价值。方法A组30例健康人群,B组23例原发性高血压病患者,C组19例冠心病合并原发性高血压患者,取心尖四腔、心尖两腔、心尖左室长轴切面的心肌应变率曲线,测定左室各室壁的收缩期、舒张早期、舒张晚期的峰值应变率（SRS、SRE、SRA）和收缩期峰值应变（εS）,计算其平均峰值应变率（mSRS、mSRE、mRSA）和平均峰值应变（mεS）;统计各组左室各壁出现的收缩后缩短（PSS）的节段数;观察左心室曲线M型应变率成像（CMM-SRI）图像特点,定量检测各节段收缩-舒张转换时间（TCEC）,冠状动脉造影确定缺血节段,比较各组左心室壁各节段TCEC的差异。结果与正常组（A组）相比,高血压病组（B组）患者和冠心病合并高血压组（C组）患者的mSRS、mSRE、mRSA和mε均有明显降低（P〈0.05）;与A组及B组相比,C组各节段PSS的检出率明显增多（P〈0.05）,而A、B两组各节段的PSS检出率的差异无显著性（P〉0.05）;与非缺血节段比较,缺血节段TCEC延长（P〈0.05）。结论应变率成像（SRI）技术为定量、准确评价高血压和冠心病左室心肌功能提供了新的方法。     

实时三平面应变率成像评价原发性高血压左心室心肌肥厚对长轴舒张功能的影响

目的：应用实时三平面应变率成像技术定量评价原发性高血压患者左心室肥厚的长轴舒张功能。方法：选择原发性高血压患者62例和正常对照组35例。原发性高血压患者分成两组,30例伴有心肌肥厚,32例没有心肌肥厚。应用实时三平面应变率成像技术测定各受检者左心室各壁基底段及中间段舒张早期峰值应变率（SRe）、舒张晚期峰值应变率（SRa）。结果：左室壁基底段、中间段SRe在原发性高血压组均明显小于正常对照组（P〈0.01）,且原发性高血压左室肥厚（LVH）组均明显小于非左室肥厚（NLVH）组（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。SRa在左室侧壁和后壁LVH组小于正常对照组（P〈0.05）。结论：实时三平面应变率成像能够准确定量分析原发性高血压患者左心室肥厚长轴舒张功能的变化。     

应变率成像评价不同左心室构型原发性高血压患者右心室局部功能

目的 探讨应变率成像技术检测不同左室构型原发性高血压(HBP)患者右室收缩、舒张功能的应用价值.方法 HBP患者38例,根据左室质量指数(LVMI)和相对室壁厚度(RWT)值分为左室正常构型(LVN)组和左室重构(LVR)组,对照组23例.获取各受试者心尖四腔观清晰组织速度成像(TVI)图存盘供脱机分析.测量三尖瓣环处心肌收缩期峰值运动速度(Vs)、舒张早期峰值运动速度(Ve)、舒张晚期峰值运动速度(Va),计算Ve/Va;右室游离壁中部心内膜下心肌收缩期峰值应变(Ss)、收缩期峰值应变率(SRs)、舒张早期峰值应变率(SRe)、舒张晚期峰值应变率(SRa),计算SRe/SRa.结果 与对照组比较,高血压LVN组患者三尖瓣环Vs和Ve差异无统计学意义,Ve/Va减低;与对照组及高血压LVN组比较,高血压LVR组患者Vs差异无统计学意义,Ve、Ve/Va均显著减低;与对照组比较,高血压LVN组、LVR组患者右室游离壁中部心内膜下心肌SRs差异无统计学意义,Ss、SRe、SRe/SRa均显著减低;与高血压LVN组比较,高血压LVR组患者SRs差异无统计学意义,Ss、SRe、SRe/SRa均显著减低.结论 HBP患者无论左室构型有无变化,其右室局部收缩、舒张功能已受损,应变率成像技术能准确评价其右室局部功能.     

心肌应变率成像评价肥厚型心肌病左心室局部舒张功能的应用研究

目的应用应变率成像（SRI）技术评价肥厚型心肌病（HCM）左心室局部舒张功能。方法分别获得30例HCM患者和30例正常对照者心尖四腔及长轴观图像，在应变率模式下测量各室壁基底段、中间段及心尖段舒张早期应变率（SRe）、舒张晚期应变率（SRA）和SRE/SRA等参数。结果与正常对照组相比，HCM组舒张早期负向应变率（SRE-）的节段数明显增多，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），并且室间隔各节段s艮绝对值显著增大；HCM组SRE降低，SRA增高或无明显变化，SRE/SRA明显减小，部分节段SRE/SRA〈1。结论SRI可以无创、准确地描述局部心肌组织的形变特性，检测局部舒张功能的异常，为临床评定HCM局部心肌舒张功能提供准确、敏感的量化指标。     

超声评价原发性高血压患者右室舒缩功能

目的观察组织速度成像（QTVI）与应变率成像（SRI）技术在监测原发性高血压患者右室功能中的价值。方法原发性高血压患者98例,分为正常构型组（Ⅰ组）、向心性重构组（Ⅱ组）、向心性肥厚组（Ⅲ组）、离心性肥厚组（Ⅳ组）;对照组33例。测量各组三尖瓣环收缩期峰值运动速度（Vs）、舒张早期峰值运动速度（Ve）、舒张晚期峰值运动速度（Va）及Ve／Va;测量右室游离壁中部收缩期峰值应变率（SRs）、舒张早期峰值应变率（SRe）、舒张晚期峰值应变率（SRa）及SRe／SRa。结果与对照组比较,高血压Ⅰ组患者Ve／Va显著减低;与对照组及高血压Ⅰ组比较,高血压Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组Ve、Ve／Va均显著减低;与Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组比较,Ⅳ组患者Ve、Ve／Va均显著减低。与对照组比较,高血压各组SRe、SRe／SRa均显著减低;与高血压Ⅰ组比较,高血压Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组患者SRe、SRe／SRa均显著减低;与Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组比较,Ⅳ组患者SRe、SRe／SRa均显著减低。结论高血压患者右室收缩功能受损不明显,无论有无左室构型变化其右室舒张功能已受损,尤以高血压第Ⅳ组舒张功能受损最为严重。     

应用实时三平面应变率成像评价原发性高血压无左室重构患者右心室舒张功能

目的：研究实时三平面应变率成像评价原发性高血压（PH）无左室重构患者右心室舒张功能的临床应用价值。方法：无左室重构PH患者28例、健康志愿者44例,应用实时三平面定量组织速度成像（QTVI）及应变率成像测量右心室游离壁各节段心肌舒张早期和舒张晚期峰值速度（Ve,Va）及应变率（SRe,SRa）。结果：PH组与正常对照组比较右室心肌舒张早期峰值应变率差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：实时三平面应变率成像可以对PH无左室重构患者右心室舒张功能进行准确的估测。     

应变率成像评价肥厚型心肌病患者左心室局部功能和室壁运动同步性

目的 评价应变率成像技术在定量检测肥厚型心肌病(HCM)患者左心室局部心肌功能及室壁运动同步性中的价值.方法 HCM患者21例,根据室间隔及左室壁厚度分为3组:①非肥厚组(NH),室壁厚度≤11 mm,101节段;②轻度肥厚组(MH),11mm＜室壁厚度≤15 mm,86节段;③重度肥厚组,室壁厚度＞15mm,65节段.对照组18例,216节段.获取各受试者心尖四腔观、左室长轴及两腔观组织速度图像存盘供脱机分析.测量收缩期峰值应变率(SRs)、舒张早期峰值应变率(SRe)、舒张晚期峰值应变率(SRa),计算SRe/SRa;测量收缩期应变率达峰时间(TssR),并计算收缩期应变率达峰时间变异(CVTSSR);测量舒张早期应变率达峰时间(TESR),并计算舒张早期应变率达峰时间变异(CVTESR).结果 与对照组室壁节段比较,HCM组NH、MH、SH亚组SRs、SRe、SRe/SRa均显著降低,且三个亚组间SRe依次降低,即NH＞MH＞SH,NH与MH组间SRe/SRa差异无统计学意义,与NH、MH组比较,SH组SRe/SRa显著减低;与对照组比较,MH、SH组SRa显著降低,而NH组较对照组差异无统计学意义,且NH＞MH＞SH;与对照组比较,HCM组CVTSSR及CVTESR显著增大.结论 HCM患者无论有无室壁肥厚,其左室局部收缩舒张功能均受损;HCM患者左室心肌运动存在不同步现象,应变率成像技术能准确、定量评价其左室局部心肌功能及其左室心肌运动不同步.     

二维应变技术对不同分期慢性肾脏病患者右室功能的评价

目的：探讨二维应变技术对评价慢性肾脏病患者右室功能的价值。方法：52例慢性肾脏病患者分为两组,A组（n=22）和B组（n=30）,同时选取32名健康志愿者为正常对照组,分别取二维及TVI条件下心尖四腔观3个连续心动周期图像。应用2DS获取右室游离壁各节段心肌应变（S）及应变率（SR）,舒张早期峰值应变率（SRe）及晚期峰值应变率（SRa）;QTVI获取右室游离壁三尖瓣环收缩期峰值速度（Sm）、等容收缩时间（IVCT）、等容舒张时间（IVRT）、收缩时间（ET）、舒张早期峰值速度（Em）、舒张晚期峰值速度（Am）,并计算Tei指数。结果：B组患者右室游离壁长轴各节段心肌的s及SRs,SRe均明显低于正常组。A组患者右室游离壁心尖段S、中间段SR及中间段SRe均明显小于正常组。结论：二维应变技术可以早期评价慢性肾脏病患者右室功能。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.