广布中剑水蚤生物防治白蚊伊蚊幼虫的研究

本文报道捕食性中剑水蚤在实验室及现场条件下，对白纹伊蚊幼虫的防治效果，当地分离的广布中剑水蚤室内对蚊幼虫具有强的捕食能力，１只蚤４８ｈ内可吞食５６条幼虫，蚊笼模拟试验，中剑水蚤７周内杀灭幼虫种群，９周内成蚊种群消失，现场条件下，中剑水蚤在整个蚊虫季节有效控制蚊幼虫的生，与Ｂ．ｔ．ｉ合用时取得显著的防治效果，由于该蚤易大量培养，花费不多，可在蚊虫孳生的建立自己的种群，长期防治蚊幼虫，因而被认为是一种     

苏云金杆菌对媒介蚊虫的防治研究

目的研究苏云金杆菌对媒介蚊虫的防治效果以及菌液在室内的持效性。方法选择对媒介蚊虫具有高致病力的血清型苏云金杆菌缓释悬浮剂（B.t.H-14）防治试验区蚊虫,分别利用勺捕法和人帐诱法调查蚊幼虫和成蚊密度,与对照区蚊虫密度比较,研究B.t.H-14的现场防治效果,并在实验室观察苏云金杆菌在不同水体内的持效性。结果利用苏云金杆菌防治媒介蚊虫,在媒介蚊虫高峰季节,相关密度指数（RPI）〈10,说明苏云金杆菌可以控制自然水体内媒介蚊虫的种群数量。试验区蚊虫密度维持在较低水平,幼虫密度〈50条/勺,成蚊密度〈20只/h,而对照区蚊虫密度随季节变化明显,幼虫密度〉100条/勺,成蚊密度最高可达188只/h。在实验室内,苏云金杆菌持效期可达30 d,其中,在清水中苏云金杆菌的防治效果最好,污染水体苏云金杆菌对蚊幼虫的杀灭率在1周后达到最大值,以后逐渐降低。结论在自然环境中可利用苏云金杆菌防治媒介蚊虫,并根据蚊虫密度,施用不同浓度的菌液和确定施药次数。     

中剑水蚤作为生物防制蚊媒的实验性研究

本文利用广西中剑水蚤(暂定,简称桂剑蚤Mesocyclops sp)与M.aspericornis(法国)和M.darwins(澳大利亚)作对比,在实验室里做了不同温度的繁殖力、对不同蚊种的吞食力和模型试验。结果:它们在25～35℃之间繁殖力最佳;对埃及伊蚊(Aedes aegypti)、致乏库蚊(Culex guinquefasciatus)和法老按蚊(Anopheles farauti)等幼虫都能吞食达82%以上。M.aspericornis对三种蚊幼吞食最佳,几乎达100%。在模型实验中,实验组桂剑蚤自第3周后数量不断增加,至第6周后完全抑制了蚊幼,成蚊也不断减少,于第11周无成蚊存活;而对照组从第2周起蚊幼与成蚊不断增加,第11周后仍然较多。该剑水蚤耐盐量在4%以下,对pH适应度为6.0～10.0。     

刘氏中剑水蚤灭蚊效果观察

目的：观察中剑水蚤吞食蚊幼效果；方法：实验室、现场实验；结果：在实验室内对淡色库蚊Ⅰ-Ⅱ龄幼虫的杀灭率，24h为91．88％(80％—100％)、48h为96．13％(92．50％—100％)。现场观察灭蚊总有效率为74．32％；结论：中剑水蚤是一种经济、简便、有前途的生物防治物，值得研究与开发应用。     

革胡子鲶鱼防制城市建设工地积水池蚊虫的研究

目的：观察革胡子鲶鱼防制城市建设工地积水池蚊幼的效果。方法：积水池中放养鱼苗。结果：１条１０ｇ重、长约１２ｃｍ的鱼苗，１天可捕食Ⅳ龄幼虫１２００条；１条５００ｇ重的小成鱼，１天至少捕食蚊幼２６０００条。实验区养鱼前致倦库蚊幼虫密度平均为４６５条／勺，成蚊夜间叮人率为１４７只／人工小时；养鱼后蚊虫密度迅速下降，１周后再未发现蚊虫滋生，蚊幼与成蚊密度分别下降９８７％和９０５％；养鱼区、对照区蚊幼与成蚊ＲＰＩ值分别为００１３和００９５。结论：１次投放鱼苗可长期控制蚊虫滋生。     

0.5%吡丙醚颗粒剂对白纹伊蚊控制效果的研究

目的探索0.5%吡丙醚颗粒剂对白纹伊蚊的控制效果,为上海世博会期间蚊虫控制做好药物和技术储备。方法采用幼虫浸液法,观察实验室和模拟现场条件下不同药剂浓度对幼虫的致死率、化蛹率和羽化率,并观察在0.06、0.08mg/L浓度下其对不同龄期蚊幼虫的控制效果。居民区现场用吡丙醚处理白纹伊蚊孳生地（雨水井和其他水体）,用叮刺法测定成蚊密度。从现场孳生地中取回含有蚊幼虫的水体,进一步观察蚊幼虫的生长发育过程。结果 （1）0.06～0.12mg/L浓度梯度下,实验室内幼虫的致死率为25.75%～49.00%,化蛹率为31.19%～40.25%,未出现羽化的成蚊;对照组化蛹率为99.25%,羽化率为95.47%。（2）0.06、0.08mg/L浓度下对不同龄期幼虫具有抑制其化蛹和羽化的能力,且呈现出浓度增加,化蛹率降低的趋势。（3）在模拟现场向阳和背阳环境下,使用浓度在0.5mg/L以上时,吡丙醚能有效抑制蚊虫的化蛹率和羽化率。（4）吡丙醚颗粒剂施用于现场蚊虫孳生地后,按蚊虫孳生地阳性率和成蚊叮刺法调查,蚊幼虫以及成蚊密度均有明显下降。从水系中采回的蚊幼虫,仅0.24%～0.71%发育为成蚊。结论吡丙醚具有抑制白纹伊蚊幼虫生长发育的作用,可将1mg/L的吡丙醚直接应用于孳生地控制蚊虫。     

普小仰蝽捕食白纹伊蚊幼虫的初步观察

目的了解普小仰蝽的生态习性及其对白纹伊蚊幼虫的捕食能力,探讨将其用于白纹伊蚊生物防治的可行性。方法采集自然环境中的普小仰蝽并在实验室饲养,观察它在不同温度和水质条件下的生存能力和对白纹伊蚊幼虫的捕食能力。结果普小仰蝽可生活在较清洁的水体中,温度适应范围广。1只中等体型的普小仰蝽平均一昼夜可捕食十余只Ⅳ龄白纹伊蚊幼虫或更多的低龄期幼虫,也可捕食蚊蛹。结论普小仰蝽对白纹伊蚊幼虫及蛹具有很强的捕食能力,利用普小仰蝽捕食白纹伊蚊可作为生物防治的一种尝试。普小仰蝽作为蚊虫的天敌之一,是一种值得保护和开发的资源。     

绵阳市九洲体育馆灾民安置点及周边蚊虫孳生情况调查及应对策略

目的对绵阳市九洲体育馆灾民安置点及周边环境蚊虫孳生情况进行调查，在此基础上提出有针对性的防制策略。方法在对河流、稻田的大型水体进行蚊幼虫密度调查时，采用幼虫勺捕法；对下水管线、草坪、竹林、树林等环境进行蚊幼虫调查时，采用小型容器检查法；对灾民安置点内蚊虫叮咬情况进行调查时，采用问询法。结果随着夏季的来临，蚊虫密度逐渐增加，尤其在稻田内，蚊幼虫密度增长迅速。5月29日体育馆东侧稻田蚊幼虫密度指数为0．028条／勺，6月7日的密度指数为1．830条／勺，9d时间密度指数增长了64倍。结论用综合防制方法对蚊虫进行防制，对九洲体育馆及周边环境进行治理，消灭、控制蚊虫孳生地。     

承德市避暑山庄蚊幼虫种类分布及生态习性的研究

目的：研究避暑山庄内蚊幼虫种类的分布与生态习性。方法：勺取法，综合蚊幼虫分布的调查，配以各调查地点的特征，分析蚊虫滋生习性和季节消长。结果：共发现蚊虫3属11种，库蚊属为主要蚊种，占蚊属组成的62．07％，以三带喙库蚊为优势种；按蚊属只有中华按蚊1种，占蚊属组成的20．99％；伊蚊属，占蚊属组成的16．94％，以仁川伊蚊为优势种。结论：不同滋生地有不同的蚊种，反映了各种蚊虫对生存环境有不同的需求。两年的调查表明，蚊幼虫的季节消长与温度变化相一致。共调查了3属11种蚊虫。     

基于沃尔巴克氏体的蚊媒和蚊媒病控制的生物安全性

沃尔巴克氏体是无脊椎动物胞内专性寄生、可经卵传递的胞内革兰阴性共生菌.用沃尔巴克氏体控制蚊媒及蚊媒病的原理是基于其所诱导的胞质不相容性和对病原体的抗性.沃尔巴克氏体对蚊媒病原体具有广泛抗性,其直径大于蚊虫唾液腺管直径,不能通过蚊虫叮咬感染人体或哺乳动物;反复受到沃尔巴克氏体感染蚊虫叮咬的人血中未检测到抗沃尔巴克氏体抗体.沃尔巴克氏体仅在宿主细胞内生存,不能在培养基内和环境中独立生长;它不产生孢子,不含质粒,不随宿主死亡而分解扩散至环境;它不会横向传播至生活在同一生境中的其他节肢动物.捕食沃尔巴克氏体感染的蚊幼虫和成虫的节肢动物不能通过捕食而获得感染;基于沃尔巴克氏体的蚊媒和蚊媒病控制所产生的生物安全风险几乎可以忽略.     

Evaluation of Costa Rican copepods (Crustacea: Eudecapoda) for larval Aedes aegypti control with special reference to Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides

This study attempted to find organisms for the biological control of the mosquito Aedes aegypti in Costa Rica. Copepods of the genera Arctodiaptomus, Eucylops, Mesocyclops, Megacyclops, and Thermocyclops were collected in several parts of the country and cultured for laboratory evaluations. Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides was the most successful species in reducing the number of larval Ae. aegypti (7.3 larvae in 24 h at a density of 200 Aedes/liter). Arctodiaptomus dorsalis, Eucyclops cf. bondi, Eucyclops leptacanthus, Megacyclops sp., and Thermocyclops decipens were not effective predators. In cage simulation trials, M. thermocyclopoides showed 100% larval reduction after 4 wk and adult mosquitoes disappeared after 7 wk. The copepod was able to survive in Aechmea sp. bromeliads under laboratory conditions. In field trials under 3 different climatic conditions M. thermocyclopoides survived 2-5 months in bromeliad leaf axils and 3-6 months in used car tires. In tires, this species reduced the number of larval Ae. aegypti 79, 90, and 99% in tropical dry, moderate, and humid climates, respectively. An El Ni?o phenomenon affected the results by drought, which apparently also caused a decline in the population of the predatory mosquito Toxorhynchites haemorrhoidalis superbus. Considering these severe test conditions, M. thermocyclopoides might be a promising predator for mosquito control in Costa Rica.     

Prey-predator relationship between the cyclopoids Mesocyclops longisetus and Mesocyclops meridianus with Anopheles aquasalis larvae

Copepods from the genus Mesocyclops are considered predators and potential biological control for mosquito larvae. Two copepod species M. meridianus and M. longisetus were found in natural developmental habitat for malaria vector Anopheles aquasalis in Paria, Venezuela. Predatory potential on 1st-stage mosquito larvae An. aquasalis was evaluated under laboratory conditions for the 2 species of copepod. Further records of both copepod life cycle and body size were taken. A 2 x 3 factorial design was used, consisting of 1:1 and 10:1 prey-predator ratios with and without interspecific interactions. Despite significant body-size differences, M. longisetus and M. meridianus reached maturity 17 days after hatching with no significant differences. Life cycle span of both copepod species are described for the first time. The 2 species showed the same predatory potential despite larval (prey) abundance variation.     

Mesocyclops brevisetosus (Cyclopoida: Cyclopoidae) as a potential biological control agent against mosquito larvae in Indonesia

Mesocyclops brevisetosus Dussart and Sarnita, an indigenous copepod in Indonesia, was evaluated as a potentially useful biological control agent against larval Aedes (Stegomyia). In the laboratory, female M. brevisetosus were found to readily consume mosquito larvae of species from 3 genera (Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefaciatus, and Anopheles farauti). Mesocyclops brevisetosus preferentially fed on larvae of Ae. aegypti (mean 95% consumed), followed by Cx. quinquefasciatus (71%) and An. farauti (54%) during a 24-h period. An individual copepod consumed up to 43 1st and 2nd instars of Ae. aegypti within a 24-h period. In the field, a density of 25 adult copepods/400 ml of water in an artificial container prevented the establishment of Aedes mosquitoes by 98% compared to the control container (without copepods). A density of 50 copepods/400 ml of water completely prevented infestation with Aedes. Over a 12-wk period, evaluation of M. brevisetosus-treated ovitraps reduced Ae. aegypti by 38-100% compared to ovitraps without copepods. The introduced gravid copepods increased 2.5-6.7 times over the original cohort. Mesocyclops brevisetosus showed high fecundity in culture, with a mean of 58 nauplii produced per individual gestation cycle.     

Evaluation of cyclopoid copepods for Aedes albopictus control in tires

Six species of cyclopoid copepods in New Orleans were tested for biological control of Aedes albopictus larvae in discarded tires. Six to 8 weeks after introduction, Diacyclops navus, Acanthocyclops vernalis, Mesocyclops ruttneri and Mesocyclops edax reduced the number of Ae. albopictus larvae by 83, 90, 95 and 96%, respectively. Macrocyclops albidus and Mesocyclops longisetus were the most effective species. Six to 8 weeks after introduction, Macrocyclops albidus reduced Ae. albopictus larvae by 99%. Three months after introduction Macrocyclops albidus reduced Ae. albopictus larvae by 100%, and Mesocyclops longisetus reduced Ae. albopictus larvae by 99.8%. Macrocyclops albidus and Mesocyclops longisetus were equally effective at eliminating Ae. aegypti and Ae. triseriatus larvae.     

Elimination of Aedes albopictus from tire piles by introducing Macrocyclops albidus (Copepoda, Cyclopidae)

The copepod Macrocyclops albidus is an unusually promising new form of biological control for mosquito larvae. When introduced to two isolated tire piles, M. albidus eliminated all Aedes albopictus larvae from both piles within 2 months. Adult Ae. albopictus around the tire piles disappeared within another month. Complete suppression of Ae. albopictus larvae was still in effect in all treated tires a year later.     

Comparative evaluation of fecundity and survivorship of six copepod (Copepoda: Cyclopidae) species, in relation to selection of candidate biological control agents against Aedes aegypti

The fecundity and survival of 6 copepod species were assessed under laboratory conditions in order to choose the best candidates to control the aquatic stages of dengue mosquitoes in the field. Females of all the 6 species (Mesocyclops aspericornis, Mesocyclops pehpeiensis, Mesocyclops woutersi, Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides, Mesocyclops ogunnus, and Megacyclops viridis) mated more than once. Multiple mating resulted in increased egg production. The reproductive ability and longevity varied among the species, and M. aspericornis had the highest values. The lowest values were observed in M. thermocyclopoides. Multiple mating of males of M. aspericornis was also observed. The paternal fecundity decreased with each additional mating. There was no difference in the paternal fecundity between the males that mated at low and high female frequencies. The sperm stored in the M. aspericornis females remained viable for 30 days after storage under moist conditions at 25 degrees C or 15 degrees C. This feature in M. aspericornis represents an additional positive factor indicating that this species is a good biological agent for controlling mosquito larvae, especially in domestic water containers that may dry intermittently.     

The effectiveness of Mesocyclops longisetus (Copepoda) for the control of container-inhabiting mosquitoes in residential environments

The cyclopoid crustacean Mesocyclops longisetus was evaluated for its predatory potential to reduce container-inhabiting mosquitoes in 5 suburban Florida backyards. Aedes albopictus, Ae. triseriatus, and Culex quinquefasciatus were the predominant species collected from containers. At an initial inoculation rate of approximately 120 copepods per container, M. longisetus populations eliminated resident mosquito larvae for a minimum of 14 wk in 30-liter plastic buckets and up to 29 wk in 0.4-liter ceramic flowerpots and 0.3-liter glass jars depending on species. Copepod populations generally peaked 13 wk after introduction (August) in ceramic flowerpots and glass jars and about 1 month later in tires, plastic buckets, and plastic flowerpots. At the time of peak abundance, average predator numbers ranged between 900 (glass jar) to >3000 (30-liter bucket) individuals per container. Although all mosquito species were eliminated from all containers sometime during the 35-wk study, M. longisetus appeared to preferably prey on Aedes larvae compared with Culex. Operationally, the use of M. longisetus as a tool for control of container-inhabiting mosquitoes in urban/suburban settings proved to be relatively inexpensive, required little labor for colony maintenance, was easily transported, and easily applied.     

Laboratory evaluation of two native fishes from tropical North Queensland as biological control agents of subterranean Aedes aegypti

The ability of 2 freshwater fishes, eastern rainbow fish Melanotaenia splendida splendida and fly-specked hardyhead Craterocephalus stercusmuscarum stercusmuscarum, native to North Queensland to prey on immature Aedes aegypti was evaluated under laboratory conditions. The predation efficiency of the 2 species was compared to the exotic guppy, Poecilia reticulata, which is commonly used as a biological control agent of mosquito larvae. Of the 3 fish species tested, M. s. splendida was shown to be the most promising agent for the biological control of Ae. aegypti that breed in wells. Melanotaenia s. splendida consumed significantly greater numbers of immature Ae. aegypti than P. reticulata, irrespective of developmental stage or light conditions. Unlike C s. stercusmuscarum, M. s. splendida could be handled, transported, and kept in captivity for extended periods with negligible mortality. However, M. s. splendida was also an efficient predator of Litoria caerulea tadpoles, a species of native frog found in wells during the dry season. This result may limit the usefulness of M. s. splendida as a biological control agent of well-breeding Ae. aegypti and suggests that predacious copepods, Mesocyclops spp., are more suitable. However, the use of M. s. splendida as a mosquito control agent in containers that are unlikely to support frog populations (e.g., aquaculture tanks and drinking troughs) should be given serious consideration.     

Sensitivity of the larvivorous copepod species, Mesocyclops pehpeiensis and Megacyclops viridis, to the insect growth regulator, pyriproxyfen

The effects of the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen were evaluated on the mortality, fecundity, longevity, and predation capability of 2 species of copepods, Mesocyclops pehpeiensis Hu and Megacyclops viridis (Jurine), under laboratory conditions. Pyriproxyfen showed no significant effects on either the development or reproduction of M. pehpeiensis at 0.1 ppm, which is a 10-fold greater concentration than the reported effective dosage for controlling mosquito larvae (0.01 ppm). In contrast, the development of M. viridis was impaired by pyriproxyfen at 0.1 ppm. An 80% reduction in nauplius survivorship was observed in the experimental (treated) group compared with the control group. Although the application of pyriproxyfen caused high mortality in the nauplius stage of this species, the pyriproxyfen-treated group developed faster, killed more mosquito larvae, yielded more eggs per oviposition event, and survived longer than the control group. These results indicate that pyriproxyfen caused mortality in the earlier stages of this sensitive species but that the surviving individuals were those that were selected for significantly faster development, better predation ability, and greater longevity during their reproductive stage. Therefore, under natural conditions, pyriproxyfen would cause modifications in the characteristics of a copepod population rather than its complete loss. Our results suggest that the combined application of copepods and pyriproxyfen to control Aedes populations is feasible. However, repeated application of pyriproxyfen may cause changes in copepod populations and communities in the affected ecosystem.     

The use of the copepod Mesocyclops longisetus as a biological control agent for Aedes aegypti in Cali, Colombia

We present data on the efficacy of Mesocyclops longisetus as a biocontrol agent in controlling Aedes aegypti larvae in catch basins in Cali, Colombia. Additionally, we determined some of the features that facilitated the establishment of the copepods in catch basins. Between June 1999 and February 2000, 201 catch basins were treated with an average of 500 adult copepods. The copepods had established in 49.2% of all the basins and they maintained Ae. aegypti larvae at low densities until the end of the 8-month study. The corrected efficacy percent was 90.4%. The copepods established in basins located in a flat area as opposed to those in steep areas, exposed to sunlight and with 0-10% of floating organic matter. When the catch basins were contaminated with synthetic washing agents, like detergents, the copepods did not survive. The copepod M. longisetus could be incorporated as a biological control agent in an integrated Ae. aegypti control program.