依那普利制剂体外溶出度对比研究

目的:以进口片剂为对照,对三种国产马来酸依那普利制剂溶出度进行对比研究.方法:采用高效液相色谱法测定依那普利浓度,参照USP(ⅩⅩⅢ)溶出度测定Ⅱ法进行溶出度试验. 结果:三种国产制剂30min累积溶出百分率分别为85.2%、101.9%和26.3%,经统计学检验有显著性差异.进口片剂30min累积溶出百分率为100.6%,国产制剂中仅有一种片剂30min 累积溶出百分率与之相当.结论:国内生产的马来酸依那普利制剂,其质量参差不齐,某些产品体外溶出与进口片剂相比存在较大差距.     

依那普利制剂体外溶出度对比研究

目的:以进口片剂为对照,对三种国产马来酸依那普利制剂溶出度进行对比研究.方法:采用高效液相色谱法测定依那普利浓度,参照USP(ⅩⅩⅢ)溶出度测定Ⅱ法进行溶出度试验. 结果:三种国产制剂30min累积溶出百分率分别为85.2%、101.9%和26.3%,经统计学检验有显著性差异.进口片剂30min累积溶出百分率为100.6%,国产制剂中仅有一种片剂30min 累积溶出百分率与之相当.结论:国内生产的马来酸依那普利制剂,其质量参差不齐,某些产品体外溶出与进口片剂相比存在较大差距.     

孟鲁司特钠片体外溶出度方法的建立

目的:建立孟鲁司特钠片溶出度测定方法。方法:采用桨法,以0.2%十二烷基硫酸钠-水为溶出介质,转速为50r·min-1;采用高效液相色谱法测定孟鲁司特钠的浓度并计算溶出度,色谱柱为Ultimate Phenyl,流动相为水-乙腈-三氟乙酸(200∶800∶2),检测波长为389nm。结果:孟鲁司特钠检测浓度线性范围为0.04～0.32mg·mL-1(r=0.9999),低、中、高浓度平均回收率分别为99.39%、99.84%、100.41%(RSD为1.23%、1.51%、0.83%);3批样品在30min时溶出度均在80%以上。结论:本方法准确、可靠,可用于该制剂溶出度的测定。     

感冒清片的溶出度考察

目的 :考察不同制药厂感冒清片的溶出度 ,评价其内在质量。方法 :采用高效液相色谱法测定对乙酰氨基酚含量 ,色谱柱为Nova -PakC18 或SpherecloneODS(2) ,流动相为甲醇 -水 (1∶3) ,检测波长为249nm ,流速为0.5ml/min ;溶出度采用转篮法。结果 :该法能理想地测定感冒清片中对乙酰氨基酚含量 ,8批样品体外溶出差异大。结论 :本方法简便、快速、可靠 ,建立该制剂的溶出度标准是非常必要的。     

高效液相色谱法测定塞克硝唑片溶出度研究

目的建立以高效液相色谱法测定塞克硝唑片溶出度的试验方法,并对4个企业的8批样品进行溶出度测定。方法以0.1 mol·L-1 HCl 1 000 m L为溶出介质,转速50 r·min-1,溶出取样点为30 min;采用高效液相色谱法测定含量,色谱柱为Ecosil C18(5μm,250 m×0.46 mm),流动相为甲醇-水(20:80),检测波长为318 nm,进样量为20μL。结果塞克硝唑在3.117~311.7μg·m L-1质量浓度与峰面积线性关系良好(r2=0.999),低、中、高浓度的平均回收率分别为99.5%(RSD为0.5%)、100.0%(RSD为0.8%)、99.8%(RSD为0.7%)(n=3);8批样品30 min时溶出量的数据为56%~104%。结论各厂家样品溶出度结果差异较大,本方法精密度好,专属性强,重复性好,回收率高,具有区别塞克硝唑片不同处方和生产工艺的能力,能有效控制该制剂的质量。     

盐酸曲马多片溶出度测定

目的建立盐酸曲马多片溶出度测定方法。方法以0.01 mol/L盐酸为溶出介质,采用高效液相色谱法测定其溶出度。结果本高效液相色谱法测定盐酸曲马多的质量浓度10.173-1017.3μg/ml内呈良好的线性相关性,相关系数r=0.999 9,平均回收率为99.89%（RSD=1.12%,n=6）,溶出度符合规定。结论该方法准确、可靠、简便、易行,可作为制剂的溶出度测定方法。     

复方地芬诺酯片体外溶出度试验方法的建立

目的:建立复方地芬诺酯片的体外溶出度测定方法。方法:采用桨法,以盐酸溶液(9→1 000)为溶出介质,转速为75 r/min,溶出取样时间为60 min;采用高效液相色谱法测定制剂中主成分盐酸地芬诺酯的含量。色谱柱为Welchrom C18,流动相为三乙胺磷酸溶液-乙腈(45∶55,pH 3.1),流速为1.0 ml/min,检测波长为230 nm,柱温为30℃。取同批样品6片进行溶出度均一试验。结果:盐酸地芬诺酯检测质量浓度线性范围为0.634⁶.34μg/ml(r=0.999 8),平均回收率为99.30%(RSD=0.89%,n=3);样品溶出度均一性良好(RSD=1.45%,n=6)。11批样品溶出60 min时溶出量为72%6.34μg/ml(r=0.999 8),平均回收率为99.30%(RSD=0.89%,n=3);样品溶出度均一性良好(RSD=1.45%,n=6)。11批样品溶出60 min时溶出量为72%⁹4%。结论:建立的方法快速、简便,可以用于复方地芬诺酯片的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定头孢丙烯干混悬剂的溶出度

目的 建立测定头孢丙烯干混悬剂溶出度的高效液相色谱法.方法 采用桨法,以水900 mL为溶出介质,转速为50 r/min,溶出时间为30min,用高效液相色谱法进行测定.结果 所用方法线性关系良好,平均回收率为99.13%,RSD=0.25%(n=9).结论 该法简便、准确,可为头孢丙烯干混悬剂溶出度的测定提供参考.     

腺苷钴胺片溶出度试验方法的建立

目的:建立腺苷钴胺片溶出度测定方法,并对4个企业的12批样品进行溶出度测定。方法:采用小杯法,以水200 ml为溶出介质,转速75 r/min,溶出取样点为30 min;采用高效液相色谱法检测含量,色谱柱为YMC C18,流动相为0.05 mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(pH 3.2)-乙腈(85∶15),检测波长为260 nm,进样量为50μl。结果:腺苷钴胺检测质量浓度线性范围为0.257 5¹.545 0μg/ml(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为99.2%(n=3)。不同取样时间点6片间及3批样品间溶出量的RSD均不超过9.3%(n=6);12批样品30 min时溶出量数据约为40%1.545 0μg/ml(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为99.2%(n=3)。不同取样时间点6片间及3批样品间溶出量的RSD均不超过9.3%(n=6);12批样品30 min时溶出量数据约为40%⁹7%。结论:各厂家样品溶出度结果差异较大,本方法具有区别腺苷钴胺片不同处方和生产工艺的能力,能有效控制该制剂的质量。     

2种不同规格的阿莫西林克拉维酸钾片溶出度比较

目的研究比较2种不同规格(0.457 g和0.228 5 g)的阿莫西林克拉维酸钾片的溶出度。方法 3个批次的阿莫西林克拉维酸钾片用于实验,每批随即抽取12片,以水为溶剂,采用高效液相色谱法测定溶出度。除0时外,另选择5、15、30 min共3个时间点进行取样测定,直到药物溶出>90%或达到溶出平台,分别计算各时间点药物溶出百分比,绘制每批样品的药物溶出曲线。结果 2种规格各3批样品在15 min时溶出度均>90%,即已达到溶出平台。结论 0.457 g的阿莫西林克拉维酸钾片与0.228 5 g阿莫西林克拉维酸钾片的溶出度具有高度相似性,其质量具有一致性,可以开发。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.