EGFR酪氨酸激酶及其抑制剂的研究进展

表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)酪氨酸激酶是细胞外信号传递到细胞内的重要枢纽,它在信号传导、细胞增殖、分化以及各种调节机制中发挥重要作用,并在多种癌细胞中过度表达。许多研究表明,抑制EGFR酪氨酸激酶活性,可抑制肿瘤生长。本文对EGFR酪氨酸激酶及其几种小分子抑制剂在肿瘤治疗中的研究进展作一综述。     

蛋白酪氨酸激酶信号转导途径与抗肿瘤药物

细胞信号转导(signal transduction)在细胞的代谢、分裂、分化、生物功能及死亡过程中起着重要作用，肿瘤的发生和发展与细胞信号转导过度激活有关。本文简要阐述了蛋白酪氨酸激酶(protein tyrosine kinases，PTKs)介导的信号转导途径，分别介绍了受体酪氨酸激酶介导的Ras/Raf/MAPK和PI-3K/Akt途径，非受体酪氨酸激酶介导的Src、Bcr-Abl和JAK/STAT途径。以此5条信号转导通路中参与的重要蛋白分子为靶点，统计和介绍了相关的已经上市或处于临床研究的抗肿瘤药物。     

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶家族与肿瘤治疗

表皮生长因子受体(EGFR,ErbB)酪氨酸激酶家族在多种肿瘤中有表达或高表达.在特异性配体的诱导下能够发生家族成员的二聚化,从而激活细胞内下游信号转导途径,调控细胞的增殖、分化、迁移等生物效应.异常的ErbB受体信号与肿瘤的发生、发展有着密切的关系.随着EGFR的人源化单抗Erbitux和针对EGFR的小分子抑制剂Tarceva的成功上市,以ErbB受体为靶点的抗肿瘤药物成为了近年来肿瘤治疗研究中的热点领域.     

新型蛋白酪氨酸激酶抑制剂类抗肿瘤药物的研究进展

目的探讨蛋白酪氨酸激酶抑制剂抗肿瘤作用机理及其研究进展。方法综述了最新发现的小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的化学结构、抗肿瘤作用及其作用机制及其发展方向等内容。结果结论蛋白酪氨酸激酶与细胞的增殖、分化、迁移和凋亡有着密切的关系,在细胞生命活动的信号转导途径中扮演着十分关键的角色,筛选酪氨酸激酶抑制剂已经成为开发抗肿瘤药物的新途径。     

表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的研究进展

表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）酪氨酸激酶介导的信号转导与肿瘤发生发展密切相关，抑制该受体活性可以有效地抑制肿瘤。近年来，许多以此为靶点的新抗肿瘤药物陆续被开发，在多种肿瘤治疗中取得了令人鼓舞的疗效。综述了EGFR的结构和作用以及近年来EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的研究进展。     

酪氨酸激酶类抗肿瘤作用靶点的研究进展

酪氨酸激酶作为抗肿瘤靶点研究广泛,效果良好,在抗肿瘤领域具有广阔的应用前景。目前已发现的蛋白酪氨酸激酶包括20余个受体酪氨酸激酶家族和10余个非受体酪氨酸激酶家族,他们与肿瘤的发生和发展关系密切。本文主要根据近3年的文献,结合酪氨酸激酶与肿瘤的关系,对酪氨酸激酶类靶点及其抑制剂的研究进展作一综述。     

蛋白酪氨酸激酶抑制剂类抗肿瘤药物的不良反应及疗效性价比

目的：探讨蛋白酪氨酸激酶抑制剂抗肿瘤的不良反应与疗效性价比。方法：回顾性分析2007年1月1日-2008年12月30日的抗肿瘤蛋白酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的不良反应报告。结果：VEGFR引起的不良反应数最好;主要的不良反应的临床表现都是变态反应与消化系统反应;多靶点酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的价值相对较高。结论：蛋白酪氨酸激酶与细胞的增殖、分化、迁移和凋亡有着密切的关系,筛选出合理酪氨酸激酶抑制剂已经成为开发抗肿瘤药物的新途径。     

蛋白酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的研究进展

蛋白酪氨酸激酶（PTK）抑制剂是一类作用于细胞信号转导通路的分子靶向药物,针对特定靶点发挥抗肿瘤作用。目前已有十余种蛋白酪氨酸激酶抑制剂上市,且它们在多种实体瘤的治疗中显示出较好的疗效。该文对近年来蛋白酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的研究进展做简要综述。     

C-kit受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的研究进展

综述了近年来已上市或处于临床研究阶段的小分子C-kit受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的分类及其代表化合物.     

Therapeutic targeting of receptor tyrosine kinases in lung cancer

Lung cancer is a difficult illness with a poor overall survival. Even though combination strategies with chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery have all been utilised, the overall outcome for this disease continues to be relatively disappointing. In order to make a difference in the treatment of lung cancer, novel therapeutics will have to be developed. Through basic biological studies, a number of receptor tyrosine kinases have been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of lung cancer. In this review, the authors summarise the mechanisms of several major receptor tyrosine kinases in lung cancer, especially epidermal growth factor receptor, Her2/neu, MET, vascular endothelial growth factor and KIT. The biology associated with these receptors is described, and the various novel therapeutic inhibitory strategies that are ongoing in preclinical and clinical studies for lung cancer are detailed. Through understanding of receptor tyrosine kinases and the utilisation of specific inhibitors, it is hopeful that a dramatic impact will be made on the biology and therapy for lung cancer.     

Advances in nanotechnology-based delivery systems for EGFR tyrosine kinases inhibitors in cancer therapy

Oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs) against epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) family have been introduced into the clinic to treat human malignancies for decades. Despite superior properties of EGFR-TKIs as small molecule targeted drugs, their applications are still restricted due to their low solubility, capricious oral bioavailability, large requirement of daily dose, high binding tendency to plasma albumin and initial/acquired drug resistance. Nanotechnology is a promising tool to improve efficacy of these drugs. Through non-oral routes. Various nanotechnology-based delivery approaches have been developed for providing efficient delivery of EGFR-TKIs with a better pharmacokinetic profile and tissue-targeting ability. This review aims to indicate the advantage of nanocarriers for EGFR-TKIs delivery.     

Targeting non-receptor tyrosine kinases using small molecule inhibitors: an overview of recent advances

Protein tyrosine kinases are enzymes that catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to tyrosine residues on other proteins as substrate. Phosphorylation at tyrosine residues regulates several functions, including enzyme activity, cellular localization, signal transduction and interactions between proteins. Non-receptor tyrosine kinases (nRTKs) are one of the main players in intracellular signaling pathways. Dysregulation of nRTKs leads to their constitutive activation, which might contribute to initiation or progression of cancer. Therefore, targeting dysregulated nRTKs may prevent the process of tumorigenesis. Targeted-based cancer therapy (TBCT) methods and agents or personalized medicine have emerged as the main tools for cancer treatment. Currently, several TBCT agents, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and small molecules inhibitors of tyrosine kinases (TKIs) have been developed. TKIs of cytoplasmic kinases inhibit intracellular signaling pathways and interfere with tumor cell functions. In this article, the recent progresses in development of TKIs of nRTKs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and current promising TKIs in pre-clinical and clinical settings have been reviewed.     

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂在肿瘤治疗中的应用

表皮生长因子受体 (EGFR)酪氨酸激酶 ,是细胞外信号传递到细胞内的重要枢纽 ,它在信号传导、细胞增殖、分化以及各种调节机制中发挥重要作用 ,在多种癌细胞中过度表达。许多研究表明 ,抑制EGFR酪氨酸激酶活性 ,可抑制肿瘤生长。目前 ,已有几种EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂进入了临床试验。本文对几种EGFR酪氨酸激酶小分子抑制剂在肿瘤治疗中的研究进展做一综述。     

酪氨酸激酶靶标治疗肝细胞肝癌的研究进展

肝细胞肝癌是肝细胞原发性恶性肿瘤,具有发现晚、死亡率高等特点。分子靶向药物如酪氨酸激酶抑制剂极有希望成为肝癌治疗药物,目前已引起特别关注,研究者已对酪氨酸激酶受体抑制剂进行了深入研究。本文对多种酪氨酸激酶受体作用于肝癌细胞的机制以及肿瘤细胞内在和外在的抵消激酶抑制剂作用的机制进行了讨论,同时对目前多靶标激酶抑制剂抗肝癌药物的优越性和可行性及其临床研究进展进行综述和展望。     

FLT-3受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的研究进展

FMS样酪氨酸激酶3 (FLT-3)是Ⅲ型受体酪氨酸激酶的一种,广泛存在于血液系统、免疫系统和神经系统中。FLT-3基因突变（内部串联重复突变和激酶区的点突变）以及过度表达将会导致肿瘤的发生,小分子FLT-3受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂通过阻断细胞增殖信号的传导促使肿瘤细胞凋亡,从而对肿瘤疾病进行治疗。文中对近年来已上市或处于临床研究阶段的小分子FLT-3受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂按结构分成芳香脲、嘧啶胺、吲哚并咔唑及其他共4类,并简要介绍其代表化合物的药效及临床研究进展。     

EGFR抑制剂耐药机制研究的新进展

表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)通路在肿瘤发生、发展过程中起到非常重要的作用,它已成为肿瘤分子治疗领域最主要的研究和开发靶点之一。目前有单克隆抗体与小分子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂两类EGFR抑制剂在临床治疗中取得成功。然而,该类药物在临床前研究及临床治疗中已经出现耐药现象。由于EGFR调节多种细胞功能,该耐药现象可能与多个传导通路紊乱有关,包括配体自分泌/旁分泌的产生、受体突变、下游信号蛋白的组成性活化以及旁路信号途径的激活。本文就EGFR抑制剂耐药机制的最新研究进展进行综述。     

Therapeutic targeting of EGFR in malignant gliomas

Importance of the field: Despite the improved prognosis for many cancer patients, the survival of those with malignant gliomas (MGs) remains dismal. Even with aggressive intervention, including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the overall 2-year survival rate is only 25% in the most optimistic series, and 5-year survival rates are consistently in the low single digits. Therefore, it is evident that novel therapeutic paradigms are necessary to overcome the inherent limitations of conventional treatments. EGFR gene overexpression can be found in 40 – 50% of patients with MGs, whereas its expression is very low in normal brain. Therapeutic targeting of EGFR has indicated clinical success in the treatment of MGs.

Areas covered in this review: The purpose of this review is to discuss the current status of several EGFR-targeted therapies in MGs patients and address the efficacy of these drugs as monotherapy or in combination with other drugs and/or treatments. We also emphasize the lessons learned and the future perspectives in the development of EGFR-targeted therapies for MGs.

What the reader will gain: A more comprehensive understanding of the molecular, structural and biological characteristics of EGFR and the mechanisms of action of EGFR-targeted antagonists will most likely contribute to the successful use of strategies of EGFR-targeted therapy in the clinic.

Take home message: Therapeutic targeting of EGFR include anti-EGFR mAbs, small-molecule EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, peptide vaccination therapy and other therapeutic strategies. Each EGFR antagonist has its own advantages and limitations in terms of BBB crossing, ease of delivery, combination therapies and potential toxicity. Therefore, a multiple approach combining different agents that target EGFR signaling at multiple levels seems to have potential as future therapeutics for MGs, once the technical and safety issues unique to each of the approaches are overcome.