Effects of resistance or aerobic exercises on metabolic parameters in obese women who are not on a diet

This longitudinal, controlled clinical study was conducted to compare the effects of resistance exercise (RE) and aerobic exercise (AE) on body mass index (BMI), weight, fat mass (FM), serum lipid profile, and insulin resistance in obese women who cannot adhere to energy-restricted diets. A total of 60 obese women with severe eating disorders were evaluated. Patients were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group with no exercise (n=20), group 1 with AE (n=20), and group 2 with RE (n=20). Demographic and anthropometric measurements were taken. Serum lipid fractions and fasting (FGlc) and postprandial glucose insulin (PGlc) levels were measured. Insulin resistance was calculated with use of homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). Total body FM was measured by bioelectric impedance analysis. After 12 wk of exercise, significant decreases in BMI, waist and weight measurements, and FGlc, PGlc, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels were noted in each of the study groups. Reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level and FM and HOMA-IR measurements were observed only in group 1 (with AE). This study indicated that AE and RE training induces improvement in body fat composition and has a favorable metabolic effect in obese women with severe eating disorders.     

The effect of aerobic exercises among women with mild and moderate irritable bowel syndrome: A pilot study

Background

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disorder characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort. Although patients with IBS are commonly recommended to increase their physical activity, after reviewing the literature, it was found that no study has assessed the effect of aerobic exercises on the severity of symptoms and quality of life in patients with IBS. Therefore the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercises with treadmill on the severity of symptoms and quality of life among women with mild and moderate IBS.

Rehabilitation effects of aerobic exercises and the self-prepared compound sugar lowering power on diabetes patients

Background：ThediabetesbelongstothirstyintheChinesemedicine,generationsofdoctorstoughthereasonswere“thelungandthestomachweredryandhot,thespiritandthevigorweredamagedandthetreatmentfollowtheprinciplethat“wherethemalignheatdo－mains,sweetnessandbitternessshouldbeapplied”,toreinforcethevigorandincreasethefluidandtoculturethecoolandtoeliminatetheheatwerethemainmethods．Aerobicexercisedmayincreasethesensibilitiesofthetissuestotheinsulin,amendthefatmetabolism,increasehealthandthelivingquali…     

规律的力量练习对中老年人有氧工作能力的影响

目的：探讨规律的力量练习是否会对中老年人有氧工作能力产生有利影响．为研究中老年人适宜的健身方法提供参考依据。方法：34名50—64岁中老年人按照预定方案进行12周规律的力量练习，并在练习前后进行Bruce递增负荷实验及VO2、VE、HR、RPE、RPP和运动持续时间的对比分析。结果：12周力量练习后受试者运动持续时间显著延长；同等负荷下VO2、HR、RPE、RPP均显著降低。结论：适宜规律的力量练习可以提高中年人的工作耐久力，对于有氧能力产生有利影响。同时对心脏功能有一定的正向作用。     

Similar hypotensive effects of combined aerobic and resistance exercise with 1 set versus 3 sets in women with metabolic syndrome

The aim of the present study was to compare the response of systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean blood pressure (MBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) following combined training with 1 set or with 3 sets of resistance exercise (RE). Sixteen women with metabolic syndrome (MetS) were randomly assigned to perform two combined exercise protocols and a control session (CON): 1‐set, 30 min of aerobic exercise (AE) at 65–70% of reserve heart rate and 1 set of 8–12 repetitions at 80% of 10‐RM in six resistance exercises; 3‐sets, same protocol but with 3 sets; and CON, 30 min of seated rest. The SBP, MBP and DBP were measured before and every 15 min during 90 min following the experimental sessions. The SBP displayed a decrease (P≤0·05) during the 90 min following the RE session with 1‐set and 3‐set, while MBP was decreased (P≤0·05) up to 75 min after 1‐set and up to 30 min after the 3‐set exercise session compared with pre‐intervention values. There was a decrease in DBP only for the greatest individual decrease following 1‐set (?6·1 mmHg) and 3‐set (?4·9 mmHg) combined exercise sessions, without differences between them. The rate‐pressure product and heart rate remained significantly higher (P≤0·05) 75 min and 90 min after the combined exercise session with 1‐ and 3‐sets compared with the CON, respectively. In conclusion, a low‐volume RE combined with AE resulted in similar decrease of SBP when compared with RE with 3‐sets in women with MetS, which could be beneficial in situations of limited time.     

Transient effects of stretching exercises on gait parameters of elderly women

This study aimed to analyse the effects of a single stretching exercise session on a number of gait parameters in elderly participants in an attempt to determine whether these exercises can influence the risk of fall. Fifteen healthy women living in the community volunteered to participate in the study. A kinematic gait analysis was performed immediately before and after a session of static stretching exercises applied on hip flexor/extensor muscles. Results showed a significant influence of stretching exercises on a number of gait parameters, which have previously been proposed as fall predictors. Participants showed increased gait velocity, greater step length and reduced double support time during stance after performing stretching exercises, suggesting improved stability and mobility. Changes around the pelvis (increased anterior-posterior tilt and rotation range of motion) resulting from the stretching exercises were suggested to influence the gait parameters (velocity, step length and double support time). Therefore, stretching exercises were shown to be a promising strategy to facilitate changes in gait parameters related to the risk of fall. Some other gait variables related to the risk of fall remained unaltered (e.g., toe clearance). The stable pattern of segmental angular velocities was proposed to explain the stability of these unchanged gait variables. The results indicate that stretching exercises, performed on a regular (daily) basis, result in gait adaptations which can be considered as indicative of reduced fall risk. Other studies to determine whether regular stretching routines are an effective strategy to reduce the risk of fall are required.     

Effect of a 12-week aerobic training program on perceptual and affective responses in obese women

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to observe the effect of self-selected intensity or imposed intensity during aerobic training on perceptual and affective responses in obese women. [Subjects] The study included 26 obese women aged 30–60 years. [Methods] The subjects were randomly divided into two groups, with 13 subjects in each group: self-selected intensity and imposed intensity (10% above ventilatory threshold) groups. All subjects completed an intervention program that lasted 12 weeks, with three exercise sessions a week. The rating of perceived exertion and affective responses (Feeling Scale and Felt Arousal Scale) were monitored in the first, sixth, and twelfth weeks. [Results] Significant differences were observed between groups in heart rate and rating of perceived exertion. The affective responses during exercise were more negative in the imposed intensity group. [Conclusion] Use of a self-selected exercise intensity can promote smaller negative affective responses during exercise and provide a sufficient stimulus for improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness.Key words: Self-selected exercise, Rating of perceived exertion, Affective responses     

肥胖对男青年血流动力学运动反应影响的实验研究

目的：探究肥胖对血流动力学运动反应的影响，为肥胖相关心血管疾病的运动监控提供理论支持。方法：体重正常和肥胖男青年各10名，连续采集运动前后系统血流动力学指标（BP、HR、DP、SI、CI）和指端血流动力学参数（K′、VDF、VCF、PCII、VCTI）进行分析。结果：肥胖青年男性运动前的SBP、rHR和rPCII明显高于体重正常者；运动后eSI和eCI明显低于体重正常者；运动后eK′和ePCII明显高于体重正常者。相关分析表明，Fat%与rSBP、rHR、eSI、eCI、eK′和ePCII密切相关；系统血流动力学指标和指端血流动力学指标间的偏相关分析表明，rPCII与rHR、eK′和eCI、ePCII和eCI密切相关。结论：肥胖会引发青年男性运动前后指端血流动力学改变。运动前后系统血流动力学和指端血流动力学指标间具有相关性，提示指端容积血流脉搏波参数有望成为运动心血管机能监测的新指标。     

Acute eccentric resistance exercise decreases matrix metalloproteinase activity in obese elderly women

The association of ageing with obesity commits elderly women and has been correlated with multiple degenerative processes, which could be occasioned by an enhancing in levels of matrix metalloproteinase‐2 and metalloproteinase‐9 (MMPs) as well by an cytokine unbalance that included an enhancing on interleukin‐6 (IL‐6). Furthermore, other factors could be also related to degenerative process, as they could be reduced by eccentric resistance exercise (ERE), which seems particularly important to initiate resistance training in obese older adults. In this view, this study aims to determinate the effects of an acute ERE session on serum MMP‐2, MMP‐9 and IL‐6 in elderly obese women. Ten elderly obese women participated in this study and completed a 10 repetitions maximum test (10 RM) utilizing leg extension exercise. Subjects then completed an acute ERE session consisting of seven sets of 10 repetitions at 110% of 10 RM with a rest of 3 min between sets. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after, 3, 24 and 48 h following the ERE session. Zymograms were utilized to measure the MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 enzymes from all individuals. Moreover, IL‐6 concentration was also determinated. After ERE session, MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 decreased, remaining significantly below baseline values after 48 h (P<0·05). Although not statistically significant, there was a tendency for IL‐6 to decrease 48 h after the ERE when compared with 3 h (P = 0·06). An acute ERE session decreases MMP‐9, MMP‐2 and IL‐6 in elderly obese women, possibly indicating a transient protection against the low grade inflammation present in this specific population.     

The anti-depressive effects of post-infarct exercises]

Twenty-nine per cent of patients hospitalized following their first myocardial infarction (MI) are depressed. This percentage decreases with time to 15 per cent at six weeks, and fluctuates between 10 and 13 per cent at three and six months post-MI, respectively. This literature review indicates that exercise training programs are not the treatment of choice to reduce severe post-MI depression. However, in moderately depressed MI patients, their sense of humor is improved, especially if the exercise component involves some degree of socialization and counselling. The lack of significant findings may be compounded by other factors such as incorporating other life-style modifications, the patients' expectations and self-efficacy, and the type of measurement utilized to detect changes in depression levels over time. The type of depression scale used in most studies, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), may also be incorrect for MI patients, since the etiology of post-MI depression varies from minor depression to a major depressive episode. The MMPI was developed for use with persons with psychiatric illness. Post-MI depression is considered a normal "uncomplicated bereavement" for the majority of patients. The optimal method used to identify post-MI depression following hospitalization seems to be observation and interview. This is essential to pinpoint the symptoms characteristic of uncomplicated bereavement.     

餐后有氧运动对初治肥胖的2型糖尿病患者糖脂代谢及胰岛素抵抗和瘦素的影响

目的探讨餐后有氧运动对初治肥胖的2型糖尿病患者糖脂代谢及胰岛素抵抗和瘦素的影响。方法选取2013年1月至2014年1月初步确诊的2型糖尿病患者100例,采用随机数字表法随机分为研究组和对照组,每组患者各50例。研究组患者餐后进行有氧运动,对照组患者服用药物进行治疗。观察比较两组患者的糖脂代谢、胰岛素抵抗和瘦素等指标的变化情况。结果两组患者经治疗后空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)、糖化血红蛋白(Hb Alc)和胰岛素抵抗指数(IR)均显著低于治疗前(均P0.05),研究组FPG、2 h PG、Hb Alc和IR等指标改变较对照组更明显(均P0.05)。两组患者经治疗后TG、TC和瘦素水平均显著低于治疗前(均P0.05),研究组TG、TC和瘦素水平较对照组改善更明显(均P0.05)。结论餐后有氧运动可显著改善初治肥胖的2型糖尿病患者的糖脂代谢能力,降低胰岛素抵抗和瘦素水平,降低体质指数,效果较好。     

有氧运动结合抗阻练习对缺乏运动中年人体质健康的影响

目的:探讨有氧运动结合抗阻练习对中年人各方面身体能力的影响。方法:募集上海某区无专业运动经验,40~60岁的89名受试者,分为A组(每周运动次数3次)和B组(每周运动次数≥3次)。在8周运动干预前后进行11项体质测试,包括体脂率、骨密度等。干预期间不进行饮食监控,也无强制性集中运动。结果:运动干预8周后,2组男、女性体重和BMI与干预前比较差异无统计学意义;B组体脂率较干预前及A组下降明显(P0.05)。男性B组握力、伸膝肌力、坐位体前屈及闭眼单脚站立时间均较干预前明显增加(P0.05),且伸膝肌力较A组明显增加(P0.05);女性B组伸膝肌力、坐位体前屈及闭眼单脚站立时间均较干预前明显增加(P0.05),且坐位体前屈较A组明显增加(P0.05)。男、女性B组最大摄氧量及女性B组骨密度均较A组显著提高(P0.05)。A组各项指标干预前后比较均差异无统计学意义。结论:长期坚持规律性的运动锻炼,有助于中年人降低体脂率;改善身体素质,增强上下肢肌力,提高有氧能力和维持正常骨密度水平。     

有氧运动对老年原发性高血压患者血小板表面糖蛋白受体的影响

目的：探讨规律运动对老年原发性高血压患者血小板表面活化分子标志蛋白及血小板聚集的影响。方法：将我院门诊就诊的老年原发性高血压患者212例随机分为两组，对照组103例，实验组109例，后者在常规治疗的基础上采取中等量的运动疗法3个月。采用流式细胞术（FCM）1）2单克隆抗体分子作为探针，分别测定两组患者运动前后血小板膜上CD62P、CD61的阳性百分率（CD62P％、CD61％）及血小板聚集率。结果：进行运动疗法3个月后，对照组与实验组两组患者，收缩压分别为160＋4．6mmHg及156＋4．5mmHg（P〈0．05）；舒张压分别为92＋4．2mmHg及88＋2．9mmHg（P〈0．01）；血小板膜上CD62P阳性百分率分别为17.3％±2．2％及12．5％±3．1％（p〈0．01）、CD61阳性百分率分别为加13％±2．4％及16．2％±2.3％（P〈0．01）；血小板聚集率分别为：71．4％±4、6％及62．3％±3．4％（P〈0．01）。结论：规律运动不仅可以降低老年高血压患者的血压，而且能够降低血小板表面活化受体分子的密度，降低血小板聚集，有利于防止高血压患者的血栓前状态的形成。     

The effects of isometric trunk exercises and dynamic trunk exercises on gait in elderly people

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of dynamic trunk exercises and isometric trunk exercises on gait in elderly people. [Subjects] This study randomly allocated 20 elderly people to an isometric trunk exercise group (n=10) and a dynamic trunk exercise group (n=10). The exercises were performed for 30 minutes three times a week for 12 weeks. Gait speed, stride length, cadence, and step width were measured at a normal pace using GAITRite. All groups were evaluated before and after 12 weeks. [Results] The isometric exercise group showed a significant change in gait velocity, cadence, and left and right step lengths. The dynamic trunk exercise group showed a significant change in gait velocity, cadence, left and right step lengths, left and right step times, and left and right stride lengths. Moreover, a comparison of the exercise effect between the two groups showed a significant difference in gait velocity. [Conclusion] The results of this study suggest that isometric trunk exercises and dynamic trunk exercises have a positive effect on gait function in elderly people. In particular, isometric trunk exercises are recommended to promote gait velocity.Key words: Isometric trunk exercise, Dynamic trunk exercise, Gait     

Effects of breathing exercises on breathing patterns in obese and non-obese subjects

Chest physiotherapy in connection with abdominal surgery includes different deep-breathing exercises to prevent post-operative pulmonary complications. The therapy is effective in preventing pulmonary complications, especially in high-risk patients such as obese persons. The mechanisms behind the effect is unclear, but part of the effect may be explained by the changes in breathing patterns. The aim of this study was therefore to describe and to analyse the breathing patterns in obese and non-obese subjects during three different breathing techniques frequently used in the treatment of post-operative patients. Twenty-one severely obese [body mass index (BMI) > 40] and 21 non-obese (BMI 19–25) subjects were studied. All persons denied having any lung disease and were non-smokers. The breathing techniques investigated were: deep breaths without any resistance (DB), positive expiratory pressure (PEP) with an airway resistance of approximately +15 cmH₂O (1·5 kPa) during expiration, inspiratory resistance positive expiratory pressure (IR-PEP) with a pressure of approximately –10 cmH₂O (–1·0 kPa) during inspiration. Expiratory resistance as for PEP. Volume against time was monitored while the subjects were sitting in a body plethysmograph. Variables for volume and flow during the breathing cycle were determined. Tidal volume and alveolar ventilation were highest during DB, and peak inspiratory volume was significantly higher than during PEP and IR-PEP in the group of obese subjects. The breathing cycles were prolonged in all techniques but were most prolonged in PEP and IR-PEP. The functional residual capacity (FRC) was significantly lower during DB than during PEP and IR-PEP in the group of obese subjects. FRC as determined within 2 min of finishing each breathing technique was identical to before the breathing manoeuvres.     

Neuromuscular activation in conventional therapeutic exercises and heavy resistance exercises: implications for rehabilitation

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Central activation failure and muscular atrophy are common after knee joint injury. Thus, exercises that aim to stimulate muscular hypertrophy and increase neural drive to the muscle fibers should be used during rehabilitation. This study examined the level of knee joint neuromuscular activation during 4 conventional therapeutic exercises (quadriceps femoris muscle setting, manual lateralization of the patella, rhythmic stabilization, and the pelvic bridging exercise) and 4 heavy resistance exercises (free-weight squat with a barbell, horizontal seated leg press, isolated knee extension with a cam mechanism, and isolated hamstring muscle curl) in young, untrained men who were healthy. SUBJECTS: Thirteen male subjects (mean age=25.3 years, SD=3.0) with no previous history of knee injury participated in the study. METHODS: Neuromuscular activation during the exercises was defined as the root-mean-square (RMS) electromyographic (EMG) signal normalized to the peak RMS EMG signal of a maximal isometric muscle contraction. RESULTS: Low levels of neuromuscular activation were found during all conventional exercises (<35%). A limitation may be that only a few of many different conventional exercises were investigated. The highest level of neuromuscular activation (67%-79%) was observed during the open kinetic chain resistance exercises (isolated knee extension and hamstring muscle curl). None of the conventional exercises or heavy resistance exercises were found to preferentially activate the vastus medialis muscle over the vastus lateralis muscle. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results indicate that heavy resistance exercises should be included in rehabilitation programs to induce sufficient levels of neuromuscular activation to stimulate muscle growth and strength.