苦参生物碱类成分的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的:建立苦参生物碱类成分的高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱。方法:色谱柱为Kromasil NH2(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-乙醇(8∶1,V/V)-3%磷酸水溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为1 ml/min,检测波长为220 nm;采用《中药色谱指纹图谱评价系统》(2004A版)对3批样品进行相似度评价。结果:建立的HPLC指纹图谱中,苦参生物碱类成分各峰分离度较好,一共确定了17个共有峰,并对其中5个峰进行了定位指认;3批样品的相似度均>0.9。结论:该方法可得到精密度、重复性、稳定性较好的苦参生物碱类成分的HPLC指纹图谱,为苦参提取物的质量控制提供另一种检测方法。     

胡芦巴提取物黄酮类成分的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的:建立胡芦巴提取物黄酮类成分的指纹图谱。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为ZORBAX SB-C18(250 mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0.4%磷酸溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为0.8 ml/min,检测波长为339 nm。以牡荆苷为参照物,对10批胡芦巴提取物进行指纹图谱分析。结果:建立了胡芦巴提取物黄酮类成分的HPLC指纹图谱共有模式,标定了11个共有指纹峰,10批提取物的相似度均>0.9。结论:该方法简便、准确、重复性好,可为胡芦巴提取物的品质评价和质量控制提供科学依据。     

苦参康肤搽剂的HPLC指纹图谱

目的建立中药复方制剂苦参康肤搽剂的HPLC指纹图谱,对其进行质量控制。方法采用Inertsil C_(18)柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以甲醇-乙腈(体积比为1:3,流动相A)-体积分数为0.2%的氨水(流动相B)为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速:1.0 m L·min~(-1),检测波长:220 nm,柱温:35℃,建立苦参康肤搽剂HPLC指纹图谱,运用"中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价软件"对10批制剂进行相似度评价,并对特征峰进行指认。结果建立的苦参康肤搽剂HPLC指纹图谱的精密度、专属性、重复性、稳定性均良好;10批制剂的指纹图谱的相似度值为0.993~0.999。结论上述建立的HPLC指纹图谱可以用于苦参康肤搽剂的质量评价,可以为提高苦参康肤搽剂整体质量控制方法提供依据。     

苦参康复搽剂的气相指纹图谱研究

目的建立复方中药苦参康复搽剂的气相(GC)指纹图谱,以对其进行质量控制。方法采用ZHD-2007-1306(OV-1701)(30 m×0.32 mm×0.6μm)为色谱柱,FID检测器,进样口温度为280℃,起始柱温为100℃,程序升温的方法建立苦参康复搽剂GC指纹图谱,采用"中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价软件"对10批搽剂进行相似度评价,并指认了其中的特征色谱峰。结果所建立的苦参康复搽剂GC指纹图谱的精密度、重复性、专属性和稳定性均符合要求;10批搽剂的指纹图谱的相似度为0.958～0.984;标定共有指纹图谱峰为16个,指认其中一个峰为苍术中的苍术素。结论所得到的GC指纹图谱可为提高苦参康复搽剂整体的质量控制方法提供依据。     

不同产地山楂叶HPLC指纹图谱比较分析

目的 建立不同产地的山楂叶50％乙醇提取物的HPLC指纹图谱,并对其中5种主要成分进行含量测定,结合聚类分析评价不同产地的山楂叶药材质量.方法 采用Diamonsil C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱;以乙腈-0.1％冰醋酸-四氢呋喃体系梯度洗脱;检测波长320 nm;流速0.9 mL·min-1;柱温30℃;应用中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统建立HPLC指纹图谱进行评价,用SPSS 19.0统计软件进行聚类分析.结果 标定出山楂叶HPLC指纹图谱共有峰7个,相似度0.09～0.90;聚类分析后,可以区分不同产地山楂叶,最终以19批主产地的山楂叶为样本,重新建立山楂叶50％乙醇提取物HPLC指纹图谱,标定出共有峰11个,相似度均大于0.85;对25批山楂叶提取物5种主要成分进行含量测定,结果显示主产区山楂叶的质量比较稳定.结论 建立的山楂叶HPLC指纹图谱重现性和特征性较好,能够快速鉴别山楂叶.应用SPSS 19.0聚类分析软件,可以较全面的反映不同产地山楂叶化学成分的差异,为其质量控制提供实验依据.     

紫荆花黄酮类化合物的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的:建立紫荆花黄酮类化合物的高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱,为其采收、利用及质量评价提供依据。方法:以芦丁、槲皮素2种标准品为对照,采用反相(RP)-HPLC法测定10批不同产地和不同采收期的紫荆花黄酮类化合物,绘制色谱图,确立参照指纹图谱,并用中药指纹图谱相似度评价系统计算其相似度。色谱条件:色谱柱为ODSC1(8250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0.4%磷酸水溶液(梯度洗脱),柱温为25℃,流速为0.7mL·min-1,检测波长为360nm,记录时间为40min。结果:共标示出紫荆花黄酮类化合物的14个特征指纹峰;各批样品相似度介于0.88～0.94之间。表明紫荆花黄酮类化合物组成相似,但含量有差异。结论:所建立的紫荆花黄酮类化合物HPLC指纹图谱稳定、可靠、重复性好,对紫荆花采收、利用及质量评价具有参考价值。     

筋骨草配方颗粒高效液相色谱指纹图谱研究

目的 建立筋骨草配方颗粒的高效液相色谱（HPLC）指纹图谱。方法 采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液（梯度洗脱）,流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为207 nm,柱温为25℃,进样量为10μL。以乙酰哈巴苷峰为参照峰,测定15批样品的HPLC指纹图谱。采用中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统（2012版）进行相似度评价,确定共有峰,并进行聚类分析和主成分分析。结果 15批样品的HPLC指纹图谱有8个共有峰,指认了其中2个。相似度均在0.975～1.000。15批样品可聚为4类,共提取到两大主成分,累积方差贡献率85.367%,其中峰1和峰4是对样品质量影响较大的主要成分。结论 建立的HPLC指纹图谱操作简单,重复性和稳定性均良好,能整体、全面、真实地反映制剂质量的差异,可为其质量控制及整体性评价提供参考。     

菟丝子HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的优化菟丝子高效液相色谱（HPLC）指纹图谱分析方法,建立菟丝子黄酮类及酚酸类成分指纹图谱。方法采用Zorbax SB C18色谱柱;流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液（梯度洗脱）;检测波长为260 nm;柱温为30℃;流速为1.0 mL/min。结果 10批菟丝子样品均标示出13个共有峰,其中9个为黄酮类成分峰,鉴别出4个特征峰（金丝桃苷、异槲皮苷、紫云英苷、山奈酚）;利用中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价软件进行相似度评价,10批样品的相似度为0.949~0.996,提示菟丝子质量较稳定。结论方法准确可靠,重复性好,为菟丝子质量控制提供了方法依据。     

芪箭颗粒中皂苷类成分与莫诺苷的指纹图谱研究

目的建立芪箭颗粒指纹图谱,为完善其质量控制提供参考。方法采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Agilent Eclipse Plus C_(18)(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长203 nm,柱温25℃,进样量10μL。以人参皂苷Rg1为参照,测定10批样品的HPLC图谱,采用《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统》(2012版)进行相似度评价,确定共有峰。结果 10批芪箭颗粒HPLC指纹图谱有16个共有峰,相似度均> 0.94。结论所建立的芪箭颗粒指纹图谱特征性强,可以作为其质量控制的手段之一。     

新止骨增生丸的HPLC指纹图谱

目的建立中药复方制剂新止骨增生丸的HPLC指纹图谱,对制剂进行质量控制。方法采用Kromasil C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以甲醇-水(含体积分数为0.08%的磷酸)为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速:1.0 m L·min-1,检测波长:283 nm,柱温:35℃;建立新止骨增生丸HPLC指纹图谱,运用"中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统软件"对10批制剂进行相似度评价,并对特征峰进行指认。结果建立的新止骨增生丸HPLC指纹图谱的专属性、重复性和稳定性均良好;10批制剂的指纹图谱与对照指纹图谱的相似度值为0.982~0.995。结论上述建立的HPLC指纹图谱可以用于制剂的质量评价,可为提高新止骨增生丸整体质量控制方法提供实验依据。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.