Effect of a sport drink mixture with and without addition of fluoride and magnesium on plaque formation, dental caries and general health of rats

Abstract – A sport drink mixture (pH 3.2) containing 6% sucrose was given to Osborne-Mendel rats for 42 days. In some experimental groups the drink was supplemented with 15 ppm F, 38.5 ppm Mg or both F and Mg. The rats were fed a slightly cariogenic powdered diet containing 15% sucrose. Sport drink mixture increased significantly the accumulation of plaque but, compared with a group that drank distilled water, did not affect caries. Addition of fluoride to the sport drink mixture, alone or with magnesium, significantly reduced caries and tended to decrease plaque; addition of magnesium had no clear effect on plaque or caries. In spite of the fact that the rats had a sport drink mixture as the only drink for 6 wk, there were no untoward effects on growth, in histological studies of the inner organs, or in Ca, Mg, Na and K contents of kidney, heart and aorta.     

Effects of various sport drink modifications on dental caries and erosion in rats with controlled eating and drinking pattern

A sport drink mixture, pH 3.2, containing 6% sucrose, was given to Osborne-Mendel rats, either as such or supplemented with 15 ppm fluoride, 38.5 ppm magnesium or both. Distilled water was given to the control groups. The rats were fed either a slightly cariogenic, powdered food containing 15% sucrose, or commercial pellets. Food and drink were available ad libitum for 6 weeks. A feeding machine was used to facilitate control of eating and drinking pattern. Daily intake of powdered, sugar-containing food was significantly smaller than that of pellets and, on the other hand, sport drink was consumed significantly more than distilled water. However, an appropriate energy balance was achieved with all of the dietary combinations, and no significant differences in weight gains were found. Sport drink did not significantly promote caries but induced marked erosion on the lingual surfaces of the lower molar teeth. Addition of fluoride to the sport drink significantly reduced caries (caused by powdered food) and had preventive effect on erosion, while addition of magnesium had no clear effect on either caries or erosion. No significant intergroup differences were found in eating or drinking patterns due to fluoride or magnesium additions.     

Erosive effect of a sport drink mixture with and without addition of fluoride and magnesium on the molar teeth of rats

Abstract – A sport drink mixture (pH 3.2), either as such or supplemented with 15 ppm F or 38.5 ppm Mg or both, was given to Osborne-Mendel rats as the only liquid for 42 days. The erosion was scored on the lingual surfaces of the first mandibular molar teeth. Sport drink caused marked erosion, but in the groups where fluoride, alone or with magnesium, was added to the drink, the erosion damages were less severe. Magnesium alone had no clear effect on erosion. Dental plaque, induced by a powdered diet containing 15% sucrose, seemed to modify the erosion process by covering a part of the enamel and thus protecting these areas from the direct effect of acidic drink.     

Erosive effect of a sport drink mixture with and without addition of fluoride and magnesium on the molar teeth of rats

A sport drink mixture (pH 3.2), either as such or supplemented with 15 ppm F or 38.5 ppm Mg or both, was given to Osborne-Mendel rats as the only liquid for 42 days. The erosion was scored on the lingual surfaces of the first mandibular molar teeth. Sport drink caused marked erosion, but in the groups where fluoride, alone or with magnesium, was added to the drink, the erosion damages were less severe. Magnesium alone had no clear effect on erosion. Dental plaque, induced by a powdered diet containing 15% sucrose, seemed to modify the erosion process by covering a part of the enamel and thus protecting these areas from the direct effect of acidic drink.     

Influence of lead on the cariostatic effect of fluoride co-crystallized with sucrose in desalivated rats

OBJECTIVE: Results from previous studies have shown that pre- and perinatal exposure to lead enhances susceptibility of rats to development of dental carieS. A possible explanation for this phenomenon may be that lead complexes with fluoride and renders F insoluble and unable to exert its cariostatic effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thus, to explore this hypothesis, 48 desalivated Sprague-Dawley rats were placed in a König-Höfer programmed feeder and received 17 meals of powdered sucrose daily, and water ad libitum as follows: group (1) plain sucrose and sterile distilled water (SDW); (2) sucrose containing 15 ppm F and SDW; (3) sucrose containing 15 ppm F and 10 ppm Pb water; (4) sucrose containing 15 ppm F and 25 ppm Pb water. RESULTS: The highest smooth-surface, sulcal surface caries and severity scores were observed in group 1.Animals that were exposed to fluoride showed reduced smooth-surface caries and severity scores.S. sobrinus counts did not differ among the groups. CONCLUSION: Lead did not interfere with the protective effect of fluoride in the conditions of the present study.     

Effect of fluoride on caries progression and dentin apposition in rats fed on a cariogenic or non-cariogenic diet

The effect of fluoride in drinking water on the progression of dentinal caries and dentin apposition was studied in Wistar rats. The initiation of enamel caries lesions was first induced for 2 wk with S. sobrinus and a 43% sucrose diet after weaning. Thereafter the animals were fed on either a cariogenic or a non-cariogenic diet and distilled water supplemented with 0, 1, 7 or 19 ppm fluoride. The areas of dentinal caries and dentin apposition were quantified after tetracycline staining. Fluoride reduced dentinal caries progression after the initiation of lesions in the presence of a cariogenic diet at a concentration of 19 ppm F, and without sucrose at 1 ppm F. The effect of fluoride in reducing dentin apposition with a cariogenic diet was dose-dependent, whereas fluoride in non-cariogenic groups had practically no effect on dentin formation. These results suggest that fluoride together with a high concentration of sucrose in the diet might have an odontoblast-mediated effect on the regulation of the progression of dentinal caries.     

Supplementation of domestic sugar (sucrose) with fluoride. Effects on experimental dental caries, plaque pH, and fluoride levels in plaque and enamel.

The minimum amount of fluoride which, when added to sucrose, will reduce caries in an intra-oral test was determined. Removable lower-arch appliances were worn by three adult subjects for 1 week, during which time plaque-covered enamel on one side was immersed in a 10 percent sucrose solution containing fluoride for 10 minutes four times per day. The effect of sucrose alone (control) was similarly determined on the other side of the appliance. Concentrations of 2 and 5 ppm F in sucrose solutions (20 and 50 ppm F dry weight) produced highly significant reductions in experimental caries of 43 and 44 percent respectively. A reduction in enamel dissolution due to re-precipitation of fluoride-rich apatite is probably largely responsible for the anti-caries effect. However, decreased plaque acid production may also play a role since the addition of 1 ppm F to 5 percent sugar reduced the plaque pH drop in artificial mouth experiments. Our results substantiate previous reports that fluoridation of sucrose to a level of 20 to 50 ppm F dry weight has potential benefits in caries prevention and may be useful when the F intake is otherwise low.     

Arrestment of caries in rats by adding fluoride and magnesium to the diet

Abstract – 90 weanling Osborne-Mendel rats were divided into six groups of 15 animals each. Half of them received a modified MIT 200 control diet in which one third of the sucrose of the original formula was replaced by high-extraction wheat flour, magnesium content reduced to 360 parts/10⁶ and phosphorus content increased with NaH₂PO₄ 2H₂O to 0.49%. For the experimental diet, an additive containing 75 parts/10⁶ fluoride (as NaF) and 50 parts/10⁶ magnesium (as MgO) was mixed into the above composition. Each diet was given to three experimental or three control groups for 25, 40, or 55d. Caries involving dentin-enamel junction was significantly reduced through the F + Mg addition by 37%, 51%, and 61% on the 25th, 40th, and 55th day, respectively. Caries involving dentin was significantly reduced by 58%, 68%, and 70%, respectively. Caries arrestment was observable in both the control rats and rats fed the F + Mg additive but in the latter animals the reduction meant an arrestment at a lower level than in controls. This arrestment resembles an early caries arrestment obtained recently in a clinical trial by fluoridation of dietary sugar products. The growth of the animals was only temporarily retarded by the additives.     

Protection by F, I, Sr, and combinations against fermentation attack by Streptococcus sobrinus artificial plaque on bovine enamel

Labial surfaces of 64 bovine incisors (8 teeth/treatment) were subjected to 1-min treatment with (1) 500 ppm Sr, (2) 0.5% I2 plus 1% KI solution, (3) F varnish treatment (Duraphat) for 24 h, or (4) combined treatments. The treated teeth were incubated under an artificial Streptococcus sobrinus plaque for 10 days. The 'oral fluid' with maleate buffer (pH 5.8) partially saturated with Ca3(PO4)2 and with or without 3.3% sucrose or sucrose plus 25 ppm F, was replaced by a mixture containing thioglycolate broth and the buffer for 4 h daily. This was done in an attempt to maintain the viability of the plaque as it was not renewed. Analysis of the Ca and inorganic P in the fluid phase taken after the 1st and the 10th day of incubation indicated that complete protection was obtained with F varnishing plus 25 ppm F in the fluid, with added sucrose. The Sr plus F treatment was more protective than F or Sr alone. The iodine treatment was slightly protective when combined with F varnishing. The results of the enamel surface and subsurface F and Sr as well as measurements of surface microhardness also indicated the highest protective effect with the double-F treatment and a marked protection provided by the Sr plus F treatment. The efficacy of the double-F treatment was partly explained by the prevention of a fall in 'plaque' pH and partly by the release of bacterial inorganic P in the extracellular fluid. The present caries model is versatile in quantification of changes in numerous parameters (14 parameters measured) involved in the caries-like process and its inhibition.     

Effect of cheese, with and without sucrose, on dental caries and recovery of Streptococcus mutans in rats

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of aged and young cheddar cheese with and without added sucrose on dental caries and the associated recovery of implanted Streptococcus mutans. Very little caries was observed in rats consuming cheese without sucrose. There was an increase in caries in rats fed cheeses with 20% sucrose, but this increase was not significant. There was significantly greater caries activity in rats fed standard diets containing 20% or 5% sucrose (SLS or MIT 305) than in rats fed cheeses containing 20% sucrose. Rats fed cheese or powdered diets containing sucrose had significantly higher frequency of recovery and higher levels of S. mutans infection than did rats fed cheese containing no sucrose. This study confirms the low cariogenic potential and possible cariostatic activity of cheddar cheese in rats. Since cheddar cheese with sucrose did not significantly interfere with S. mutans implantation, the cariostatic mechanism is apparently unrelated to a direct antimicrobial effect on S. mutans.     

Caries reduction in rats through F + Mg supplementation of dietary sucrose with observations on bone mineral density and soft and hard tissue minerals

Abstract – Two control diets widi different sucrose contents (44% and 22%) were given to weanling rats for 55 d. The test diets were supplemented with an F + Mg combination, 75 parts/ 10⁶ F as NaF + 50 parts/10⁶ Mg as MgO and 38 parts/10⁶ F + 25 parts/10⁶ Mg, respectively, i.e. using the same supplement/sucrose ratio in each test diet. The supplementation in each test diet caused the same percentage fissure caries reduction, but the absolute mean caries scores were higher in the high-sucrose groups than in the respective low-sucrose groups. Enamel solubility was reduced by the supplementation. Despite the high fluoride supplementation, no untoward effects were recorded in growth and in aortic, heart, and renal calcium contents. Bone mineral density was reduced in the low-sucrose controls and slightly reduced in the high-sucrose F+Mg supplemented rats, as compared with the high-sucrose controls.     

Combined effects of sucrose and fluoride on experimental caries and on the associated microbial plaque.

In an experimental model, slabs of sound and presoftened bovine enamel were worn in the human mouth for seven days except for periodic removal for in vitro exposure to experimental variables. Supplementation with 3% sucrose for 10 minutes, four times daily for seven days yielded predicted levels of experimental caries. Parallel exposure to 3% sucrose containing 100 ppm fluoride sharply reduced or negated the resultant caries in originally sound enamel, and reversed the simulated pre-experimental caries in most samples of presoftened enamel. Serial layers of test enamel surfaces showed high levels of fluoride accumulated in the originally sound enamel, and even higher levels in the presoftened enamel that had been suppemented with sucrose-fluoride solution. Quantitation of the plaqye microbial flora showed that the fluoride ion exerted no detectable influence. Consistent with the findings in previous studies, some correlation appeared to exist between the degree of experimental caries and that proportion of total plaque that was comprised of S salivarius. S mutans, or lactobacilli.     

Clinical trial of a low-fluoride toothpaste for young children

In this double-blind trial, the anticaries effectiveness of a test toothpaste formulated for young children with 550 ppm F was compared with that of a positive control toothpaste containing 1055 ppm fluoride. More than 3000 2-year-old children were enrolled in the study and after 3 years of toothpaste use, 2177 (72 per cent) were examined. From a clinical and radiographic assessment, more than half the children were found to be caries free and only 32 (1.5 per cent) had evidence of rampant caries. There appeared to be little or no difference between children who had used test or control pastes, either in caries or in plaque levels. On the basis of this clinical trial the experimental toothpaste with 550 ppm fluoride would appear to have a similar anticaries efficacy to that of the control toothpaste. Differences were seen in relation to sex of the child and to social class. Girls had lower levels of plaque than boys but more carious teeth. Children from families in higher social classes had fewer carious teeth and lower levels of plaque.     

Development and establishment of fluoride-resistant strains of Streptococcus mutans in rats

Fluoride-resistant strains of mutans streptococci have been found to be less cariogenic than their parent strains in the rat model system. Therefore, it is important to determine whether the use of fluorides in vivo will increase the fluoride resistance of mutans streptococci and thereby possibly decrease their cariogenic potential. We studied (1) the fluoride resistance of Streptococcus mutans C180-2 in rat dental plaque exposed to various fluoride treatments (experiment 1), (2) the cariogenic potential of the exposed plaque after transmission to other animals (experiment 2), and (3) whether the fluoride treatments favoured the establishment of in vitro induced fluoride-resistant S. mutans in competition with a fluoride-sensitive strain in rat dental plaque (experiment 3). In all experiments, specific pathogen-free Osborne-Mendel rats were used, and all animals received diet SSP 20/5, containing 20% (w/w) sucrose and 5% (w/w) glucose, and tap water ad libitum. In experiment 1, the rats were inoculated with S. mutans C180-2. For an experimental period of 44 days, the rats either received no F treatment or received NaF mixed in the diet and drinking water (20 or 60 ppm F) or were brushed 6 days per week with an aqueous NaF solution containing either 0.1% (w/v) or 1% (w/v) F, respectively. Bacteriological analyses at the end of the experiment revealed that none of the fluoride treatments had caused a detectable increase in the inherent fluoride resistance of S. mutans C180-2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Caries and plaque inhibition in rats by five topically applied dentifrices

The effectiveness of 5 different brands of dentifrices on caries and plaque were tested in rats in 2 experiments, 10 litters of rats each were infected with Streptococcus sobrinus OMZ-176 and Actinomyces viscosus Nyl. The rats were offered the diet 2000a containing either 40% of sucrose (study I) or 10% of sucrose (study II). The following products were tested topically: (1) H₂O, (negative control): (2) chlorhexidine diacetate. (positive control); (3) Parodontax NF; (4) Meridol; (5) Colgate Total; (6) Mentadent C: (7) Dent Xpress. Comparisons with the water control in study I showed that plaque extent was decreased by chlorhexidine diacetate. Dent Xpress and by Mentadent C only. All fluoride-containing dentifrices tested reduced caries. In study II, comparisons with the water control showed that plaque extent was reduced by chlorhexidine diacetate, Parodontax, Meridol, Dent Xpress and by Mentadent C. All dentifrices reduced caries, however, the incidence was low. These 2 studies confirm that fluorides incorporated in dentifrices decrease dental caries in the rat. Differences in the effectiveness of caries inhibition between the 5 dentifrices could not be explained either by the form of fluoride utilized or by the antimicrobials added. Rather, the performance of a given dentifrice depended upon the concerted action of the particular ingredients. It appears that the effect of antiplaque agents should be evaluated in the rat model using a diet containing sucrose at a low level.     

无口腔保健干预牙菌斑液成分的研究

目的 研究长期无口腔保健干预的牙菌斑液粘代谢规律及其致龋力。方法 选择长期不刷牙者４３人,分为无龋组２７人,高龋组１６人,采集１０％蔗糖漱口前后的菌斑,检测菌斑提取液的ｐＨ值、有机酸和无机离子的浓度。结果 糖漱口后,长期菌斑提取注的ｐＨ值,、铵离子浓度降低,乳酸、甲酸升高,与禁食后新形成菌斑的糖代谢规律一致。但糖漱口前后两组菌斑提取液中的单一成分差异均无显著性。结论 长期菌斑与短期菌斑的糖代谢规律     

Inhibitory effect of barium on caries formation in rats

The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of barium and fluoride in drinking water on caries formation in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a cariogenic diet (MIT-200) 17 times daily in a K?nig-Hofer programmed feeding machine for 37 days. Drinking water containing barium (0, 50 or 100 ppm) and fluoride (0 or 10 ppm) was available ad libitum. Rats to whose water was added 50 ppm barium had significant reductions in the mean severity of both buccolingual lesions and sulcal lesions compared with those rats whose water contained no barium. As expected, F at 10 ppm in the drinking water significantly reduced caries severity but this F effect was independent of the barium effect. This suggests that the inhibitory effects of barium and fluoride at these levels are additive and operate by separate mechanisms.     

The anti-cariogenic potential of xylitol in comparison with sodium fluoride in rat caries experiments

Previous rat caries experiments in our laboratory demonstrated an anti-cariogenic and most probably a remineralizing effect of xylitol. The purpose of the present study was to compare the caries-inhibiting property of xylitol and fluoride in drinking water. The study consisted of two experiments with Osborne-Mendel rats, superinfected with S. mutans. In the first experiment, the rats were fed ad libitum a cariogenic diet containing 20% sucrose and 5% glucose (diet SSP 20/5) and tap water containing 0%, 2%, or 4% xylitol. An additional control group was fed diet SSP 20/5 supplemented with 5% xylitol. In the second experiment, the rats were also fed diet SSP 20/5, but received tap water, demineralized water (both containing less than 0.1 ppm F-), or tap water containing 10 and 40 ppm fluoride. Some animals in the 4% xylitol drinking water group showed a mild osmotic diarrhea for the first four days and a retarded increase in body weight of limited duration. S. mutans colonized to a similar level in all groups of both experiments. Fluoride as well as xylitol in the drinking water reduced the fissure caries scores significantly. However, 10 and 40 ppm fluoride had a more pronounced inhibiting effect on the caries experience than did 4% xylitol in the drinking water or 5% xylitol in the diet.     

The effect of chewing xylitol gum on the plaque and saliva levels of Streptococcus mutans

Eating foods containing sucrose between meals can be highly cariogenic. The use of sucrose substitutes that provide the hedonistic appeal of sucrose, yet are not fermented by the plaque flora to the low pHs that are associated with caries, is a reasonable approach to caries control. Xylitol, a sweet-tasting pentitol, has been reported to cause about an 80% reduction in caries increment when chewed in a gum. The present investigation was designed to determine whether the chewing of xylitol gums affected the salivary and plaque levels of S mutans and lactobacilli. The chewing of xylitol gums for four weeks caused a significant reduction in saliva levels and plaque proportions of S mutans compared with pretreatment values. The levels were also significantly reduced to values obtained by chewing either sorbitol or fructose sweetened gum. The chewing of various gums had no significant effect on the proportions of lactobacilli in the plaque. These findings suggested that the small amounts of xylitol used (about 5 gm) resulted in a suppression of S mutans.     

Effect of fluoridated sucrose on rat caries

The present study was designed to test the effect of frequent pulses of low fluoride levels on rat caries when supplied in a standardized cariogenic rat diet containing 67% sucrose (MIT-200). The test diets were variants of Diet MIT-200 in which the sucrose component had been fluoridated with NaF solution resulting in total concentrations of 0 (control), 2, 3, 5, 10, or 20 ppm fluoride in the final diets. Rats received one of the test lots 17 times daily in a programmed feeding machine beginning at age 22 days, and were inoculated with Streptococcus mutans at age 23, 24, and 25 days. After 5 weeks, the rats were sacrificed and their mandibular molars scored for number and severity of sulcal, buccolingual, and proximal caries. Frequent daily pulses of as little as 2 ppm fluoride in dietary sucrose were effective in significantly (p less than 0.01) reducing buccolingual rat caries.