脾切除术后门静脉系统血栓形成的临床分析

目的探讨脾切除术后门静脉血栓形成(portal vein thrombosis,PVT)的原因、诊断和治疗。方法对我院2002年8月至2008年8月期间收治的因肝硬变门静脉高压症及外伤脾破裂行脾切除术后发现PVT的29例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 29例PVT患者中27例经抗凝溶栓治疗后血栓完全或部分溶解吸收、康复出院;1例因腹膜炎、感染性休克和多器官功能衰竭死亡;1例因呕血、肝昏迷及多器官功能衰竭死亡。24例患者获随访,3例失访,随访时间0.5～3年,平均2年,其中2例因大出血死亡、1例因肝性脑病死亡、1例因肝功能衰竭死亡,2例于出院1年后发生下肢深静脉血栓,其余患者未再发生静脉血栓。结论 PVT与脾切除术后血小板升高及血流动力学改变有关,手术操作规范化、早期诊断以及抗凝祛聚是防治PVT的有效方法。     

完全腹腔镜下脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗门脉高压症

目的探讨腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术的可行性、安全性及有效性。方法 2008年3月~2014年6月,采用完全腹腔镜方法,对45例肝硬化门脉高压并上消化道出血和脾功能亢进的患者行贲门周围血管离断术。术中采用一级脾蒂离断法或者二级脾蒂离断法切脾,断流方法采用选择性或非选择性贲门周围血管离断术。结果 45例在全腔镜下完成(其中28例为选择性贲门周围血管离断术),其中1例需手助。手术时间110~430 min,平均150 min。术中失血80~1200 ml,平均325 ml。1例术后肝功能衰竭死亡。44例术后住院8~20 d,平均10.6 d。41例术后随访3~60个月,平均36个月,3例再出血,2例原发性肝癌。结论严格把握手术适应证,腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术安全可行。     

Laparoscopic Splenectomy and Azygoportal Disconnection: a Systematic Review

Background and Objectives:

Given the technical difficulty of laparoscopic splenectomy and azygoportal disconnection (LSD), data are limited that compare the laparoscopic to the open procedure. As the technique becomes more widespread, questions regarding its safety, feasibility, and reproducibility must be addressed. This review assesses the current status of LSD.

Methods:

We conducted our literature review with a search of the PubMed database. All published series of 5 or more laparoscopic splenectomy and azygoportal disconnection procedures were examined. The demographic, intraoperative, and postoperative data analyzed included number of ports, conversion rate, operative duration, estimated intraoperative blood loss, postoperative hospital stay, and complications.

Results:

Fifteen articles met the review criteria. Of 412 laparoscopic procedures, traditional laparoscopic splenectomy and azygoportal disconnection (TLSD) was used in 322 patients (78.2%), a modified laparoscopic procedure (MLSD) in 79 (19.2%), and a single-incision laparoscopic procedure (SLSD) in 11 (2.7%). Compared with the traditional and single-incision laparoscopic procedures, the MLSD procedure was associated with shorter operative duration and less blood loss. Furthermore, although the incidence of postoperative portal vein system thrombosis was higher in the laparoscopic than in the open splenectomy with azygoportal disconnection (OSD) procedure, the LSD procedure was associated with less pulmonary infection and pleural effusion and fewer incisional and overall complications than the open procedure. The rate of conversion to an open procedure was 5.4%.

Conclusions:

LSD is feasible and safe for selected patients when performed by an expert laparoscopic surgeon. It has perioperative advantages over OSD, but studies with longer follow-up periods and larger samples of patients are needed.     

腹腔镜下脾切除联合选择性贲门周围血管离断术

目的探讨腹腔镜下脾切除联合选择性贲门周围血管离断术(laparoscopic splenectomy combined with selectivepericardial devascularization,LSPD)治疗门脉高压症(portal hypertension,PHT)的安全性、可行性及操作技巧。方法回顾性分析2011年3月～2012年3月连续15例因PHT行腹腔镜下脾切除联合LSPD的围手术期资料。观察手术时间、术中出血量、术后排气时间、术后并发症发生率及术后住院时间并随访。结果 15例均顺利完成手术,无中转开腹。术中发现副脾2例。手术时间150～340 min,中位数230 min。术中出血量80～1600 ml,中位数450 ml。腹腔引流管留置时间3～8 d,中位数5 d。术后住院时间7～15 d,中位数10 d。无出血、胰漏等手术并发症。15例随访3～12个月,均存活,2例发生便血。结论LSPD治疗PHT安全、可行。     

腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术在门静脉高压症中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术的手术方法、临床效果及应用价值。方法回顾性分析2009年7月至2012年7月期间,笔者所在医院科室施行的腹腔镜下脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术治疗肝硬变门静脉高压症23例患者的临床资料。结果 23例患者中,有2例中转开腹,21例顺利完成腹腔镜脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术。手术时间230～380 min,平均290 min;术中失血量300～1 500 mL,平均620 mL;术后禁食1～3 d,平均2 d;术后住院时间8～14 d,平均10 d。结论腹腔镜脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术安全可行,对机体创伤小,术后并发症少,疗效确切。     

Portal vein thrombosis after splenectomy

BACKGROUND: Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) has been described after splenectomy, but the factors associated with its development and the clinical outcomes are poorly characterized. METHODS: Case logs of four surgeons from 1996 to 2001 were retrospectively reviewed to identify cases of postsplenectomy PVT. RESULTS: Eight cases of PVT (8%) among 101 splenectomies were identified. Indications for splenectomy in patients with PVT were myeloproliferative disease (n = 4), hemolytic anemia (n = 3), and myelodysplastic disorder (n = 1). All patients had splenomegaly (mean 1698 g, range 360 to 3150 g). Among 10 patients with myeloproliferative disease (MP), 4 patients (40%) developed PVT, compared with 4 of 12 patients (25%) with hemolytic anemia. Three of 4 patients (75%) with MP disease and spleen weight greater than 3,000 g developed PVT. Five patients developed PVT despite receiving prophylactic subcutaneous heparin postoperatively. Presenting symptoms included anorexia in 7 (88%), abdominal pain in 6 (75%), and both elevated leukocyte and platelet counts in 8 patients (100%). All diagnoses were made by contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan, and anticoagulation was initiated immediately. One patient died of intraabdominal sepsis; the others are alive with no clinical sequelae at 38 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: PVT is a relatively common complication of splenectomy in patients with splenomegaly. A high index of suspicion, early diagnosis by contrast-enhanced computed tomography, and prompt anticoagulation are key to a successful outcome.     

应用脾蒂先离断技术行手助腹腔镜巨脾切除与断流术

目的探讨手助腹腔镜巨脾切除术中脾门先离断技术的可行性。方法2003年8月-2009年12月,用脾门先离断技术完成手助腹腔镜巨脾切除16例,其中14例同时行贲门周围血管离断术。离断胃结肠韧带后,用伸人腹腔的手指分离脾蒂与其外侧腹膜之间的疏松组织,穿过脾蒂下方后,在手指引导下于脾蒂后方穿过吻合器钉座,击发后离断脾蒂。然后再离断脾周围韧带,完整切除脾脏。结果所有手术均顺利完成。手术时间（152．0±39．9）rain,术中出血量（263．8±161．2）ml,3例需要术中输血。无术后出血、膈下感染、发热等并发症。所有病例均获电话随访,随访时间1-40个月,平均24个月。无术后远期并发症,血小板计数1个月内恢复正常,随访期间无食管静脉曲张破裂再出血。结论脾蒂先离断技术可以增加手术安全性,缩短手术时间,减少术后并发症发生机会。     

腹腔镜脾切除术26例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜脾切除的可行性和临床效果。方法 2005年10月～2011年3月施行26例腹腔镜脾切除术。超声刀离断胃结肠韧带、脾胃韧带和胃短血管,分离脾幼脉,血管夹夹闭。分离脾周粘连、脾胃韧带,并逐支分离脾叶动静脉,血管夹夹闭,离断脾蒂直至切除脾脏。离断小网膜后,超声刀或血管夹离断胃左血管及其以上所有曲张血管,完成门奇静脉断流术。将装入脾脏的标本袋从扩大的戳孔取出。结果 26例均完成LS,无中转开腹手术。手术时间70～250 min,平均142.5 min;术中出血50～3200 ml,平均262.6 ml。术后10～72 h停止胃肠减压,3～5 d拔除引流管。术后住院时间6～15d,平均7.6 d。术后未发生大出血、胰漏,并发胸腔积液3例,肺部感染1例,均经抗炎、理疗及营养支持治疗治愈。结论严格掌握手术适应证,腹腔镜下脾切除术、贲门周围血管离断术安全可行,临床效果好。     

Implementation of laparoscopic splenectomy in children and the incidence of portal vein thrombosis diagnosed by ultrasonography

Background

The aim of this study is to evaluate if symptomatic or asymptomatic PVT, as diagnosed with ultrasonography (US), occurs more often in children after the introduction and implementation of LS compared to open splenectomy.

Methods

A retrospective cohort of 76 splenectomized patients for benign hematological disease were analyzed, 24 after open splenectomy (OS) and 52 after LS.

Results

In six of the OS and 40 after LS a postoperative US was obtained. In two patients after LS, a PVT was seen on US. Both patients were symptomatic and also underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The length of stay in the hospital was significantly shorter for LS (median 4.5 days, range 2–12) compared to OS (median 7 days, range 5–12), (P = .00). Median operation time of OS was 65 min (range 35–130 min) and of LS 170 min (range 85–275 min) (P = .00). There was no difference in postoperative complications.

Conclusion

The risk of developing a PVT after laparoscopic splenectomy seems low, and thus LS is not contraindicated in patients with benign hematological disease. When combining LS and laparoscopic cholecystectomy, prophylactic heparin might be considered.     

腹腔镜下脾切除脾血管的解剖基础及临床应用

目的探讨腹腔镜下脾血管解剖的特点及临床应用价值。方法分析完全腹腔镜脾切除术(TLS)47例资料。其中肝硬化门静脉高压症21例,地中海贫血19例,原发性血小板减少性紫癜2例,球形红细胞增多症2例,脾血管瘤1例,脾囊肿1例,原发性脾功能亢进1例。根据胰尾段内结扎脾动脉后,脾脏呈现颜色改变,总结脾血管腔镜下解剖分型。结果脾血管为Ⅰ型(分支型)者占72.3%(34/47);Ⅱ型(主干型)占19.1%(9/47);Ⅲ型(迷走型)占4.3%(2/47);腔镜下解剖不清2例(4.3%)。46例成功完成TLS,手术成功率97.9%(46/47),14例同时行腹腔镜下贲门周围血管离断术,3例地中海贫血因胆囊结石同时行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术;1例因凝血功能障碍术中广泛创面渗血而中转开腹行创面止血。43例经脾动脉结扎,45例经脾门血管分级离断技术得以完成手术。TLS手术时间50～240min,(110±35)min。出血量20～1500ml,(160±87)ml。结论腹腔镜下脾血管绝大部分以分支型为主,但可以在胰尾上缘结扎脾动脉阻断脾脏的大部分血供,脾门血管可以进行分级离断。脾动脉结扎、脾门血管分级离断是控制术中出血、防止胰腺损伤的有...     

脾切除术后门静脉系统血栓形成的相关因素分析及早期抗凝效果分析

目的探讨门静脉高压行脾切除术后门静脉系统血栓形成（portalveinthrombosis,PVT）的相关因素,及早期抗凝治疗的预防作用。方法回顾分析102例门静脉高压行脾切除术患者临床资料．观察性别、年龄、术前肝功能Child—Paph分级、门静脉直径、术前和术后2周血小板计数、联合贲门周围血管离断术、抗凝等临床指标与PVT形成的相关性。结果102例患者脾切除术后PVT发生率16．7％（17例）,其中抗凝患者PVT发生率9．1％（5／55）,低于未抗凝治疗患者的25．5％（12／47）,差异有统计学意义（X^2=4．932,P〈0．05）。单因素分析显示PVT组与无PVT组贲门周围血管离断术（64．7％与36．5％）、门静脉内径[（13．8±2．1）mm与（15．2±2．2）mm]和抗凝治疗（29．4％与58．8％）存在统计学差异（P〈0．05）。多因素分析显示门静脉内径（OR=2．448,P=0．029）及是否抗凝治疗（OR=1．610,P=0．032）与术后PVT形成有关。结论脾切除术后PVT形成与门静脉内径增宽、是否抗凝治疗有关。术后早期给予低分子肝素抗凝治疗能降低PVT发生率。     

腹腔镜二级脾蒂离断法脾切除

目的总结腹腔镜二级脾蒂离断法脾切除的应用价值。方法2006年9月～2007年5月,行腹腔镜二级脾蒂离断法脾切除13例,其中外伤性脾破裂出血5例、特发性血小板减少性紫癜2例、肝硬化脾功能亢进6例。结果全部镜下完成,未使用手辅助。手术时间150～300min,平均210min,术中出血50～800ml,平均350ml,术后住院5～9d,平均7.5d,无手术并发症。随访1～6个月,血小板均在正常范围。结论腹腔镜二级脾蒂离断法脾切除术安全、可行、微创。     

腹腔镜脾切除术后引流液监测及其价值

目的探讨腹腔镜脾切除术（laparoscopic splenectomy,LS）后引流液监测方法及其对临床工作的指导价值。方法回顾性分析2005年11月～2008年8月行LS术63例资料,记录腹腔引流液淀粉酶值、引流液颜色动态变化、引流液量、引流液性质及细菌培养、腹部彩超检查结果。结果均完成完全腹腔镜下脾切除术,通过常规术后脾窝引流液监测,早期诊断4例术后并发症,其中术后出血2例,引流液呈血性,量〉40ml/h,术后12h剖腹探查,均为脾胃韧带处渗血;胰漏2例,术后6天引流液呈灰褐色,淀粉酶值分别为15189和9206U/L,引流液细菌培养未培养出细菌,诊断胰漏,给予生长抑素,1例腹腔引流通畅,1例引流不畅于超声引导下穿刺置管引流,分别于术后2个月和20天拔除引流管。结论LS安全、可靠,并具有明显的微创优势;术后密切观察腹腔引流情况,及时获得病情变化信息,对早期发现和治疗LS并发症具有十分重要的意义。     

腹腔镜脾脏切除术中出血的防治体会

目的：探讨腹腔镜脾脏切除术中出血的防治措施。方法：回顾分析哈尔滨医科大学附属第四医院2007年1月—2010年1月开展的63例腹腔镜脾脏切除（LS）患者的临床资料,其中门静脉高压症、脾功能亢进44例,特发性血小板减少性紫癜（ITP）6例,外伤性脾破裂6例,脾恶性淋巴瘤3例,脾血管瘤3例,脾囊肿1例。结果：全部病例均在腹腔镜下完成手术。53例行脾动脉预处理,48例行二级脾蒂法脾切除。手术时间120～200min,平均150min,术中出血150～800mL,平均250mL。结论：脾动脉预处理,二级脾蒂法脾切除是降低术中出血的关键。     

无蓝碟手助腹腔镜巨脾切除术15例报告

目的探讨无蓝碟手助腹腔镜下脾切除术的安全性和疗效。方法 2009年5月～2011年7月,完成手助腹腔镜巨脾切除15例（脾脏长径138～192 mm,平均169 mm）,其中6例行贲门周围血管离断术。上腹正中5～6 cm切口,左手常规进腹,超声刀离断胃结肠韧带后,用伸入腹腔的手指在胰腺上缘将脾动脉主干游离,丝线结扎,并在手指引导下于脾蒂后方穿过吻合器钉仓,击发后离断脾蒂,然后再离断脾周围韧带,完整切除脾脏。结果 15例手术均顺利完成,手术时间76～294 min,平均147 min;出血量55～1100 ml,平均292 ml。术后住院时间7～15 d,平均9.8 d。15例随访1～25个月,平均14个月,血小板在术后18～27 d内（平均24.6 d）恢复正常,术后无远期并发症。结论无蓝碟手助腹腔镜脾切除术手术时间短,术后恢复快,并发症少,是一种值得推广的安全有效的手术方法。     

Single Incision Laparoscopic Splenectomy: The First Two Cases

Aims  Single incision laparoscopic procedures are presumed to be as a step towards pure natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery. However, loss of requirement of any perforation of visceral organ and endoscopic equipment make this technique more popular and easily performable. Herein we report two splenectomy cases where single incision surgery (SILS) technique was performed. Cases  Two females of 28 years old and 22 years old with the diagnoses of ITP underwent single incision laparoscopic splenectomy. Preoperatively with the receival of steroid therapy, thrombocyte counts were 92,000/m³. A 2-cm umbilical incision was used for the placement of three (5 mm) trocars. One 5-mm videoscope (30°) and roticulated laparoscopic dissector/grasper were the main tools during surgical procedure. Spleen was removed with a plastic removal bag through the umbilical trocar incision. The whole procedure ended in 110 and 150 min in both cases without any problem. Results  Two patients were discharged on third and second postoperative days with the thrombocyte counts of 174,000/m³ and 400,000/m³, respectively. Conclusion  Although there were some procedures performed with single incision technique like cholecystectomy, prostatectomy, and partial nephrectomy, as far as we are concerned this is the first report about laparoscopic splenectomy performed with single incision surgery technique.     

Massive Splenomegaly in Children: Laparoscopic Versus Open Splenectomy

Background and Objectives:

Laparoscopic splenectomy for massive splenomegaly is still a controversial procedure as compared with open splenectomy. We aimed to compare the feasibility of laparoscopic splenectomy versus open splenectomy for massive splenomegaly from different surgical aspects in children.

Methods:

The data of children aged <12 years with massive splenomegaly who underwent splenectomy for hematologic disorders were retrospectively reviewed in 2 pediatric surgery centers from June 2004 until July 2012.

Results:

The study included 32 patients, 12 who underwent laparoscopic splenectomy versus 20 who underwent open splenectomy. The mean ages were 8.5 years and 8 years in the laparoscopic splenectomy group and open splenectomy group, respectively. The mean operative time was 180 minutes for laparoscopic splenectomy and 120 minutes for open splenectomy. The conversion rate was 8%. The mean amount of intraoperative blood loss was 60 mL in the laparoscopic splenectomy group versus 110 mL in the open splenectomy group. Postoperative atelectasis developed in 2 cases in the open splenectomy group (10%) and 1 case in the laparoscopic splenectomy group (8%). Oral feeding postoperatively resumed at a mean of 7.5 hours in the laparoscopic splenectomy group versus 30 hours in the open splenectomy group. The mean hospital stay was 36 hours in the laparoscopic splenectomy group versus 96 hours in the open splenectomy group. Postoperative pain was less in the laparoscopic splenectomy group.

Conclusion:

Laparoscopic splenectomy for massive splenomegaly in children is safe and feasible. Although the operative time was significantly greater in the laparoscopic splenectomy group, laparoscopic splenectomy was associated with statistically significantly less pain, less blood loss, better recovery, and shorter hospital stay. Laparoscopic splenectomy for pediatric hematologic disorders should be the gold-standard approach regardless of the size of the spleen.     

脾切除术后门静脉血栓部分成因分析与预防

目的分析脾切除术后门静脉血栓(portal vein thrombosis,PVT)的成因,做好脾切除手术围手术期的管理,有效地预防严重并发症的发生。方法回顾武汉市第七医院2005~2015年的211例脾切除术后门静脉血栓的发生的临床资料,同时进行分析总结。结果 211例病人脾切除术后91例发生PVT(43.13%)。非血栓组和血栓组的脾脏大小分别为(112.54±23.77)mm~2和(149.69±55.94)mm~2、门静脉直径(11.23±2.46)胁和(16.34±2.79)mm、脾静脉直径(10.42±1.99)mm和(12.87±3.01)mm、门静脉血流(12.96±2.31)cm/s和(9.43±2.08)cm/s、是否合并肝硬化及血液疾病,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论脾切除手术前是否合并肝硬化血液病、脾脏的大小、门静脉及脾静脉直径、门静脉血流速度对于预测术后PVT的形成有指导作用,应做好早期的预防与治疗。     

手助腹腔镜巨脾切除术临床分析

目的探讨对巨脾行手助腹腔镜脾切除术(hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy,HALS)的可行性、安全性和手术技巧。方法2005年1月~2006年12月,对门脉高压性巨脾40例,采用HALS(n=15)或开腹脾切除(open splenectomy,OS)(n=25)。2组年龄、性别、肝功能分级、脾脏大小相似。结果2组未发生严重手术并发症。与OS组相比,HALS组术中出血多[(312±61)ml vs(235±105)ml,t=2.583,P=0.014],手术时间长[(95±20)min vs(73±16)min,t=3.832,P=0.000],术后肠功能恢复早[(48±1)h vs(98±1)h,t=-153.093,P=0.000],术后住院时间短[(6±2)d vs(10±2)d,t=-6.124,P=0.000)]。结论手助腹腔镜巨大脾脏切除是安全、可行的。与开腹脾脏切除相比,虽然手术时间长,但是术后恢复快、住院时间短。