肾盂移行上皮细胞癌MRI诊断

目的：探讨肾盂移行上皮细胞癌MRI特点。方法：回顾性分析经手术和病理证实的26例肾盂移行上皮细胞癌MRI表现。结果：肿瘤位于肾盂19例,位于肾盏7例。MR信号在T2WI上为均匀略高信号15例,混杂等高信号8例,均匀等信号2例,等低信号1例;在T1WI上为均匀低信号16例,混杂信号8例,均匀等信号2例;增强18例中10例轻度均匀强化,8例轻度不均匀强化。MRI明确诊断肾盂移行上皮细胞癌18例,可疑肾盂移行上皮细胞癌5例,误诊2例,漏诊1例。结论：MRI对肾盂移行上皮细胞癌病灶的发现,观察生长方式和侵犯范围均具有较高价值。     

少脂肪肾错构瘤与肾透明细胞癌的CT及MRI鉴别分析

目的 :探讨少脂肪肾错构瘤(renal angiomyolipoma,RAML)与肾透明细胞癌(clear cell renal carcinoma,cc RCC)的影像特征,以提高术前诊断的准确性,为临床治疗提供有效的参考。方法:回顾性分析45例经手术病理证实的少脂肪RAML和cc RCC患者的临床及影像资料,其中少脂肪RAML 17例、cc RCC 28例。结果:17例少脂肪RAML中,CT平扫12例呈稍高密度,3例呈等密度,2例呈混杂低密度。增强扫描17例均匀强化,其中10例皮质期中度强化,4例明显强化;实质期及肾盂期持续强化,3例呈"快进快出"强化方式。9例可见"杯口征"和"劈裂征"。11例行MRI扫描,其中6例脂肪抑制T2WI呈不均匀低信号,5例脂肪抑制T2WI呈均匀低信号、T1WI呈等信号。28例cc RCC CT平扫14例呈低密度,8例呈等密度,6例呈混杂低密度;25例呈不均匀强化,呈"快进快出"强化方式,3例皮质期轻度强化、实质期及肾盂期呈渐进性均匀强化。6例行MRI扫描,脂肪T2WI呈混杂稍高信号、T1WI呈等低信号,3例有假包膜。结论 :少脂肪RAML的CT平扫及动态增强扫描表现具有一定的特征,结合MRI T2WI均匀低信号、双回波3D T1WI及DWI有利于少脂肪RAML与cc RCC的鉴别。     

MRI平扫及动态增强扫描对肾透明细胞癌的诊断价值

目的:探讨MRI平扫及动态增强扫描在肾透明细胞癌(RCCC)诊断及鉴别诊断中的价值。方法 :回顾性分析31例经手术或穿刺病理证实为RCCC患者的临床及MRI资料。结果:31例共33个病灶,其中单侧发病29例,双侧发病2例。病灶位于左肾15个,右肾18个。MRI平扫5个病灶信号较均匀,28个呈高低混杂信号。12个病灶内见出血信号,6个发生囊变,6个含脂肪信号。26个在T1WI、T2WI上于肿瘤边缘可见假包膜。DWI 2个病灶呈低信号,31个呈均匀或不均匀高信号。动态增强扫描33个病灶在皮质早期均明显强化;21个在皮质晚期持续强化达到峰值,肾实质期强化信号降低,排泄期信号更低;10个病灶在皮质晚期、实质期、排泄期信号呈渐进性降低;2个在皮质晚期呈持续性强化,肾实质期信号达到峰值,排泄期信号降低。结论:MRI平扫结合动态增强扫描对RCCC的诊断、鉴别诊断有着重要的临床价值。     

肾嫌色细胞癌的MRI表现

目的:探讨MRI对肾嫌色细胞癌的诊断价值。方法:收集经术后病理证实的5例肾嫌色细胞癌的MRI平扫和3期增强扫描资料。结果:5例中左肾2例,右肾3例;1例囊变坏死,3例有假包膜,1例出血,2例有中央瘢痕,1例肾周侵犯、静脉癌栓、局部淋巴结转移。MRI平扫信号较均匀,T1WI以等、稍低信号为主,T2WI以等、低信号常见;动态增强扫描,皮髓交界期肿瘤强化程度低于、等于或高于肾髓质,但明显低于肾皮质,实质期强化低于或等于皮髓交界期强化。假包膜和病灶中央出现星芒状瘢痕,可对肾嫌色细胞癌诊断起补充作用。结论:肾嫌色细胞癌的MRI表现有一定特点,对肾细胞癌亚型的诊断与鉴别诊断较有价值。     

肾脏孤立性纤维性肿瘤的MRI特征

目的:探讨肾脏孤立性纤维性肿瘤(SFT)的MRI特征。方法:回顾性分析12例经手术病理证实的肾脏SFT的MRI资料,均行MRI平扫及增强。结果:左肾7例,右肾5例,其中6例位于肾门压迫肾盂,4例位于肾被膜下突入肾周脂肪囊,2例位于肾实质内。平扫T1WI均呈低信号,反相位信号无减低;抑脂T2WI8例呈稍高信号伴线状、管状低信号,4例呈高低混杂信号,以低信号为主;DWI呈不均匀高信号或高低混杂信号。增强扫描:肾皮质期8例呈不均匀中度强化,4例轻度强化;髓质期强化程度均较皮质期升高,呈中度至明显强化,其中8例皮质期线状无强化区域呈中度强化;肾盂肾盏期所有病灶均持续强化,呈高信号,边界清晰。结论:SFT病理学基础决定其MRI表现具有一定特征,MR平扫信号及强化方式与SFT细胞的密集程度及排列方式、胶原纤维及供血血管多寡、有无玻璃样变或黏液变密切相关,MRI检查是诊断SFT的有效方法。     

MRI化学位移同反相位成像技术在少脂肪肾错构瘤诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨MRI化学位移同反相位成像技术在少脂肪肾错构瘤诊断的应用价值。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的17例CT平扫肿块内均未见成熟脂肪密度影的少脂肪肾错构瘤MRI同反相位表现,同时结合其他MRI表现。结果目测法17例中,9例病灶在反相位信号较同相位弥漫性或局限性降低,3例在反相位信号无明显下降,但在脂肪抑制T2WI上病灶内高信号成分被抑制。5例病灶在反相位和脂肪抑制T2WI都无明显信号改变。其他MRI表现:14例T2WI呈均匀低信号,3例呈混杂信号。17例均未见假包膜。增强扫描17例均强化较均匀,10例皮质期中度强化,4例明显强化,实质期及肾盂期持续强化,3例呈一过性强化,即"快进快出"强化方式。结论 MRI化学位移同反相位成像技术,结合MRI其他表现,有助于对少脂肪肾错构瘤的鉴别诊断。     

螺旋CT多期扫描对肾细胞癌的诊断价值

目的探讨CT在肾细胞癌诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析22例经手术、病理证实的肾细胞癌CT表现。结果 CT平扫中5例病灶呈等密度或稍低密度,15例为混杂密度,2例为稍高密度。增强扫描皮质期18例明显强化,4例中等度强化,强化均匀或不均匀。肾实质期所有病灶强化迅速减退,肾盂期病灶强化进一步减低。其中8例肾癌出现肾周邻近脏器侵犯及淋巴结转移。结论肾细胞癌的CT表现具有一定特征性,CT对肾细胞癌的诊断具有很高的价值。     

肾黏液样小管状和梭形细胞癌的CT及MRI表现

目的探讨肾脏黏液样小管状和梭型细胞癌(MTSCC)的CT及MRI表现。方法分析8例MTSCC的CT及MRI表现,观察肿瘤的部位,大小,形态,假包膜,边界,肿瘤内部成分。结果 8例MTSCC均为单发,左肾5例,右肾3例。7例呈类圆形,1例呈不规则形,突入肾盂,见膀胱转移灶。4例见假包膜。CT平扫示3例密度不均匀(2例囊变、1例钙化),5例密度均匀。CT平扫、皮质期、实质期、排泄期平均CT值分别为(39.4±7.9)、(47.3±9.8)、(60.8±10.6)和(70. 5±9. 2) HU。MRI上T1WI以等信号或稍高信号为主,T2WI等信号或等、高、低混杂信号,MR、CT增强后均表现为渐进性强化。结论 MTSCC表现为单发、界清,平扫呈等密度,可见假包膜、囊变等,增强后为轻度、渐进性强化,且明显低于肾皮质,罕见淋巴结转移,偶见膀胱种植转移。     

浸润性肾盂癌 MRI 诊断价值

目的：分析并评价浸润性肾盂癌的 MRI 影像学特征,以提高对其诊断与鉴别诊断的能力。方法回顾性分析病理证实为浸润性肾盂癌的21例患者资料,所有患者均接受 MRI 平扫及 DWI 检查,其中3例进行 PWI 检查。结果21例浸润性肾盂癌中心均位于肾脏集合系统,肾脏轮廓大多无明显变化。病灶在 MRI 平扫上大多呈稍长 T1稍短 T2信号,5例病灶呈混杂 T1混杂 T2信号,病灶在 DWI 均呈高信号。3例行 PWI 扫描呈轻-中度强化。3例行肾 AMRA 检查显示肾动脉受包绕推挤,4例伴有静脉癌栓形成,11例伴有腹膜后淋巴结转移,3例伴有肾上腺转移。1例伴有输尿管尿路上皮癌,2例伴有膀胱癌。结论MRI 具有多参数成像能力及较高的软组织分辨率,可清晰显示病灶部位及周围关系,对浸润性肾盂癌诊断及鉴别诊断具有较高的价值。     

乳头状肾细胞癌:评价MRI诊断价值

目的 分析乳头状肾细胞癌的MRI表现,探讨其与病理的关系.资料与方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的9例乳头状肾细胞癌患者的影像学资料,其中7例行MRI检查,3例行螺旋CT检查.结果 9例中,右侧6例,左侧3例;圆形或椭圆形7例,不规则2例.肿瘤直径2.7～7.3 cm,平均4.6 cm;肿瘤边缘光整7例,边缘结节状突起2例.T1WI呈低信号5例,等信号4例;T2WI呈低信号6例,等信号2例,高信号1例;T2WI显示假包膜6例.MR信号不均匀7例,均匀2例.9例动态增强扫描肿瘤实质成分为进行性延迟强化,皮髓交界期、实质期轻度强化8例,中度强化1例;肾盂期强化与实质期相仿.组织病理分型Ⅰ型7例,Ⅱ型2例.结论 乳头状肾细胞癌具有一定的MR表现特征,动态增强可提供更多诊断信息.     

Alterations in renal morphology and function after ESWL therapy: evaluation with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI

Contrast-enhanced gradient-echo MRI was used to evaluate morphological and functional alternations in the kidneys after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). Dynamic MRI with a temporal resolution of 10 s per image was performed by repeated imaging in the coronal plane after administration of gadolinium-DTPA (0.1 mmol/kg) before and after ESWL for renal calculi in 25 patients. Before ESWL 22 patients had normally functioning kidneys, characterised by a marked decrease in signal intensity in the renal medulla 30–40 s after the onset of cortical perfusion. After ESWL 8 patients had functional abnormalities: in 2 cases the medullary signal decrease was disturbed throughout the whole organ, while 6 kidneys demonstrated regional loss of concentrating ability in the medulla. Morphological alterations (oedema with blurred contours and loss of corticomedullary differentiation; parenchymal haemorrhage and haemorrhage in a cortical cyst; subcapsular, perirenal and pararenal haematoma) were detected in 9 cases. Haemorrhage was encountered more often after administration of more than 2500 shock waves; however, no such correlation was seen in the kidneys with functional disturbances following ESWL therapy. MRI proved to be a sensitive method for the assessment of morphological and functional alterations after ESWL, but longer follow-up studies are required to identify the clinical impact of these early changes.     

Congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction with calcified renal pelvis and superimposed spindle cell urothelial carcinoma

A case of congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction with calcification of the walls of the renal pelvis and with a superimposed urothelial tumor is described and illustrated.     

Cystic renal masses: Usefulness of the bosniak classification

To determine the usefulness of the Bosniak classification of cystic renal masses, the computed tomographic (CT) and ultrasound findings of 16 pathologically proven cystic renal masses were retrospectively reviewed. All imaging studies were reviewed and categorized utilizing the Bosniak classification without knowledge of the final pathologic diagnosis. There were no category I lesions (classical simple cyst), four category II (minimally complicated), seven category III lesions (more complicated), and five category IV lesions (probable malignant). All category II lesions were benign, all category IV lesions were malignant. Of the seven category III lesions, three were benign and four were malignant. We conclude that the Bosniak classification is extremely useful in the management of cystic renal masses. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, the Department of Defense, or the United States Navy     

Renal angiomyolipoma: comparison of MRI and CT results for diagnosis

The aim of this study was to compare the potentials of MRI and CT for characterising renal angiomyolipomas. MRI and CT examinations of 13 adult patients with renal angiomyolipoma were reviewed. Pathological correlation was available for ten patients who underwent nephrectomy or tumourectomy. Negative CT density numbers were demonstrated in 10 cases. MRI depicted high signal intensity areas suggesting fat in 11 cases. A haemorrhagic component was by both CT and MRI in 4 cases and was confirmed by surgery. Fat suppression imaging was performed in 3 cases and confirmed the presence of fat. We conclude that identification of angiomyolipomas can be achieved by MRI, but compared with CT, MRI is more expensive and less available. Therefore MRI should be performed when CT results are equivocal and when direct multiplanar images are necessary for a precise tumour localisation of multiple angiomyolipomas. Correspondence to: M. F. Bellin     

Cystic renal tumors: US and CT findings

Cystic renal tumors represent a variety of lesions in which both solid and liquid components coexist. These lesions may be either benign or malignant and include the multilocular cystic nephroma (MCN), the renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and the papillary adenocarcinoma (PAC). The MCN is a rare neoplasm formed of multiple loculated cystic masses divided by septa. The tumor is benign, although there are some rare reports of malignant cases. The RCC and the PAC may appear with cystic patterns. This is rather uncommon for the RCC, which inside has a unilocular or multilocular cystic appearance, if the necrotic component is large. PAC is an infrequent renal tumor, which has a greater tendency to appear as a large mass with a unilocular large cystic space. The ultrasonography (US) and computed tomographic (CT) features of 27 cystic tumors are presented. Both US and CT allowed the recognition of the cystic components, the septa, and the vegetations. The two imaging techniques made it possible to distinguish the tumors into “unilocular” and “multilocular” masses: the former correspond to RCC and PAC, the latter to MCN and RCC. CT added some information on calcified or partially calcified tumors. CT more than US enabled the differentiation between the malignant RCC and the benign MCN for which conservative surgery may be indicated. The two techniques did not allow the differentiation between RCC and PAC, which has different prognostic behavior.     

MRI evaluation of acute renal trauma

We describe the MR findings in a patient with acute renal injury after blunt abdominal trauma associated with perinephric hematoma and urinoma. Both CT and MR findings are described. Active urine extravasation into a perinephric urinoma is demonstrated by serial post-contrast imaging with CT and MRI showing progressively increased attenuation/signal intensity fluid in communication with the collecting system, commencing 2 minutes after contrast administration.     

Large egg-shell-like calcified cyst in a case of renal cell carcinoma

A serendipitous case is reported of a large egg-shell-like calsified renal mass woithout irregularities covering a solid nodule suggestive of a renal cell carcinoma on CT. This was confirmed after radical nephrectomy. Correspondence to: R. Oyen     

Transitional cell carcinoma in a renal allograft

A large urothelial tumor was detected by ultrasonography in the dilated collecting system of a well-functioning renal allograft 15 years after transplantation. The tumor was confirmed at computed tomography. Nephrectomy showed a transitional cell carcinoma. The occurrence of malignant tumors in renal allografts is a well known but rare complication. Received 6 October 1997; Accepted 5 November 1997     

肾脏皮髓质的分界、对比度及CT峰值与单肾功能相关性的64层螺旋CT研究

组肾皮质为(91±29)HU,肾髓质为(76±25)HU;重度肾功能减退组肾皮质为(68±24)HU,肾髓质为(57±21)HU.3组问差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为42.76和32.68,P值均<0.05).肾皮质、髓质CT峰值均与GFR呈正相关(r值分别为0.672和0.623,P值均<0.05).结论 梗阻性肾积水肾功能减退时CMD与CMC及肾皮髓质CT峰值均降低;肾脏CMC与肾皮质及髓质CT峰值改变与GFR具有正相关关系,对预测单侧肾脏功能有一定临床价值.     

Ablation of Symptomatic Cysts Using Absolute Ethanol in 11 Patients with Autosomal-Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

Objective

To evaluate the effects of cyst ablation with absolute ethanol in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) patients with symptomatic cysts.

Materials and Methods

Using absolute ethanol, cyst ablation was performed in 11 patients with documented ADPKD who suffered cyst pain refractory to medical treatment. An ethanol solution was instilled into the largest symptomatic cysts through a catheter. We assessed the therapeutic efficacy of the procedure by tracking subjective pain relief during a 3 to 24-month follow-up period after ablation.

Results

At follow-up, we found that the duration of subjective pain relief was 12 to 24 months in seven patients, 4 to11 months in one, and less than 3 months in three.

Conclusion

Selective ablation of a symptomatic cyst may be a valid option in managing chronic pain caused by one or a few large cysts in ADPKD patients.