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1.
Charlotte Baker Jill Powell Dominic Le Melissa S. Creary Lori-Ann Daley Mary Anne McDonald Charmaine DM. Royal 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2018,110(6):564-573
Objective
To describe the perspectives and experiences of athletic trainers, coaches, and student-athletes approximately three years post-implementation of the NCAA sickle cell trait (SCT) screening policy.Participants
Two-hundred and eight student-athletes, 32 athletic trainers, and 43 coaches from 10 NCAA Division I (DI) institutions in North Carolina from January to June 2014.Methods
Two online surveys were used to assess knowledge, perspectives, and experiences.Results
Athletic staff were more supportive than student-athletes of the need for the policy. Noted challenges included variation in implementation and follow-up for SCT-positive athletes, financial costs to institutions and athletes, and timing of the screening.Conclusions
More education about SCT is needed for student-athletes and athletic staff in order to help make the implementation more successful. All parties need to be in agreement regarding the importance of knowing which student-athletes have SCT and how that information will be utilized. 相似文献2.
Kamal Shigli Sushma S. Nayak Sivaranjani Gali Banashree Sankeshwari Deepti Fulari K. Shyam Kishore Nagaraja Upadhya P. Vasanti Jirge 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2018,110(5):455-458
Background
Construction of appropriate test items is a challenge in preparing quality multiple choice questions. Item analysis provides valuable feedback data on validity of multiple choice questions. The present study was conducted to evaluate the difficulty index, discrimination index and distracter efficiency of the items present in the multiple choice questions of post graduate dental entrance examinations.Methods
A list consisting of 20 MCQs was taken from the entrance exam books of MCQs on an introductory topic and administered to 104 undergraduate students.Results
In the present study 15% of the MCQs related to impression making procedure were difficult with difficulty index (p) less than 30%, 15% were poor discriminators and 55% had at least one non-functional distracter.Conclusion
Item analysis of MCQs in post graduate entrance examinations demonstrated low difficulty index, discrimination index and distracter efficiency. Hence, we propose a strong need for faculty training in test constructors and their post validation. 相似文献3.
Patrick M. Brunner Donald Y.M. Leung Emma Guttman-Yassky 《Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology》2018,120(1):34-41
Objective
To provide an overview of studies contributing to the understanding of immunologic, microbial, and epithelial interactions in atopic dermatitis.Data Sources
PubMed literature review (2000–2017) and meeting abstracts from recent international dermatology conferences.Study Selections
Articles discussing primarily human disease.Results
Clinical studies showed that atopic dermatitis is a type 2 immune-centered disease with a systemic inflammatory component but with heterogeneous treatment responses. This suggests that other factors are likely involved in shaping the skin disease phenotype, including microbial dysbiosis and epidermal barrier dysfunction.Conclusion
Recent clinical investigation has significantly expanded our knowledge on disease pathogenesis in atopic dermatitis, and current and future clinical trials will most likely further help to elucidate this complex, heterogeneous skin disease. 相似文献4.
Bassir Leila Saeid Nemati Hajalizadeh Neda Mashallah Khanehmasjedi 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2017,109(3):192-197
Background
The remineralization of early caries lesion has an effective role on decreasing caries. For initial remineralization of caries lesion, using Compounds of Casein phosphopeptides (CPP) in different studies has been proposed. REMINPRO including Fluoride, Xylitol and Calcium phosphate has just been offered in the market. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of Reminpro and MI paste plus in terms of remineralization of early enamel lesions.Materials and methods
In 15 samples of healthy enamels of the maxillary first premolar teeth and 15 samples of Primary Mandibular First Molar under the effect of demineralized gel, artificial caries has been created. The samples have been divided in 3 groups of 20. After performing the cycles of demineralization and remineralization during 5 weeks, the samples were investigated by DIAGNOdent and two samples from each group were compared with SEM. To investigate the remineralization of enamel, two-way ANOVA and to compare the groups in pair, the post hoc tests were used.Results
The mean of mineralization of teeth in the group using reminpro was 25.2 ± 6.16 and in the group using MI paste plus was 23 ± 5.60, which was significantly high.Conclusions
MI paste plus in mineralization of initial enamel caries were more efficient that reminpro pate. 相似文献5.
Peng Li Miao Ge Congxia Wang Jinwei He Shaofang Yang Jing Jing Dezhi Wei 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2018,110(4):334-342
Objectives
This study aims to explore the spatial characteristics of the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) reference value in healthy Chinese adults, and its relationship to geographical location.Methods
A total of 9396 AFP reference values were collected from patients in 96 administrative units. A correlation analysis and support vector machine (SVM) were employed to extract dependent geographical factors and predict the reference values in the entire country, respectively. A geostatistics analysis was developed to reveal the spatial characteristics of the value.Results
Under the long-term influence of geographical environment, AFP reference values show spatial autocorrelation and regional variation. The values are higher in western and northern areas than in eastern and southern areas of China.Conclusions
The AFP reference values show regional differences, and this difference should be considered in clinical practice. 相似文献6.
Charles P. Mouton Janet H. Southerland 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2017,109(4):262-271
Background
As with many other populations, abuse of older adults is a growing problem across the Africa Diaspora. Modernization and urbanization are eroding the traditional values of respect for older adults. Also, older adults living in environments with limited social and economic resources, and having no means of economic support create a recipe for elder abuse and neglect.Methods
This article reviews the current literature on the epidemiology, risk factors, and interventions used for elder abuse across the African Diaspora.Results
Reports of elder abuse range from 24.9% to 81.1% across the Diaspora. Risk factors include cognitive and physical impairment, social isolation, lack of resources and widowhood.Conclusion
Community-based programs using the unique social networks of older populations of African descent can provide a venue to improve caregiver training and support, reinforce traditional filial and informal caregiving practices, increase the utilization of available governmental and institutional. 相似文献7.
Steven S. Coughlin Lovoria B. Williams Gina M. Besenyi Lorraine W. Jackson Judith Anglin 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2018,110(4):391-395
Background
Few studies have examined health behavior interventions for African American women who are uterine cancer survivors. Black-white differences in uterine cancer survival suggest that there are unmet needs among these survivors.Methods
This article identifies opportunities to address disparities in uterine corpus cancer survival and quality of life, and thereby to increase uterine cancer survivorship among African American women.Results
For cancer survivors, common side effects, lasting for long periods after cancer treatment, include fatigue, loss of strength, lymphedema, and difficulty sleeping. A variety of interventions have been evaluated to address physical and mental health concerns, including exercise and dietary interventions. Considerable information exists about the effectiveness of such interventions for alleviating distress and improving quality of life among cancer survivors, but few studies have focused specifically on African American women with a uterine corpus cancer diagnosis. Research-tested culturally tailored lifestyle interventions are lacking.Conclusions
There is a need for a better understanding of uterine cancer survivorship among African American women. Additional evaluations of interventions for improving the quality of life and survival of African American uterine cancer survivors are needed. 相似文献8.
Kenneth D. Royal 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2018,110(2):157-162
Background
Social and cultural outcomes are critically important in medical education. A large medical school located in the United States implemented a learning community model intended to promote social and cultural growth among its medical students. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree to which medical students from the same peer cohort were socially connected across racial and sex groups.Methods
Because most assessments involving social and cultural outcomes involve self-reported data of a personal nature, the possibility of social desirability bias is increased. To mitigate this threat, this study utilized a novel method for measuring medical students social connectedness by having peers in one's advisory college provide social connectedness ratings about one another.Results
While surface level results did not reveal any significant differences, a closer inspection of data revealed Black females were less socially connected with medical student peers from their cohort than other peer groups.Discussion
Possible explanations for this are discussed. Future research should continue to investigate the experiences of Black females in medical schools so as to better understand the needs of this important and valuable subpopulation of students. 相似文献9.
Tohru Daikoku Mineyuki Mizuguchi Takayuki Obita Takeshi Yokoyama Yoshihiro Yoshida Masaya Takemoto Kimiyasu Shiraki 《Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection》2018,51(5):581-586
Background
T-705 (favipiravir) is a potent inhibitor of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of influenza viruses and no favipiravir-resistant virus has been isolated. Poliovirus RNA polymerase has been well characterized and isolation of resistant virus was examined in poliovirus.Methods
Susceptibility variants of poliovirus I (Sabin strain) were isolated during passages in the presence of favipiravir and characterized for their susceptibility and the sequence of RNA polymerase.Results
Five variants with 0.47–1.88 times the 50% inhibitory concentration for plaque formation of the parent poliovirus had amino acid variations in the 3D gene of the RNA polymerase. The distribution of amino acid variations was not related to ribavirin resistance, and two amino acid variation sites were found near the finger domain.Conclusion
Favipiravir as a chain terminator would not be incorporated and replicate to cause lethal mutagenesis as a mutagen like ribavirin, and resistant mutants were not isolated. A high replication level would generate mutations leading to favipiravir resistance as ribavirin resistance was generated, but generated mutations would be lethal to the RNA polymerase function. 相似文献10.
Oh Samuel Jacqueise M. Unonu Kierra Dotson Soon Park Richard Parker Anthony K. Wutoh Euni Lee 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2018,110(4):378-383
Background
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection presents a significant burden, especially in the Washington, DC area. Literature is limited in describing the role of pharmacists in the outpatient clinic setting to provide patient-centered pharmaceutical care for patients with HIV.Objective
Our study aims to describe an interdisciplinary HIV care model including a clinical pharmacist at a community-based transcultural clinic in the Washington, DC area, and to describe the role of the pharmacist as indicated by an association between non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and an ART regimen change.Methods
Using the electronic health record at the clinic from May 2011 through July 2013, 53 patients were identified who were referred to the clinical pharmacist.Results
The average age of the patients with HIV was 46.57 years in the clinic. About 28% of patients had documented non-adherence to ART and 30% of patients had one or more ART regimen changes during the study period. Medication non-adherence was a significant predictor of ART regimen change (ORadj 8.44; 95% CI 1.91–37.29). Substance use was a strong predictor of ART regimen change (ORunadj 3.47; 95% CI 1.02–11.81), but the relationship disappeared in the multivariate analysis.Conclusions
A strong association between pharmacist's evaluation of non-adherence to ART and a regimen change was demonstrated and the role of the pharmacist as the interdisciplinary team member was described. A follow-up study should be made to assess the services provided by the pharmacist on clinical, economic, and humanistic outcomes in the community-based clinical setting. 相似文献11.
Faith A. Birnbaum 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2018,110(5):473-479
Purpose
The purpose of this review is to describe the demographics (age, gender, race and iris color) of subjects enrolled in clinical trials supportive of approved New Molecular Entities (NMEs) in ophthalmology over the last 10 years (2006–2016).Methods
Publicly available data on Drugs@FDA were reviewed for all 9 approved NMEs, including biologics, from 2006 to 2016.Results
All NMEs have publicly available data on the race, gender and age of clinical trial participants. Women and white subjects comprise a majority of clinical trial participants (68% and 92%, respectively). FDA analyses on all 9 NMEs did not find any differences across age, gender, race, or iris color subgroups. 相似文献12.
Ilgim Seval Kurt Erden Erol Unluer Togay Evrin Burak Katipoglu Utku Eser 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2018,110(6):579-582
Introduction
Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is responsible for an important part of treatment costs across the world. Even though posterior-anterior lung radiography (PALG) and direct sputum smear microscopy are required or routine diagnoses. The purpose of this study is to determine the diagnostic value of the bedside urine strip tests in CAP.Methods
Patients who attended the emergency department (ED) between from February 2016 to September 2016 with expectoration complaints and suspicion of pneumonia. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy rate of the urine strip tests, direct sputum smear microscopy, and PALG were calculated and analyzed using SPSS 15.0.Results
During the study period, 100 patients with pneumonia suspicion were evaluated in the ED. The sample was divided into two groups: negative and positive diagnosis of CAP. The leukocytes detecting by urine strip tests are statistical differences between the two groups (p: 0.003). The results show that the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy rate of leukocytes detected in sputum with urine strip tests in the pneumonia diagnosis were 83.3%, 44.2% and 63% respectively.Conclusion
According to the study, it is believed that the method of determination of leukocytes with urine strip tests in sputum combined with more detailed results. They can become part of CAP diagnosis methods. 相似文献13.
Valerie R. Newsome Collins O. Airhihenbuwa Shedra Amy Snipes 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2018,110(3):219-230
Background
African-Americans have the greatest gender-ratio imbalance compared to other racial groups in the United States. This has been associated with higher rates of concurrent sexual partnerships, increasing risk of HIV infection. College-educated African-American women are of particular interest as they are not often represented in studies on HIV prevention, while their dating and sexual negotiation patterns may differ from those of their lower-educated and lower-income counterparts more often the subject of study in HIV research among African-Americans.Method
In this qualitative study, we investigate: a) how the gender-ratio imbalance is perceived by college-educated African-American women, b) how they feel limited partner availability impacts heterosexual relationships in the African-American community, and c) the influence this has on their sexual decision making and HIV protective behaviors.Results
Four major themes emerged- Limited pool of available male partners, Pressure to get married, Feelings of competition among women for male partners, and Men's negotiating power in relationships.Conclusions
Using the PEN-3 Cultural Model, we discuss how this information may be used to develop interventions for this group of women designed to address their more specific barriers to HIV risk reduction. 相似文献14.
Leila Basir Somayeh Kalhori Ahmad Zare Javid Mashallah Khaneh Masjedi 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2018,110(5):486-490
Background
Dental caries is a big public health problem which is prevalent in the highest degree worldwide, especially in lower socioeconomic levels. This study aims to investigate the anti-caries effects of Curcumin in Turmeric on the caries model of enamel under laboratory conditions.Methods
In order to make a reliable model of caries, a Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 3568) bacterium was used. The biofilm was created on enamel slabs in 5 days. There were 5 groups of slabs. In order to create Cariogenic conditions, the slabs were exposed to Sucrose 10% three times a day and then, it was exposed to different concentrations of Curcumin (5, 10, 20 mg/ml). The slabs of one group were exposed to the normal saline after the exposure to Sucrose and called positive caries control group; and the other group was exposed to normal saline in each time of exposure which was called negative caries control groups. Environment PH was measured by PH meter two times in a day. After the laboratory phase, the slabs were washed and dried and Vickers hardness test was used to determine the superficial hardness and then the decrease rate of superficial hardness (SHL%) was measured by the approved formula. SPSS version 20 was used to analyse the data. Then, to analyse the data, One-way ANOVA with 95% confidence, Kolmogorov – Smirnov, and Tukey test was used.Results
The present study showed that Curcumin can have anti caries effect at the most level even in the least level of concentration used in this study (5 mg/ml). With regard to changes in PH of environment, we can declare that Curcumin results in reducing the dental caries by restraining the bacterial activity.Conclusions
Regarding that these results were received in laboratory conditions, further studies are needed. 相似文献15.
Chih-Wei Hung Wei-Che Lin Wen-Neng Chang Tsung-Ming Su Chia-Te Kung Nai-Wen Tsai Hung-Chen Wang Chih-Cheng Huang Ben-Chung Cheng Yu-Jih Su Ya-Ting Chang Chih-Min Su Sheng-Yuan Hsiao Cheng-Hsien Lu 《Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection》2018,51(4):545-551
Purpose
Shunt procedures used to treat cryptococcal meningitis complicated with hydrocephalus and/or increased intracranial pressure (IICP) could result in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) overdrainage, thereby presenting therapeutic challenges.Methods
We analyzed the clinical features and neuroimaging findings after the ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt procedure in 51 HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)-negative patients with cryptococcal meningitis, to assess the risk factors associated with post-shunt CSF overdrainage.Results
Symptomatic CSF overdrainage occurred in 12% (6/51) of patients with cryptococcal meningitis who underwent the shunt procedure. Rapid deterioration of neurological conditions was found in 6 patients after the shunt procedure was performed, including disturbed consciousness, quadriparesis, and dysphasia in 5 patients and severe ataxia in 1. The mean duration of CSF overdrainage after the shunting procedure was 2–7 days (mean 4 days). The mean interval between meningitis onset to shunting procedure remained independently associated with CSF overdrainage, and the cut-off value for predicting CSF overdrainage in interval between meningitis onset to shunting procedure was 67.5 days.Conclusions
CSF overdrainage after the VP shunt procedure is not rare, especially in patients with a high-risk of cryptococcal meningitis who also have a prolonged duration of hydrocephalus and/or IICP. 相似文献16.
17.
Gianenrico Senna Marco Caminati Clara Bovo Giorgio Walter Canonica Giovanni Passalacqua 《Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology》2017,118(2):161-165
Objective
Pharmacists play a relevant role in the real-life management of asthma because they are a first-line referral for patients. In fact, the role of pharmacies has been underlined and evidenced also in guidelines. Nonetheless, the true effect of pharmacy-based management of asthma has been assessed in only a few studies. We review the available literature on asthma management in a territorial pharmacy setting.Data Sources
The literature was searched for the keywords pharmacy, bronchial asthma, control, and management.Study Selections
The available studies were subdivided into observational and interventional and described.Results
Seven observational studies and 14 interventional trials were found, involving approximately 20,000 individuals. Most of those studies were performed in Europe and Australia. A high proportion of patients had poorly controlled asthma in the observational studies. The active involvement of pharmacists, in the interventional trials, consistently led to an improvement of the quality of life, a better inhalation technique, and a reduction of exacerbations.Conclusion
The literature analysis confirms the relevance of the role of pharmacists in the real-life management of bronchial asthma and underlines the need for a more specific training for those health care professionals. 相似文献18.
Chun-Lin Lee Ja-Yan Wen Ya-Wen Hsu Tzu-Ming Pan 《Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection》2018,51(1):27-37
Background/Purposes
Monascin (MS) and ankaflavin (AK) produced by Monascus purpureus NTU 568 were proven to show excellent hypolipidemic effects in our previous studies; however, the mechanism is still unclear.Methods
This study used MS, AK, and monacolin K as test substances and performed tests on rats fed high-fat and high-cholesterol diet for 8 weeks. The lipid levels and the related protein levels of the rats were assessed to understand the effects of MS, AK, and monacolin K on lipid metabolism.Results
MS and AK lowered low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and preserved high-density lipoprotein cholesterol contents. MS and AK inhibited acetyl-coenzyme A acetyltransferase, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, and apolipoprotein (apo) B-100 expression, thereby preventing LDL assembly. In addition, enhanced LDL-receptor expression increased the transport of LDL-C to the liver for metabolism. MS and AK also significantly increase apo A1 expression, which facilitates high-density lipoprotein cholesterol formation.Conclusion
Monascus-fermented MS and AK can perform blood lipid regulation via the suppression of LDL-C assembly and stimulation of apo A1 expression in liver. 相似文献19.
Background and objective
Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, physical activity, diet, and nutrients are important in the understanding of obesity. The possibly direct or indirect nature of the associations among these factors and the eventual link to obesity is not well understood. In this study, we assess the indirect association between socio-demographic factors and obesity.Design
A case-control study involving African American women conducted at Howard University Cancer Center.Participants and methods
One hundred ninety eight participants gave information on anthropometric measurements, intake of dietary supplements and nutrients, socio-demographic factors (age, marital status, income and education) and physical activity. Path analysis was utilized to assess associations between socio-demographic factors and obesity through physical activity, dietary supplements and nutrients, smoking or alcohol consumption.Main results
The mean age of the participants was (55 ± 12 years), with 50% being obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). Obesity level decreased by approximately 7% for every one level increase in education via its prior effect on vigorous physical activity. Age had a significant positive indirect effect on obesity through vigorous physical activity – with obesity levels increasing by approximately 6% for every one year increase in age via its prior effect on vigorous physical activity.Conclusions
Vigorous physical activity mediates the association between education and age on obesity. 相似文献20.
Melishia Bansa Darryl Brown Daniela DeFrino Nicholas Mahoney Alexandria Saulsberry Monika Marko-Holguin Joshua Fogel Tracy R.G. Gladstone Benjamin W. Van Voorhees 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2018,110(2):130-142