正交试验优化超声法提取北苍术多糖的工艺研究

目的优化北苍术多糖的超声提取工艺。方法利用超声波提取北苍术根茎中的多糖,以提取物得率和多糖提取率为指标,在单因素试验的基础上,采用4个因素(超声时间、料液比、超声温度、乙醇用量)3个水平的L9(34)正交试验优选超声提取工艺条件,并采用苯酚–浓硫酸法测定多糖。结果北苍术多糖的最佳提取工艺条件为:料液比1∶20、提取温度60℃、超声提取40min、浓缩后加入4倍量乙醇进行醇沉。在该实验条件下,苍术水提物得率为23.16%,多糖提取率为11.23%。结论超声法提取苍术中多糖简便快捷,多糖提取率高,为北苍术多糖的开发利用提供了参考。     

分枝杆菌多糖的制备及对小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖的影响

目的:制备分枝杆菌多糖并考察其对小鼠淋巴细胞增殖的影响。方法:用苏通培养基培养分枝杆菌,菌体脱脂后,用5种方法提取,比较多糖得率,并用正交试验优化超声提取工艺,再用稀碱提取残渣,粗多糖经Sevag法除蛋白、DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow层析柱纯化后得到分枝杆菌多糖;用MTT法检测分枝杆菌多糖对小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖的影响。结果:超声后热水提取多糖得率最高,超声提取的优化工艺是提取时间40 min,固液比为1∶150,超声功率600 W;单因素试验优化的Sevag法除蛋白条件为体积比1∶5,萃取时间为20 min,萃取6次;提取得到的4种多糖组分在6.25~50 mg.L-1范围内均能显著促进脾淋巴细胞的增殖。结论:用本实验工艺成功制备了分枝杆菌多糖,制备物具有刺激小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖的作用。     

何首乌多糖提取方法的比较研究

目的:比较不同提取方法对生何首乌多糖的影响,同时初步探索了热水提取生何首乌和制何首乌多糖的差异。方法:以何首乌为原料,分别通过热水提取法、超声提取法、微波提取法制得多糖,并对不同提取工艺下多糖的得率、总糖含量、蛋白含量、重均分子量(M_w)、单糖组成和2,2-二苯基-1-苦基肼(DPPH)自由基清除能力进行比较和研究。结果:不同提取方法所得何首乌多糖得率依次为：微波提取法[微波提取何首乌粗多糖(M-PMP)]>热水提取法[热水浸提何首乌粗多糖(H-PMP)]>超声提取法[超声提取何首乌粗多糖(U-PMP)]; U-PMP的蛋白含量最高,M_w与其他多糖也有明显差别;单糖组成结果显示,不同提取方法的何首乌多糖中单糖组成相同,主要由甘露糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖和阿拉伯糖组成,但单糖组成的摩尔比有所不同。结论:3种提取方法所得的多糖成分存在一定差异,且不同提取方法得率差异明显,其中M-PMP得率最高;同时发现生何首乌和制何首乌中多糖成分可能存在一定差异,有待进一步验证。     

超声辅助提取树舌多糖的工艺优化研究

目的:优化影响超声辅助法提取树舌多糖的多个因素,提高多糖的提取效率。方法:采用超声辅助萃取法提取树舌多糖,运用正交实验方法对影响多糖提取的条件进行优化。结果:超声辅助法提取树舌多糖的最佳条件为:液料比20:1、超声功率220w、超声时间5min,提取两次。在该条件下,树舌多糖得率为46.32mg/g。结论:提高了树舌多糖的提取率,为树舌多糖的开发利用奠定了基础。     

白芍多糖水提工艺优化的初步研究

目的:对白芍中白芍多糖的水提取工艺进行优化.方法:以白芍多糖的得率为最终指标,采用正交试验法优选提取条件,系统考察粉碎度、溶剂量、提取时间、乙醇沉淀对白芍多糖得率的影响.结果:在白芍粉末为40目,用水量为0.5L,时间为3h的条件下,白芍多糖的得率最高.结论:影响白芍中白芍多糖得率的显著因素顺序为:粉碎度＞时间＞用水量.     

超声提取五指毛桃多糖的工艺研究

目的:探讨采用超声提取法从五指毛桃中提取多糖的工艺条件,为多糖的超声提取提供理论依据.方法:用硫酸-苯酚法测定多糖含量,采用正交试验法研究多糖的提取工艺.结果:最佳工艺为药材粉碎过60目筛,加12倍量水,超声40 min.结论:超声提取法可用于五指毛桃多糖的提取.     

肉苁蓉类药材多糖提取工艺优化及多糖的平均分子质量分布

本文以肉苁蓉多糖的得率以及质量分数为评价指标,通过单因素考察以及正交试验确定复合酶联合超声提取工艺的最适提取条件,从而得到一种简便、高效提取肉苁蓉多糖的方法。用此方法提取荒漠肉苁蓉、管花肉苁蓉、盐生肉苁蓉、沙苁蓉中的多糖,通过高分子排阻色谱-十八角度激光光散射仪配置示差检测器测定4种肉苁蓉多糖的平均分子质量、分布以及多糖的质量分数,分析4种肉苁蓉多糖间存在的差异。最终确定提取肉苁蓉多糖的最佳工艺参数为复合酶用量4%、复合酶配比(纤维素酶∶果胶酶) 1∶3、超声功率350 W (40 kHz)、超声时间20 min、酶解温度50℃、pH值为6。在此提取工艺下重复提取3次平均得率为5.14%,质量分数为90.78%,综合指标为47.96%, RSD为1.51%,重现性较好。通过软件计算可知4种肉苁蓉类多糖均为球形结构,但其平均分子质量及其分布存在差异,优化后的复合酶联合超声提取工艺能够有效地增大肉苁蓉多糖的得率,是一种简单方便、经济环保的提取方法,为日后多糖的研究奠定了基础。     

脱氢卡维汀对四氯化碳致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的:对3种粒径的黄芪,采用4种不同的方法提取黄芪多糖及黄芪总皂苷,优选最佳粒径和提取方法.方法:对超微粉、200目细粉、饮片3种粒径的黄芪,分别采用水醇双提法、纤维素酶法、氧化钙溶液法、超声波法进行提取,用超滤法与D21大孔吸附树脂法进行分离,分别比较黄芪多糖及黄芪总皂苷的得率.结果:黄芪超微粉用超声波法提取黄芪多糖得率最高,达到1.73%;采用黄芪饮片用超声波法提取黄芪总皂苷得率最高,达到1.82%.结论:超声波提取方法对提取黄芪多糖和黄芪总皂苷的得率较其它方法都有较大的提高.黄芪的粒径越小对黄芪多糖提取得率越高,但对黄芪总皂苷的提取,随粒径减小而得率减少.     

白芨多糖提取方法的优选及其理化性质研究

目的 从白芨中等粉中用不同方法提取白芨多糖,优选最佳的提取工艺,对其理化性质进行研究。方法 采用水提法、碱水提法、纤维素酶解法、超声波法进行提取;采用分光光度法测定多糖含量。得出多糖得率最高的一种方法为基础,以多糖含量为指标进行工艺优化;按照《中国药典》2010年版一部规定的方法研究其理化性质。结果 超声提取法最好,最佳提取工艺为:料液比1:20,温度80℃,时间10 min,提取率为49.90%;求出5个理化性质数据。结论 超声波提取法提取白芨多糖的得率高于其他方法,适宜大规模生产;为白芨多糖现代化应用提供了依据。     

大半边莲多糖的提取与含量测定

目的:研究大半边莲多糖提取工艺.方法:多糖含量测定采用蒽酮-硫酸法;多糖提取采用水提醇沉法,以大半边莲多糖提取得率为指标进行正交试验设计,考察对大半边莲多糖提取得率的影响因素.结果:多糖含量测定的线性回归方程为A=35.602C+0.030 2(r=0.999 4),线性范围为0.002 6～0.015 4 mg·ml-1.多糖提取的最佳工艺为加入8倍量的水,70℃提取2次,每次1h.结论:为大半边莲提供了稳定可行的多糖提取工艺,多糖含量测定方法准确可靠.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.