负载不同形式肝癌抗原的树突状细胞抑瘤功能的比较

目的：探讨不同形式的肝癌抗原修饰的树突状细胞(DC)的抑瘤功能。方法：分别用肝癌H22冻融抗原、H22小分子抗原肽和Hsp70-H22抗原肽复合物修饰DC；用MTT比色法分析DC激活的CTL对H22细胞的杀伤能力，并用RT-PCR法测定脾脏T细胞中IFN-γ mRNA的表达水平；用不同修饰的DC免疫小鼠，观察其对H22肝癌的生长抑制作用。结果：单独的H22肝癌抗原肽修饰的DC不能激活CTL。Hsp70-H22肽复合物修饰的DC激活CTL的能力强于H22肝癌冻融抗原修饰的DC，对H22细胞的杀伤率分别为47．3％和18．3％。各组T细胞中IFN-γ表达水平的变化与杀伤率的变化相一致。用H22肝癌冻融抗原和Hsp70-H22肽复合物修饰的DC免疫小鼠后，均可抑制H22细胞生长，但后者的抑制作用更强，成瘤率仅40％。其他各组的成瘤率均为100％。结论：Hsp70-H22肽复合物是一种DC的强致敏物．可通过激活CTL、诱导CD4^ T细胞分化成Th1型细胞而参与肝癌的免疫排斥。     

重组人Hsp70提呈的H22肝癌细胞混合抗原肽治疗小鼠肿瘤的研究

目的：探讨B22肝癌细胞混合抗原肽体内抑制小鼠肿瘤的最佳方式。方法：采用冻融，低渗振荡，加热沉淀及酸处理等方法从H22肝癌细胞中制备抗原肽；将接种过H22瘤细胞的小鼠分别给予Hsp70-H22肽复合物注射，复合物＋pCH510质粒注射或化疗后给予复合物＋质粒注射，观察肿瘤抑制情况。结果：上述方法制备的抗原肽为混合肽，其与Hsp70形成的复合物体内能够抑制小鼠肿瘤生长，并且这种复合物可与pCH510质粒协同完全抑制10^5接种的瘤细胞形成肿 瘤，但不能完全抑制10^6接种的瘤细胞形成肿瘤，然而这种双因素与化疗进行衔接则可完全抑制10^6接种的瘤细胞形成肿瘤。结论：H22肝癌细胞肿瘤混合抗原肽经rhHsp70提呈可诱导H22荷瘤小鼠产生特异性免疫保护作用，与其它因素联合应用可产生更好的治疗效果。     

HSP70多肽复合物修饰树突细胞抗胰腺癌研究

目的：研究肿瘤热休克蛋白70（HSP70）多肽复合物修饰树突状细胞激活淋巴细胞治疗胰腺癌的策略和方法。方法：采用低渗裂解，ConA—Sepharose亲和层析柱及ADP—Agarose亲和层析柱，从小鼠胰腺癌（MPC83）瘤块中纯化HSP70多肽复合物；纯化出的70KD蛋白修饰小鼠骨髓来源诱导树突细胞（DC）并制备树突细胞HSP70多肽肿瘤疫苗，MTT法检测修饰后DC增殖活性；用修饰后DC激活小鼠脾淋巴细胞，MTT法检测激活淋巴细胞在不同效靶比下对MPC83的体外杀伤活性。结果：获得较高纯度分子量为70kD左右的蛋白质；50～100ng HSP70多肽复合物可修饰10^4树突细胞，每克瘤块能获取HSP70多肽复合物约100μg；来自MPC83细胞瘤块HSP70多肽复合物激活的淋巴细胞能特异性杀伤MPC83细胞。结论：采用低压亲和层析柱可从胰腺癌瘤块中获得较高纯度HSP70多肽复合物，HSP多肽复合物DC疫苗用于胰腺癌细胞免疫治疗能获得体外杀伤效果，为临床胰腺癌生物免疫治疗奠定基础。     

体外构建的HSP70-肝癌抗原肽诱导抗原肽特异性免疫反应1

目的研究体外构建的HSP70-肝癌抗原肽复合物诱导针对肝癌的特异性免疫反应能力,为该复合物的临床应用奠定基础.方法在体外构建HSP70-肝癌抗原肽复合物,联合应用粒/巨细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)及白介素-4(IL-4)直接从志愿者外周血中培养出DC;以HSP70、HSP70-肝癌抗原肽、抗原肽分别刺激DC,DC激活同源的T淋巴细胞产生细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL),检测其杀伤T2细胞和肝癌细胞系的能力.结果HSP70-抗原肽、抗原肽均可诱导CD8+的抗原肽特异性CTL,而前者的诱导效果更强.结论体外构建的HSP70-抗原肽复合物具有免疫原性,HSP70可以增强抗原肽诱导特异性免疫反应的能力,HSP70-抗原肽复合物有可能作为肽疫苗用于临床肿瘤免疫治疗.     

B7-1/B7-H1相对比例变化对Hsp70-肽复合物抗肿瘤免疫效应的影响

目的：探讨Hsp7肽复合物对B7-1／B7-H1相对比例的影响及真核表达可溶性PD-1(sPD-1)对Hsp70-肽复合物抗肿瘤作用的影响。方法：通过RT-PCR和半定量PCR技术检测Hsp70-肽复合物体外刺激和体内免疫对小鼠脾细胞正调控共刺激分子B7-1和抑制性共刺激分子B7-H1及其受体PD-1表达的影响；体内转染表达sPD-1后，观察Hsp70-肽复合物免疫小鼠的肿瘤生长以及脾淋巴细胞毒性的变化。结果：基因表达检测表明．Hsp70-肽复合物体外刺激的小鼠脾细胞B7-1 mRNA和B7-H1 mRNA的水平随时问而变化，B7-1／B7-H1比值随刺激时间而增高；Hsp70-肽复合物体内免疫小鼠后期脾细胞B7-1表达下降，B7-H1及其受体PD-1表达上调，B7-1／B7-H1比值逆转；体内表达sPD-1可显著增强和延长Hsp70-肽复合物的抑瘤效果；体内表达sPD-1可提高Hsp70-肽复合物免疫的荷瘤小鼠脾细胞的杀伤率。结论：Hsp70-肽复合物的刺激引起共刺激分子B7-1和B7-H1表达的变化，B7-1／B7-H1的比例与激活效应相关，sPD-1通过阻抑B7-H1／PD-1途径、上调B7-1／B7-H1比例，可增强免疫应答，提高Hsp70-肽复合物特异性免疫治疗肿瘤的效应。     

体外构建的HSP70—肝癌抗原肽诱导抗原肽特异性免疫反应

目的：研究体外构建的HSP70-肝癌抗原肽复合物诱导针对肝癌的特异性免疫反应能力,为该复合物的临床应用奠定基础。方法：在体外构建HSP70-肝癌抗原肽复合物,联合应用粒/巨细胞集落刺激因子（GM-CSF）及白介素-4-（IL-4）直接从志愿者外周血中培养出DC;以HSP70、HSP70-肝癌抗原肽、抗原肽分别刺激DC,DC激活同源的T淋巴细胞产生细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（CTL）,检测其杀伤72细胞和肝癌细胞系的能力。结果：HSP70-肝癌抗、抗原肽均可诱导CD8^ 的抗原肽特异性CTL,而前者的诱导效果更强。结论：体外构建的HSP70-抗原肽复合物具有免疫原性,HSP70可以增强抗原肽诱导特异性免疫反应的能力,HSP70-抗原肽复合物有可能作为肽疫苗用于临床肿瘤免疫治疗。     

噬菌体展示TM-TNF-α模拟肽体内杀瘤效应的研究

目的　研究噬菌体展示TM -TNF- α模拟肽的体内杀瘤效应及机制。方法　大量制备所需的噬菌体展示肽,比较不同展示肽对小鼠的肝癌细胞H2 2的体外杀瘤效应,挑取杀瘤效应最好的展示肽并选择其合适的滴度进行体内实验。小鼠接种H2 2细胞3d后,于肿瘤接种部位皮下注射噬菌体展示肽,观察肿瘤的生长情况。结果　噬菌体展示TM- TNF -α模拟肽在体内能明显抑制肿瘤的生长(P <0 .0 1)。且抑瘤率与展示肽之间呈剂量依赖关系。HE染色发现展示肽治疗组肿瘤组织中有大量淋巴细胞浸润,而sTNF- α治疗组除淋巴细胞浸润还可见中性粒细胞、浆细胞浸润。结论　直接注射噬菌体展示TM -TNF -α模拟肽可在体内有效杀瘤,其杀瘤机制可能不同于分泌型TNF -α。     

静脉免疫树突状细胞疫苗激活抗小鼠黑色素瘤CTL反应机制初探

建立体外诱导分化骨髓来源树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DC)疫苗激活抗小鼠黑色素瘤CTL反应模型。体外分化小鼠骨髓来源树突状细胞并荷载鸡卵清白蛋白OVA257-264,静脉免疫小鼠1周之后接种表达OVA全长蛋白的小鼠黑色素瘤B16,观察成瘤情况并评价免疫效果。结果,体外分化小鼠骨髓来源树突状细胞并荷载OVA257-264肽段,表面表达肽段-主要组织相容性复合物(pMHC)作为第一信号以及共刺激分子CD80以及CD40;体内成瘤实验显示,静脉注射荷载OVA257-264能够抵抗B16-OVA的成瘤。DC疫苗静脉免疫后主要分布于肺部和脾脏。本研究通过静脉注射荷载OVA257-264肽段成熟DC,成功的诱导小鼠CTL免疫反应,抵抗黑色素瘤的成瘤。     

HSP70多肽复合物修饰DCs疫苗抗胰腺癌荷瘤小鼠的实验研究

目的:探讨负载热休克蛋白70多肽复合物(HSP70-PC)抗原的树突状细胞(DCs)疫苗对胰腺癌荷瘤小鼠的免疫治疗作用.方法:采用低渗裂解、ConA-Sepharose亲和层析及ADP-Agarose亲和层析法,从小鼠胰腺癌(MPC83)肿瘤组织中纯化HSP70-PC,修饰小鼠骨髓来源的树突状细胞(DCs),制备树突状细胞HSP70多肽肿瘤疫苗,用MTT法检测混合淋巴细胞反应(MLR)中HSP70-PC致敏DC对CTL的增殖及活化效果;建立MPC83荷瘤小鼠模型,观察树突状细胞HSP70多肽肿瘤疫苗对荷瘤小鼠治疗的效果和小鼠存活期.结果:经上述方法分离、纯化获得了较高纯度的HSP70-PC蛋白质;HSP70-PC在1.5～2.0 μg/ml范围内可达到刺激树突状细胞最强效果,用HSP70-PC修饰的DCs能增强T细胞的增殖和活化能力;应用树突状细胞HSP70多肽肿瘤疫苗治疗荷瘤小鼠能显著抑制荷瘤小鼠肿瘤的生长,延长荷瘤小鼠存活期.结论:采用低压亲和层析柱可从胰腺癌瘤块中获得较高纯度HSP70多肽复合物,其修饰的DCs疫苗用于荷瘤小鼠免疫治疗有显著疗效,为临床胰腺癌生物免疫治疗奠定基础.     

树突状细胞激活的肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞对荷瘤小鼠免疫功能影响的研究

目的:探讨H22细胞全细胞性抗原致敏的DC激活的TIL体外抗小鼠肝癌活性;并将H22细胞全细胞性抗原致敏的DC激活的TIL(H22-DC-TIL)过继免疫荷瘤小鼠,研究其对荷瘤小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法:从小鼠四肢长骨骨髓中获取DC,应用粒/巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)、白介素-4(IL-4)和肿瘤全细胞性抗原致敏DC,然后用DC激活TIL,观察TIL在体外对H22细胞、Hepal-6细胞和B16细胞的杀伤活性;检测应用H22-DC-TIL后荷瘤小鼠的脾淋巴细胞的NK、LAK、CTL活性及血清TNF活性,并与对照组相比较。结果:(1)H22-DC-TIL具有很强的对H22细胞杀伤活性(杀伤率为71.31%±3.11%),明显高于其对Hepal-6和B16细胞的杀伤活性(杀伤率分别为50.11%±3.03%和30.31%±2.89%);也明显高于未经DC激活的TIL、H22-DC-小鼠脾淋巴细胞和未经DC激活的小鼠脾淋巴细胞对H22细胞杀伤活性(杀伤率分别为49.80%±3.21%、48.76%±3.60%和19.23%±2.71%)和对Hepal-6细胞杀伤活性(杀伤率分别为39.40%±3.21%、38.62%±2.87%和18.73%±2.40%)以及对B16细胞杀伤活性(杀伤率分别为26.38%±2.51%、25.82%±2.70%和18.34%±3.01%),同时B16-DC-TIL(TIL来源于H22瘤体)也可诱导相对较低的对B16细胞的特异性细胞杀伤活性。(2)H22-DC-TIL可明显诱导提高荷瘤小鼠脾淋巴细胞NK、LAK和CTL活性(活性分别为30.43%±1.35%、31.40%±1.80%和35.30%±1.20%),并可检测到血清TNF水平明显上升[血清TNF为(40.41±1.85)U/m l],它们均达正常对照组水平,与未经DC激活的TIL组、H22-DC-小鼠脾淋巴细胞组、未经DC激活的小鼠脾淋巴细胞组、生理盐水组分别对应比较,差异均有显著性(P<0.01)。结论:(1)H22-DC-TIL可产生很强的体外针对H22细胞的特异性杀伤活性。(2)H22-DC-TIL可明显诱导提高荷瘤小鼠特异性抗肿瘤免疫反应。     

Secular change in menarche in women in Madrid

The age at menarche was estimated by recollection in 1617 women between the ages of 18 and 60 in Madrid and a nearby suburb, Pinto. The population of Pinto is working-class and the Madrid group, taken from residential neighbourhoods , belongs to the upper middle class. In both groups we found a diminution in average age at menarche, from 14.04 to 13.02 years in Madrid and from 14.55 to 13.16 years from about 1935 to about 1965 in Pinto. These changes have been more intense in the group which is less well-off economically, where living conditions have varied much more drastically.     

Intestinal helminthiasis in school children in Haiti in 2002

A survey on intestinal helminths in school children was conducted in Haiti in 2002. This first nationwide study involving the entire country was stratified by department according to urban and rural zones using the cluster method. Focusing on elementary school children (n=5792; age range 3 to 20 years), it involved 26 urban and 49 rural schools randomly selected. Stools were preserved in formalin and examined by the Ritchie technique. Thirty-four per cent of stools (1981/5792) tested positive for intestinal helminths with the following parasites identified: Ascaris lumbricoides (27.3%), Trichuris trichiura (7.3%), Necator americanus (3.8%), Hymenolepsis nana (2%), Taenia sp. (0.3%) and Strongyloides stercoralis (0.2%). The helminth prevalence was higher in rural (38.4%) compared to urban areas (30%). There was no significant difference in prevalence by sex and age. The importance of geohelminths changed from one department to another with the highest prevalence found in the Southern department of Grande Anse (73.7%) and the lowest prevalence in the Center department (20.6%). Five out of the country's nine departments had a similar prevalence varying from 25.5% to 28.2%. Intestinal helminthic polyparasitism was observed in a percentage of infested school children comprise between 3.4% and 28.6% according in relation to the geographical area. A program to fight against geohelminths in school children should be initiated as a public health priority. Albendazole is the drug of choice. Frequency of drug distribution should be based on the prevalence of geohelminths in each department.     

Experience in adult population in dengue outbreak in Delhi

A dengue outbreak has recently hit the Indian capital. We studied the clinical profile of adult patients. Five hundred and sixty patients of dengue infection were admitted in a specially created ward according to the criteria laid down by WHO. Haematemesis (28.28%), epistaxis (26.78%) and malena (14.28%) were some of the common presentations. Similarly lymphadenopathy, especially cervical (30.89%), palatal rashes (26.96%) and hepatomegaly (23.75%) were the most commonly encountered findings on physical examination. Most of the cases were of dengue fever with haemorrhage and only 2.5% cases were classified under dengue haemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. The average hospital stay was 3.4 days but only 9.8 hours in the eleven patients who died, suggesting their late arrival in preterminal situation giving little time for resuscitation. Thrombocytopenia was not a feature and only 12.85% patients had platelet count less than 70,000/cmm. Most of the patients who were admitted with thrombocytopenia, showed normalization in their platelet counts in next few days. Serological examination demonstrated evidence of recent dengue infection in 41.17% patients. Few patients required blood or platelet concentrate transfusion. Eleven patients died, three due to DIC, one of intracranial haemorrhage and seven due to massive gastric haemorrhage. Rest of the patients recovered completely. Thus we can conclude that recent outbreak in Delhi was of dengue fever with haemorrhage and mortality was very low in patients who came early to the hospital.     

Changes in the hypothalamic nuclei in in experimental allergy

Summary In rabbits subjected to prolonged sensitization and in which the Arthus phenomenon was induced there was a marked reaction of the hypothalamic nuclei. Staining by Gomori's method indicated a cellular swelling, loss of granules, and protoplasmic vacuolization in the supraoptic nucleus. There was a considerable increase in the size of the cross-sectional area of the cells. The same effects were much less well shown in the paraventricular nucleus. These results show that marked signs of increased neurosecretion developed in the animals at the height of the Arthus phenomenon.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin) Translated from Byulleten Éksperimental'noi biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 110–113, April, 1963.     

Development in in vitro toxicology

There are three principal pressures driving the development of in vitro toxicology: (1) the need for more efficient testing systems to cope with the large number of xenobiotics currently being developed; (2) public pressure to reduce animal experimentation; and (3) a need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity. Within this, in vitro toxicology is focused on local, systemic, and target-organ toxicity. It is becoming increasingly apparent that a step or decision-tree approach using input of a variety of experimental data (physicochemical properties, biokinetics, cytotoxicity) provides the most efficient system for predicting toxicity. Examples of the use of in vitro toxicity systems for prediction of systemic toxicity and target-organ (liver) toxicity are presented.Originally presented at ECCP 93.