显微修复损伤的阴茎海绵体神经恢复大鼠勃起功能

目的　探讨利用显微外科技术修复外科损伤的阴茎海绵体神经 ,重建大鼠勃起通道的可行性。方法　 36只SD雄性大鼠随机平均分成 3组 ,即假手术对照组、双侧阴茎海绵体神经损伤组和显微修复组 ,术后 1、3个月后用阿朴吗啡 (APO)试验来评估所建动物模型 ,随后取阴茎干组织 ,利用NADPH d组化法证实nNOS阳性神经纤维的再生情况。结果　术后 1个月 ,神经部分切断组和显微修复组间差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;术后 3个月 ,APO所诱导的阴茎勃起试验中 ,显微修复组勃起率为 83 .3 % ;神经部分切断组勃起率一直为 0 % (P <0 .0 5 )。此外 ,神经套管组的nNOS阳性神经纤维数目在术后 3个月有显著增多 ,而神经部分切断组的nNOS阳性神经纤维数目同术后 1个月相比无增多 ,两两比较有差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 0 8)。结论　双侧阴茎海绵体损伤后 ,立即用显微外科技术吻合神经 ,是重建勃起通路 ,恢复勃起功能的一种有效方法。     

生殖股神经移植重建大鼠勃起神经通道

目的　探讨利用生殖股神经移植加神经生长强化介质修复损伤的阴茎海绵体神经,重建勃起神经通道的可行性。　方法　3月龄SD雄性大鼠54只,随机平均分成假手术对照组、双侧阴茎海绵体神经损伤组及神经移植加胰岛素样神经生长因子Ⅰ(IGF Ⅰ)组。术后1、3、6个月用阿朴吗啡试验评估各组动物勃起功能,并取阴茎干组织,采用NADPH d组化法了解nNOS阳性神经纤维的再生情况。　结果　术后1、3、6个月,假手术对照组均有正常阴茎勃起(勃起率100% ),神经切断组完全丧失勃起功能(勃起率0% );术后1个月神经移植组也丧失勃起功能(勃起率0% ),术后3、6个月勃起功能渐恢复(勃起率分别为50%和66. 7% ),两两比较差异有统计学意义(P<0. 05)。术后3、6个月,神经移植组nNOS 阳性神经纤维数显著增多,神经部分切断组的nNOS阳性神经纤维数和术后1个月相比无增多,两两比较差异有统计学意义(P<0. 002)。　结论　双侧阴茎海绵体神经损伤后,利用生殖股神经移植加IGF促进神经再生,是重建勃起神经通路,恢复大鼠勃起功能的一种有效方法。     

神经套管术重建勃起功能的动物实验研究

目的　探讨利用神经套管术加神经生长强化介质修复阴茎海绵体神经损伤 ,重建勃起功能的可行性。　方法　 5 4只SD雄性大鼠随机分成假手术对照组、双侧阴茎海绵体神经损伤组及神经套管加胰岛素生长因子 (IGF)组 ,术后 1、3、6个月用阿朴吗啡试验评估所建动物模型的勃起功能 ,随后取阴茎干、脚组织 ,利用NADPH d染色法证实nNOS阳性神经纤维的再生情况。　结果　术后 1个月 ,阿朴吗啡诱导阴茎勃起试验中 ,神经部分切断组和神经套管IGF组间勃起率没有显著差异 ;术后 3、6个月 ,神经套管组勃起率分别为 4 2 %和 5 0 % ,神经部分切断组勃起率均值为 0 % (P <0 .0 5 )。术后 3、6个月 ,神经套管组nNOS阳性神经纤维数显著增多 ,神经部分切断组的nNOS阳性神经纤维数同术后 1个月相比无增多 (P <0 .0 0 2 ) ,两两比较差异有显著性意义。　结论　利用神经套管加IGF促进神经再生 ,是双侧阴茎海绵体神经损伤后 ,重建勃起功能的一种有效方法。     

复合雪旺细胞的猪小肠粘膜下层对大鼠海绵体神经损伤勃起功能恢复的实验研究

目的:研究雪旺细胞(SCs)与猪小肠粘膜下层(SIS)构成的人工神经移植替代损伤的大鼠双侧海绵体神经(CN)恢复大鼠的勃起功能。方法:体外培养SCs并复合于SIS,成功制备成SIS与SCs的复合体,选取健康SD大鼠33只,随机分为3组:假手术组(n=11)、CN切断组(n=11)、SCs+SIS组(n=11)。各组大鼠于术后3个月进行阿朴吗啡试验;然后取阴茎海绵体中后部海绵体组织,进行nNOS免疫组织化学染色。结果:①联合使用机械剥离、混合酶消化、差速贴壁法、Ara-C短期使用等方法可获得较高纯度的SCs,满足神经组织工程的需要;②经过机械刮除、化学方法消毒制备的SIS作为一种天然支架材料,与SCs具有良好的细胞生物相容性,适合SCs在其表面粘附、生长、增殖和分化;③术后3个月行阿朴吗啡试验:无论是勃起率还是勃起次数,SCs+SIS组均显著高于CN切断组(P<0.01),但低于假手术组(P<0.01);④nNOS神经纤维数目:SCs+SIS组与CN切断组差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),但二者均低于假手术组(P<0.01)。结论:SCs+SIS作为神经移植物可以修复缺损的CN,并在一定程度上恢复阴茎勃起功能。     

生长激素补充对老龄大鼠勃起功能及阴茎海绵体nNOS表达的影响

目的探讨生长激素(GH)补充对老龄大鼠勃起功能及阴茎海绵体神经型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)表达的影响。方法20只18月龄SD大鼠随机均分成A、B两组,10只2月龄SD大鼠为C组。A组给予GH1U/(kg·d),B、C组给予相同剂量的生理盐水,均皮下注射8周。于8周末观察阿朴吗啡(APO)皮下注射与大鼠海绵体内注射罂粟碱诱导的阴茎勃起情况,并用免疫组化SP法检测阴茎海绵体组织中nNOS神经纤维的数目。结果8周末时,A、C组大鼠APO诱导的勃起次数、海绵体内注射罂粟碱诱导的最大海绵体内压以及阴茎海绵体组织中nNOS神经纤维数目均显著高于B组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论老龄大鼠勃起功能及阴茎海绵体nNOS表达较成年大鼠明显下降,GH补充可以部分改善老龄大鼠的勃起功能,其机制之一可能与GH补充增加了老龄大鼠阴茎海绵体组织中nNOS神经纤维数目有关。     

生长激素对大鼠海绵体神经移植后再生的影响

目的:研究腓肠神经移植替代损伤的双侧海绵体神经(CN)后,生长激素(GH)对大鼠勃起功能恢复的影响。方法:24只雄性SD大鼠(3~4个月,300~400 g)随机均分为2组:神经移植组(腓肠神经移植替代损伤的双侧CN);GH组(神经移植后皮下注射GH)。2个月及4个月后,CN电刺激检测大鼠阴茎勃起功能,免疫组化SP法检测阴茎海绵体内神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)神经纤维并图像分析计算阳性像素值。结果:2个月后GH组有31.25%CN对电刺激有勃起反应,较神经移植组0%差异有显著性(P<0.05),nNOS阳性神经纤维的像素值在GH组为38 971±7 692,而神经移植组为16 538±3 179,差异同样具有显著性(P<0.05);而4个月后GH组有75%的CN对电刺激有勃起反应,神经移植组43.75%的CN有反应,差异无显著性(P>0.05);nNOS阳性神经纤维的像素值分别为91 348±18 965,79 276±12 021,差异亦无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:GH能促进CN移植后的再生,有利于盆腔根治性手术后勃起功能的恢复。     

大鼠阴茎海绵体nNOS神经纤维损伤后再生可能性的研究

目的 探讨海绵体神经损伤对阴茎海绵体ｎＮＯＳ神经纤维的影响。方法 采用免疫组织化学技术ＳＰ法测定大鼠海绵体神经损伤后阴茎勃起组织ｎＮＯＳ神经纤维数量。结果 双侧损伤组术后３周,阴茎海绵体ｎＮＯＳ神经纤维显著减少,６个月后仍很少;单侧损伤组,术后３周损伤侧ｎＮＯＳ神经纤维的改变类似于双侧损伤组,６个月后损伤侧ｎＮＯＳ神经纤维明显增多,接近于对侧水平。结论 阴茎海绵体ｎＮＯＳ神经纤维在单侧海绵体神经损     

大鼠阴茎背神经中NOS阳性纤维源于自主神经系统的研究

目的　探讨阴茎背神经 (PDN)中一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)阳性神经纤维的来源及其与阴茎自主神经系统的联系。方法　在外科显微镜下对雄性成年SD大鼠行无菌手术 ,建立单侧和双侧海绵体神经 (CN )切断模型 ,以假手术组作为对照 ;2周后取阴茎中段标本冰冻切片 ,并行NADPH黄递酶染色 ,在镜下着重观察PDN中的阳性纤维 ,并在高倍镜下计数每只大鼠每侧PDN中阳性纤维的数目。结果　 6只对照大鼠双侧PDN中皆有丰富的NOS阳性神经 ,平均每侧(70 .3± 14 .8)根 (n =12 ) ,而 7只双侧切断组大鼠平均每侧只有 (2 .7± 2 .9)根 (n =14 ) ,两组比较 ,差异有非常显著性 (P <0 .0 0 1) ;6只单侧切断组大鼠CN切断侧和未切断侧PDN中阳性纤维平均分别为 (1.2± 1.6)根和 (63 .8± 13 .8)根 (n =6) ,两侧比较 ,差异有非常显著性 (P <0 .0 0 1)。结论　CN切除会使同侧PDN中的NOS阳性神经纤维几乎消失 ,大鼠PDN中的NOS阳性纤维实际上来源于自主神经系统     

海绵体神经移植恢复大鼠勃起功能的研究

目的　应用腓肠神经移植替代损伤的双侧海绵体神经恢复大鼠的勃起功能。方法　将 48只雄性SD大鼠随机分为 3组 :神经移植组、神经损伤组及假手术组。 2、4个月后 ,海绵体神经电刺激检测大鼠勃起功能 ,免疫组织化学法检测海绵体内nNOS阳性神经纤维。结果　 2个月后神经移植组与神经损伤组大鼠对海绵体神经电刺激均无勃起反应 ,两组海绵体内nNOS阳性神经纤维数目差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;而 4个月后神经移植组大鼠勃起功能较神经损伤组差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,海绵体内nNOS阳性神经纤维数目也显著高于神经损伤组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,与假手术组差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　腓肠神经移植替代损伤的双侧海绵体神经可恢复大鼠的勃起功能。     

糖尿病鼠周围神经和阴茎nNOS的表达及其与阴茎勃起功能的关系

目的研究糖尿病(Diabetes mullitus,DM)对大鼠坐骨神经、阴部神经及阴茎海绵体中神经型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)变化及其与勃起功能障碍的相关性。方法16只雄性大鼠随机分为2组：12周组和16周组各8只,腹腔注射链脲佐菌素制备糖尿病模型：另取8只注射枸檬酸缓冲液作为空白对照,分别在注射12周和16周后,观察大鼠阴茎勃起功能,采用免疫组织化学法检测DM大鼠坐骨神经、阴部神经和阴茎海绵体nNOS阳性神经纤维的表达。结果两组大鼠的阴茎勃起次数明显低于对照组大鼠,(P＜0．01)；16W组大鼠阴茎勃起次数也明显低于12周组大鼠(P＜0．05)。两组DM大鼠nNOS坐骨神经、阴部神经和阴茎海绵体中nNOS的表达明显低于对照组(P＜0．01)；16W糖尿病大鼠nNOS阳性纤维的表达也明显低于12周组。两组大鼠对照组间无显著差异。结论糖尿病性阴茎勃起功能障碍与nNOS阳性神经纤维数量的减少相关,可能为糖尿病性勃起功能障碍的发病机理之一。     

Regeneration of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-containing nerve fibers in rat corpus cavernosum

Aim: To investigate the effect of cavernous nerve injury on the nNOS-containing nerve fibers in rat corpus cavernosum.Methods: Thirty-three male SD rats were randomized into 3 groups: 5 rats underwent pelvic exploration without tran-section of cavernous nerve as the sham-operated controls, the unilateral injury group (14 rats) had the cavernous nerve cuton one side, and the bilateral injury group (14 rats) had the nerves cut on both sides. Corpora cavernosa were harvestedat the 3rd week and 6th month after surgery, nNOS-positive nerve fibers were examined with strepavidin peroxidase im-munohistochemistry techniques (SP method). Results: After bilateral ablation, the nNOS-positive nerve fibers weresignificantly decreased at both the 3rd week ( 17 ± 4) and the 6th month (16 ± 4). For the unilateral injury group, thenNOS-positive nerve fibers were similarly decreased on the side of the neurotomy at the 3rd week (18 ± 6), but by the 6thmonth, the number increased significantly (61±9) and approximated th     

Effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 complex in cavernous nerve cryoablation

The purpose of this work was to study the effect of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and its binding protein (IGFBP-3) on the recovery of erectile function in a rat model for neurogenic impotence. In all, 28 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: seven underwent a sham operation; seven underwent bilateral cavernous nerve freezing (control group); seven underwent bilateral cavernous nerve freezing followed by intraperitoneal injection of IGF-1; and seven underwent bilateral cavernous nerve freezing followed by intraperitoneal injection of IGFBP-3. Erectile response was assessed by cavernous nerve electrostimulation at 3 months, and samples of penile tissue were evaluated histochemically for nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing fibers. In the sham and IGF-1 group, there were significantly higher maximal intracavernous pressures compared to the IGFBP-3 complex and the control group. Correspondingly in the cavernosum, there were significantly more NOS-containing nerve fibers in the sham and IGF-1 groups. In conclusion, administration of IGF-1 can facilitate the regeneration of NOS-containing nerve fibers in penile tissue and enhance the recovery of erectile function after bilateral cavernous nerve cryoablation. The reverse effect was noted with the IGFBP-3 complex injection.     

FK506 binding protein 12 is expressed in rat penile innervation and upregulated after cavernous nerve injury

To evaluate whether FK506 and other immunophilin ligands may have potential therapeutic efficacy for erectile function preservation after penile nerve injury, we demonstrated localizations of the immunophilin FK506 binding protein 12 (FKBP 12) in intact and injured rat penile nerves and correlated these findings with localizations of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), which neuronally forms nitric oxide for mediation of penile erection, in response to systemically administered FK506. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to unilateral right cavernous nerve forceps crush injury and administered FK506 (1 mg/kg i.p.) or saline at the same time and daily up to 7 days. At 1, 3 and 7 days after injury, bilateral cavernous nerves and major pelvic ganglia were collected for nNOS immunohistochemistry, FKBP 12 immunohistochemistry, and FKBP 12 in situ hybridisation. Protein expressions of nNOS and FKBP 12 were observed in major pelvic ganglion, cavernous nerve and nerve terminals within the rat penis as well as mRNA expression of FKBP 12 observed in the rat major pelvic ganglion neuronal cell bodies to a minimal extent at baseline conditions. After cavernous nerve injury, nNOS immunoreactivity was observed to be slightly diminished in ipsilateral penile nerve structures at only one day following injury while both FKBP 12 protein and mRNA expressions were observed to be increased at each interval of study. FK506 treatment did not affect staining of intact or injured nerves. Our demonstration that FKBP 12 is localized to penile innervation in the rat and becomes upregulated following cavernous nerve crush injury, independent of FK506 treatment, suggests that this immunophilin mediates a neurotrophic mechanism. Whether FK506 affords neuroprotection that preserves penile erection through FKBP 12 upregulation is unclear.     

海绵体神经损伤所致ED大鼠模型建立

目的 :寻找大鼠海绵体神经并建立神经损伤所致ED大鼠模型。　方法 :对 2 0只大鼠进行解剖 ,在外科显微镜下找到海绵体神经并经电刺激试验证实。随后将 4 2只实验大鼠随机分为假手术对照组、单侧海绵体神经损伤组及双侧海绵体神经损伤组。术后 3周用阿朴吗啡试验来评估所建动物模型。　结果 :盆大神经节位于背侧前列腺后外侧叶表面 ,海绵体神经是最大的传出神经。诱发阴茎勃起的电刺激参数 :电压 5V、刺激频率 2 0Hz及刺激时间 5ms。术后 3周 ,阿朴吗啡均能诱发对照组大鼠阴茎勃起 ,30min内平均勃起 (2 5 7± 1 4 0 )次。实验组大鼠 ,无论单侧损伤还是双侧损伤 ,均丧失勃起功能 (0 0 0± 0 0 0 )。　结论 :大鼠较大的盆大神经节及海绵体神经易于辨认 ,电刺激反应明显 ,是建立海绵体神经损伤性ED模型的理想动物。无论是单侧海绵体神经损伤还是双侧海绵体损伤 ,损伤早期 ,大鼠均丧失勃起功能     

Schwann cell seeded guidance tubes restore erectile function after ablation of cavernous nerves in rats

PURPOSE: Dissection of the cavernous nerves eliminates spontaneous erections. We evaluated the ability of Schwann cell seeded nerve guidance tubes to restore erections after bilateral cavernous nerve resection in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sections (5 mm) of the cavernous nerve were excised bilaterally, followed by immediate bilateral microsurgical reconstruction. In 10 animals per group (20 study nerves) reconstruction was performed by genitofemoral nerve interposition, interposition of silicone tubes or interposition of silicone tubes seeded with homologous Schwann cells. As the control 10 animals (20 study nerves) underwent sham operation (positive control) and bilateral nerve ablation (without reconstruction) was performed in a further 10 (negative control). Erectile function was evaluated 3 months postoperatively by relaparotomy, electrical nerve stimulation and intracavernous pressure recording. RESULTS: After 3 months neurostimulation resulted in an intact erectile response in 90% (18 of 20) of Schwann cell grafts, while treatment with autologous nerves (30% or 6 of 20) or tubes only (50% or 10 of 20) was less successful (p <0.01). Whereas untreated ablated rats showed no inducible erections (0% or 0 of 20), all sham operated animals had an intact erectile response (100% or 20 of 20). Maximum intracavernous pressure upon electrostimulation was significantly elevated using Schwann cell grafts compared to results in the other treatment groups (p <0.001). Morphological evaluation revealed advanced regeneration within Schwann cell grafts. CONCLUSIONS: Schwann cell seeded guidance tubes restore erectile function after the ablation of cavernous nerves in rats and they are superior to autologous nerve grafts.     

Immunophilin ligands promote penile neurogenesis and erection recovery after cavernous nerve injury

PURPOSE: We investigated the long-term effect of immunophilin ligands on erection physiology and cavernous tissue histology using rat models of unilateral and bilateral cavernous nerve (CN) injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered the immunophilin ligand FK506 (5 mg/kg subcutaneously daily for 5 days), the nonimmunosuppressant FK506 derivative GPI1046 (3 to 3-pyridyl)-1-propyl(2 seconds)-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxopentyl)-2-pyrrolidine carboxylate) (40 mg/kg subcutaneously daily for 5 or 28 days) or saline immediately upon induction of 2 paradigms of cavernous nerve injury, namely focal transection of the CN unilaterally, and a combination of focal transection of the CN unilaterally and excision of a 5 mm segment of contralateral CN (BIL treated). At 28 days following CN injury electrical stimulation of the transected CN and penile erection monitoring were performed. Whole penes were removed and evaluated immunohistochemically for the nitric oxide generator neuronal nitric oxide synthase, the neuronal marker synaptophysin, the endothelial marker CD31 and the smooth muscle marker alpha-actin. RESULTS: In unilaterally treated groups erection recovery was significantly greater in FK506 treated than in saline treated animals ((83.5% +/- 9.2% vs 24.3% +/- 8.1%, p <0.001) and similarly greater in GPI1046 treated animals than in the respective saline treated controls for this group (57.9% +/- 12.6% vs 23.8% +/- 7.0%, p <0.05). In BIL treated groups erection recovery for FK506 and GPI1046 treated rats exceeded saline treated values by approximately 70% (p <0.05) and 40% (p = 0.14), respectively. After 28 days of continuous treatment in BIL treated groups erection recovery for GPI1046 treated rats exceeded saline treated values by 140% (p <0.05). Neuronal and endothelial staining was preserved after immunophilin ligand treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Immunophilin ligands exert neurotrophic effects on the penile innervation that preserve cavernous tissue structure and promote erectile function recovery in rats after extensive CN injury.     

The effect of FK1706 on erectile function following bilateral cavernous nerve crush injury in a rat model

PURPOSE: We investigated the neurotrophic effect of FK1706 on erectile recovery following bilateral cavernous nerve crush injury in a rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 28 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 equal groups. Seven animals underwent sham operation and subcutaneous vehicle injection, whereas 21 underwent bilateral cavernous nerve crush injury followed by vehicle injection alone, or by low (0.1 mg/kg) or high (1.0 mg/kg) dose FK1706 treatment. Injections were continued 5 days weekly for 8 weeks. Erectile function was then assessed by cavernous nerve electrostimulation and penile tissue was evaluated immunohistochemically. RESULTS: No erectile dysfunction was identified in the sham treated group (mean maximal intracavernous pressure +/- SEM 106.8 +/- 6.4 cm H(2)O), whereas nerve injury significantly decreased ICP to 17.9 +/- 7.0 cm H(2)O. FK1706 facilitated neural and erectile recovery in a concentration dependent manner with a mean ICP in the high dose FK treatment group of 80.1 +/- 7.8 cm H(2)O compared with 44.1 +/- 12.9 cm H(2)O in the low dose group. Similar stepwise findings were observed using mean area under the curve data. Sham treated animals showed regular axon sizes and shapes with homogenous GAP-43 and neurofilament staining, whereas injured axons showed irregular shapes, sizes and staining patterns. FK1706 treatment restored axon shape and staining patterns. Injury significantly decreased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate staining and FK1706 treatment showed a nonsignificant trend toward increased staining. CONCLUSIONS: Bilateral cavernous nerve crush causes reproducible erectile dysfunction, consistent with prior experiments. High dose subcutaneous FK1706 therapy promotes significant neuroregeneration and erectile function recovery.