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1.
Purpose
This article explores the impact of patient and healthcare provider communication (PPC) on the HIV testing behaviors of middle socioeconomic status (SES) Black women in North Carolina. We explore how PPC about STIs and HIV (or the lack thereof) affects the provision of STI/HIV testing by either confirming the need for middle SES Black women to test routinely or potentially deterring women from feeling they need to be tested.Methods/Findings
After conducting 15 qualitative interviews with middle SES Black women between 25 and 45 years of age, we uncovered the role of patient self-advocacy in promoting HIV testing among middle SES Black women when they communicate with their healthcare providers.Conclusions
We discuss the importance of healthcare providers engaging their middle SES Black female patients in routine discussions about sexual health and sexual risk reduction, regardless of providers' perceptions of their potential STI/HIV risk. We recommend including SES as a variable in data collection and research in order to better understand how social class, race, and gender affect sexual health behavior and the provision of STI and HIV/AIDS prevention to diverse populations. 相似文献2.
Anna L. Chien Ji Qi Radhika Grandhi Tamia Harris-Tryon Noori Kim Min Soo Jang Omolara Olowoyeye Diane Kuhn Sherry Leung Barbara M. Rainer Flora Poon Sabrina Sisto Alessi César Jean Suh Nancy Cheng Ginette A. Okoye Sewon Kang 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2018,110(6):534-539
Background
Increased photoprotection by natural melanin allows for African-Americans to be less impacted by photoaging than Caucasians. However, less is known about chronological aging in this population.Objective
To create a photonumeric scale for African-Americans to evaluate chronological skin aging and to explore contributing elements to intrinsic aging.Methods
Standardized photographs of the upper inner arm were taken from 75 African-American participants. Five participants were chosen as standards to create a 9-point photonumeric scale (0 = none, 8 = most severe). The scale was utilized by three blinded dermatologists to independently rate participants' photographs.Results
The interrater agreements were 0.768 (95% CI: 0.671–0.834) for trial 1 and 0.725 (0.608–0.794) for trial 2. The intrarater agreements were 0.757 (0.596–0.875), 0.850 (0.771–0.903), and 0.790 (0.686–0.855) for the three raters. Averaged chronological aging scores were correlated with participants' survey responses, which revealed age as a significant predictor (r = 0.72, p < 0.001).Limitation
Our study was limited by the sample size, although the number of study participants was similar on a investigation in Caucasians.Conclusion
This study created the first reliable photonumeric scale for chronologic skin aging in African-Americans and found increased age and greater BMI as contributors to intrinsic skin aging phenotype in this population. 相似文献3.
Oh Samuel Jacqueise M. Unonu Kierra Dotson Soon Park Richard Parker Anthony K. Wutoh Euni Lee 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2018,110(4):378-383
Background
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection presents a significant burden, especially in the Washington, DC area. Literature is limited in describing the role of pharmacists in the outpatient clinic setting to provide patient-centered pharmaceutical care for patients with HIV.Objective
Our study aims to describe an interdisciplinary HIV care model including a clinical pharmacist at a community-based transcultural clinic in the Washington, DC area, and to describe the role of the pharmacist as indicated by an association between non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and an ART regimen change.Methods
Using the electronic health record at the clinic from May 2011 through July 2013, 53 patients were identified who were referred to the clinical pharmacist.Results
The average age of the patients with HIV was 46.57 years in the clinic. About 28% of patients had documented non-adherence to ART and 30% of patients had one or more ART regimen changes during the study period. Medication non-adherence was a significant predictor of ART regimen change (ORadj 8.44; 95% CI 1.91–37.29). Substance use was a strong predictor of ART regimen change (ORunadj 3.47; 95% CI 1.02–11.81), but the relationship disappeared in the multivariate analysis.Conclusions
A strong association between pharmacist's evaluation of non-adherence to ART and a regimen change was demonstrated and the role of the pharmacist as the interdisciplinary team member was described. A follow-up study should be made to assess the services provided by the pharmacist on clinical, economic, and humanistic outcomes in the community-based clinical setting. 相似文献4.
Steven S. Coughlin Lovoria B. Williams Gina M. Besenyi Lorraine W. Jackson Judith Anglin 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2018,110(4):391-395
Background
Few studies have examined health behavior interventions for African American women who are uterine cancer survivors. Black-white differences in uterine cancer survival suggest that there are unmet needs among these survivors.Methods
This article identifies opportunities to address disparities in uterine corpus cancer survival and quality of life, and thereby to increase uterine cancer survivorship among African American women.Results
For cancer survivors, common side effects, lasting for long periods after cancer treatment, include fatigue, loss of strength, lymphedema, and difficulty sleeping. A variety of interventions have been evaluated to address physical and mental health concerns, including exercise and dietary interventions. Considerable information exists about the effectiveness of such interventions for alleviating distress and improving quality of life among cancer survivors, but few studies have focused specifically on African American women with a uterine corpus cancer diagnosis. Research-tested culturally tailored lifestyle interventions are lacking.Conclusions
There is a need for a better understanding of uterine cancer survivorship among African American women. Additional evaluations of interventions for improving the quality of life and survival of African American uterine cancer survivors are needed. 相似文献5.
Charlotte Baker Jill Powell Dominic Le Melissa S. Creary Lori-Ann Daley Mary Anne McDonald Charmaine DM. Royal 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2018,110(6):564-573
Objective
To describe the perspectives and experiences of athletic trainers, coaches, and student-athletes approximately three years post-implementation of the NCAA sickle cell trait (SCT) screening policy.Participants
Two-hundred and eight student-athletes, 32 athletic trainers, and 43 coaches from 10 NCAA Division I (DI) institutions in North Carolina from January to June 2014.Methods
Two online surveys were used to assess knowledge, perspectives, and experiences.Results
Athletic staff were more supportive than student-athletes of the need for the policy. Noted challenges included variation in implementation and follow-up for SCT-positive athletes, financial costs to institutions and athletes, and timing of the screening.Conclusions
More education about SCT is needed for student-athletes and athletic staff in order to help make the implementation more successful. All parties need to be in agreement regarding the importance of knowing which student-athletes have SCT and how that information will be utilized. 相似文献6.
Patrick M. Brunner Donald Y.M. Leung Emma Guttman-Yassky 《Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology》2018,120(1):34-41
Objective
To provide an overview of studies contributing to the understanding of immunologic, microbial, and epithelial interactions in atopic dermatitis.Data Sources
PubMed literature review (2000–2017) and meeting abstracts from recent international dermatology conferences.Study Selections
Articles discussing primarily human disease.Results
Clinical studies showed that atopic dermatitis is a type 2 immune-centered disease with a systemic inflammatory component but with heterogeneous treatment responses. This suggests that other factors are likely involved in shaping the skin disease phenotype, including microbial dysbiosis and epidermal barrier dysfunction.Conclusion
Recent clinical investigation has significantly expanded our knowledge on disease pathogenesis in atopic dermatitis, and current and future clinical trials will most likely further help to elucidate this complex, heterogeneous skin disease. 相似文献7.
Peng Li Miao Ge Congxia Wang Jinwei He Shaofang Yang Jing Jing Dezhi Wei 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2018,110(4):334-342
Objectives
This study aims to explore the spatial characteristics of the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) reference value in healthy Chinese adults, and its relationship to geographical location.Methods
A total of 9396 AFP reference values were collected from patients in 96 administrative units. A correlation analysis and support vector machine (SVM) were employed to extract dependent geographical factors and predict the reference values in the entire country, respectively. A geostatistics analysis was developed to reveal the spatial characteristics of the value.Results
Under the long-term influence of geographical environment, AFP reference values show spatial autocorrelation and regional variation. The values are higher in western and northern areas than in eastern and southern areas of China.Conclusions
The AFP reference values show regional differences, and this difference should be considered in clinical practice. 相似文献8.
Chih-Wei Hung Wei-Che Lin Wen-Neng Chang Tsung-Ming Su Chia-Te Kung Nai-Wen Tsai Hung-Chen Wang Chih-Cheng Huang Ben-Chung Cheng Yu-Jih Su Ya-Ting Chang Chih-Min Su Sheng-Yuan Hsiao Cheng-Hsien Lu 《Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection》2018,51(4):545-551
Purpose
Shunt procedures used to treat cryptococcal meningitis complicated with hydrocephalus and/or increased intracranial pressure (IICP) could result in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) overdrainage, thereby presenting therapeutic challenges.Methods
We analyzed the clinical features and neuroimaging findings after the ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt procedure in 51 HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)-negative patients with cryptococcal meningitis, to assess the risk factors associated with post-shunt CSF overdrainage.Results
Symptomatic CSF overdrainage occurred in 12% (6/51) of patients with cryptococcal meningitis who underwent the shunt procedure. Rapid deterioration of neurological conditions was found in 6 patients after the shunt procedure was performed, including disturbed consciousness, quadriparesis, and dysphasia in 5 patients and severe ataxia in 1. The mean duration of CSF overdrainage after the shunting procedure was 2–7 days (mean 4 days). The mean interval between meningitis onset to shunting procedure remained independently associated with CSF overdrainage, and the cut-off value for predicting CSF overdrainage in interval between meningitis onset to shunting procedure was 67.5 days.Conclusions
CSF overdrainage after the VP shunt procedure is not rare, especially in patients with a high-risk of cryptococcal meningitis who also have a prolonged duration of hydrocephalus and/or IICP. 相似文献9.
Charles P. Mouton Janet H. Southerland 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2017,109(4):262-271
Background
As with many other populations, abuse of older adults is a growing problem across the Africa Diaspora. Modernization and urbanization are eroding the traditional values of respect for older adults. Also, older adults living in environments with limited social and economic resources, and having no means of economic support create a recipe for elder abuse and neglect.Methods
This article reviews the current literature on the epidemiology, risk factors, and interventions used for elder abuse across the African Diaspora.Results
Reports of elder abuse range from 24.9% to 81.1% across the Diaspora. Risk factors include cognitive and physical impairment, social isolation, lack of resources and widowhood.Conclusion
Community-based programs using the unique social networks of older populations of African descent can provide a venue to improve caregiver training and support, reinforce traditional filial and informal caregiving practices, increase the utilization of available governmental and institutional. 相似文献10.
Kenneth D. Royal 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2018,110(2):157-162
Background
Social and cultural outcomes are critically important in medical education. A large medical school located in the United States implemented a learning community model intended to promote social and cultural growth among its medical students. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree to which medical students from the same peer cohort were socially connected across racial and sex groups.Methods
Because most assessments involving social and cultural outcomes involve self-reported data of a personal nature, the possibility of social desirability bias is increased. To mitigate this threat, this study utilized a novel method for measuring medical students social connectedness by having peers in one's advisory college provide social connectedness ratings about one another.Results
While surface level results did not reveal any significant differences, a closer inspection of data revealed Black females were less socially connected with medical student peers from their cohort than other peer groups.Discussion
Possible explanations for this are discussed. Future research should continue to investigate the experiences of Black females in medical schools so as to better understand the needs of this important and valuable subpopulation of students. 相似文献11.
Kamal Shigli Sushma S. Nayak Sivaranjani Gali Banashree Sankeshwari Deepti Fulari K. Shyam Kishore Nagaraja Upadhya P. Vasanti Jirge 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2018,110(5):455-458
Background
Construction of appropriate test items is a challenge in preparing quality multiple choice questions. Item analysis provides valuable feedback data on validity of multiple choice questions. The present study was conducted to evaluate the difficulty index, discrimination index and distracter efficiency of the items present in the multiple choice questions of post graduate dental entrance examinations.Methods
A list consisting of 20 MCQs was taken from the entrance exam books of MCQs on an introductory topic and administered to 104 undergraduate students.Results
In the present study 15% of the MCQs related to impression making procedure were difficult with difficulty index (p) less than 30%, 15% were poor discriminators and 55% had at least one non-functional distracter.Conclusion
Item analysis of MCQs in post graduate entrance examinations demonstrated low difficulty index, discrimination index and distracter efficiency. Hence, we propose a strong need for faculty training in test constructors and their post validation. 相似文献12.
Minnjuan Flournoy-Floyd Kasim Ortiz Leonard Egede Jim C. Oates Trevor D. Faith Edith M. Williams 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2018,110(2):182-189
Background
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder with significant disparate impact on African American women. The current study sought to highlight how the Peer Approaches to Lupus Self-management (PALS) intervention worked bi-directionally wherein both women with SLE leading the disease self-management program (mentors), and those participants who served as mentees, were empowered toward greater disease self-efficacy.Methods
Data was captured for this study in two formats from the seven mentors participating in the pilot study: 1) mentor logs and 2) mentor interviews with the principle investigator. This information was then analyzed for themes relating to their experience within the study.Results
We found that empowerment was facilitated by mentors taking their mentorship responsibilities seriously and seeking several avenues for collaboratively developing success with their mentees. Mentors reported that although challenges arose, their desire for success resulted in multiple approaches to be flexible and responsive to the needs of their mentees. Additionally, reciprocity was found to be a vital element of the program.Conclusions
Key thematic areas supported our ability to demonstrate the usefulness of a peer mentoring program for SLE disease self-management on evoking empowerment through reciprocal relationships among mentors and mentees within our study population. Furthermore the feedback from PALS participants yielded very rich and contextual information that can be used as a thematic guide for developing and refining evidence-based interventions that seek to incorporate empowerment into disease self-management efforts for women suffering from SLE. 相似文献13.
Xin Hu Qian Zhang Jia Ning Wenmeng Wu Changyi Li 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2018,110(3):250-255
Introduction
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the two-body wear resistances of natural enamel and four dental materials in vitro.Methods
The testing machine was modified to form a type of pin-on-disk wear test apparatus. Four dental material specimens (Au-Pd alloy, Ag-Pd alloy, FiltekTMP60 and FiltekTMZ350 composite resins) and enamel were used as the pins, and a steatite ceramic grinding wheel was used as the abrasive counter face. The wear volume loss and the rigidity value was measured. The worn surface and the element analysis of the debris were analyzed.Result
The wear volume loss of Au-Pd alloy and its steatite antagonists were the nearest to those of the dental enamel. SEM microphotographs showed that, the main wear mechanism of the dental materials was abrasive and adhesive wear.Conclusions
Au-Pd alloy had good wear resistance and was more suitable for dental applications than other three dental materials. 相似文献14.
Helena Akua Kwakwa Sophia Bessias Donielle Sturgis Gina Walton Rahab Wahome Oumar Gaye Mayla Jackson 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2018,110(5):480-485
Background/Purpose
National PrEP utilization analyses show US non-Hispanic Blacks accessing PrEP at disproportionately low rates given the higher HIV prevalence among Blacks, and in comparison to utilization by non-Hispanic Whites. Women also are underrepresented among PrEP utilizers, especially Black women. We examine the process of accessing PrEP for a majority Black population in an urban community health center setting.Methods
In the Philadelphia city health centers, patients referred for PrEP were followed through six steps of accessing PrEP: referral, patient contact by a PrEP team, maintained interest by patients, scheduling of screening appointments, attending screening appointments, and initiating PrEP. Chi-squared tests were performed at each stage to identify gender differences in drop-off at each step.Results
Between August 2014 and December 2015, 14% of 785 patients referred for PrEP initiated. Women constituted 37.8% of referrals. A smaller majority of Blacks initiated (84.6% of females, 69.5% of males) than were referred (94.5% of females, 88.1% of males). Prior knowledge of PrEP was associated with screening (68% of those with prior knowledge screened, compared with 29.6% of those without prior knowledge,Χ2 p<0.0001). Higher initiation:referral ratios were noted for self-referrals, and for those referred by clinicians, peers and partners.Conclusions
In a diverse cohort in a community health center setting, myriad barriers resulted in a 14% initiation rate for persons at elevated risk for HIV who were referred for PrEP. These barriers led to disproportionately fewer non-Hispanic Blacks and women initiating PrEP. Efforts to better engage Blacks and women in PrEP care are urgently needed, and may include better dissemination of PrEP-related information in Black communities and to women, and training of clinicians serving Black and female populations to improve competency in provision of PrEP care. 相似文献15.
Background and objective
Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, physical activity, diet, and nutrients are important in the understanding of obesity. The possibly direct or indirect nature of the associations among these factors and the eventual link to obesity is not well understood. In this study, we assess the indirect association between socio-demographic factors and obesity.Design
A case-control study involving African American women conducted at Howard University Cancer Center.Participants and methods
One hundred ninety eight participants gave information on anthropometric measurements, intake of dietary supplements and nutrients, socio-demographic factors (age, marital status, income and education) and physical activity. Path analysis was utilized to assess associations between socio-demographic factors and obesity through physical activity, dietary supplements and nutrients, smoking or alcohol consumption.Main results
The mean age of the participants was (55 ± 12 years), with 50% being obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). Obesity level decreased by approximately 7% for every one level increase in education via its prior effect on vigorous physical activity. Age had a significant positive indirect effect on obesity through vigorous physical activity – with obesity levels increasing by approximately 6% for every one year increase in age via its prior effect on vigorous physical activity.Conclusions
Vigorous physical activity mediates the association between education and age on obesity. 相似文献16.
Iris Noordman Anthonie Duijnhouwer Livia Kapusta Marlies Kempers Nel Roeleveld Michiel Schokking Dominique Smeets Kim Freriks Henri Timmers Janiëlle van Alfen-van der Velden 《European journal of medical genetics》2018,61(6):301-306
Introduction
Turner syndrome (TS) is a genetic disorder characterized by the (partial) absence or a structural aberration of the second sex chromosome and is associated with a variety of phenotypes with specific physical features and cardio-aortic malformations. The objective of this study was to gain a better insight into the differences in dysmorphic features between girls and women with TS and to explore the association between these features, karyotype and cardio-aortic malformations.Methods
This prospective study investigated 14 dysmorphic features of TS girls and women using a checklist. Three major phenotypic patterns were recognized (severe phenotype, lymphatic phenotype and skeletal phenotype). Patient data including karyotype and cardio-aortic malformations (bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and aortic coarctation (COA)) were collected. Associations between the prevalence of dysmorphic features, karyotype and cardio-aortic malformations were analysed using chi2-test and odds ratios.Results
A total of 202 patients (84 girls and 118 women) were analysed prospectively. Differences in prevalence of dysmorphic features were found between girls and women. A strong association was found between monosomy 45,X and the phenotypic patterns. Furthermore, an association was found between COA and lymphatic phenotype, but no association was found between karyotype and cardio-aortic malformations.Conclusion
This study uncovered a difference in dysmorphic features between girls and women. Monosomy 45,X is associated with a more severe phenotype, lymphatic phenotype and skeletal phenotype. All patients with TS should be screened for cardio-aortic malformations, because in contrast to previous reports, karyotype and cardio-aortic malformations showed no significant association. 相似文献17.
Tohru Daikoku Mineyuki Mizuguchi Takayuki Obita Takeshi Yokoyama Yoshihiro Yoshida Masaya Takemoto Kimiyasu Shiraki 《Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection》2018,51(5):581-586
Background
T-705 (favipiravir) is a potent inhibitor of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of influenza viruses and no favipiravir-resistant virus has been isolated. Poliovirus RNA polymerase has been well characterized and isolation of resistant virus was examined in poliovirus.Methods
Susceptibility variants of poliovirus I (Sabin strain) were isolated during passages in the presence of favipiravir and characterized for their susceptibility and the sequence of RNA polymerase.Results
Five variants with 0.47–1.88 times the 50% inhibitory concentration for plaque formation of the parent poliovirus had amino acid variations in the 3D gene of the RNA polymerase. The distribution of amino acid variations was not related to ribavirin resistance, and two amino acid variation sites were found near the finger domain.Conclusion
Favipiravir as a chain terminator would not be incorporated and replicate to cause lethal mutagenesis as a mutagen like ribavirin, and resistant mutants were not isolated. A high replication level would generate mutations leading to favipiravir resistance as ribavirin resistance was generated, but generated mutations would be lethal to the RNA polymerase function. 相似文献18.
Roya Nikjou Rafat Kazemzadeh Firoozeh Asadzadeh Razzag Fathi Farideh Mostafazadeh 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2018,110(3):265-269
Objectives
The menopause is a natural biological process that is happened by a permanent regal stop due to the loss of performance. The aim of this research is to evaluate the effect of lavender aromatherapy on the menopause symptoms.Study design
This double-blind cross over clinical trial carried out on 100 menopause women (between 45 and 155 years old) referring to health centers in Ardabil in 2013-14. The samples blocked randomly, placed in two experimental (Lavender) and control (diluted milk) groups. Lavender aroma is smelled two times daily for 20 min during 12 weeks by research subjects. Data were collected by Green questionnaire and the analysis of data carried out in SPSS v.16 by paired t-test.Main outcome measures
The level of the symptoms has been decreased significantly after using lavender.Results
Comparing the level of the symptoms before and after using lavender in experimental group suggested that the rate of the menopause symptoms has been decreased significantly (P = 0.000). The comparison of the mean of the menopause symptoms after intervention between two groups suggested that the menopause symptoms in the experimental group had a significant decrease comparing the control group (P = 0.000).Conclusion
Using the lavender aromatherapy decreases menopause symptoms. According to the undesirable effect of the menopause symptoms on the quality of life of the menopausal women, these interventions may be instructed by midwives in the treatment and care centers as a health activity. 相似文献19.
Faith A. Birnbaum 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2018,110(5):473-479
Purpose
The purpose of this review is to describe the demographics (age, gender, race and iris color) of subjects enrolled in clinical trials supportive of approved New Molecular Entities (NMEs) in ophthalmology over the last 10 years (2006–2016).Methods
Publicly available data on Drugs@FDA were reviewed for all 9 approved NMEs, including biologics, from 2006 to 2016.Results
All NMEs have publicly available data on the race, gender and age of clinical trial participants. Women and white subjects comprise a majority of clinical trial participants (68% and 92%, respectively). FDA analyses on all 9 NMEs did not find any differences across age, gender, race, or iris color subgroups. 相似文献20.
Aisha Nnoli Neil S. Seligman Kevin Dysart Jason K. Baxter Samir K. Ballas 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2018,110(2):163-168