静脉吗啡滴定治疗13例中重度癌痛患者临床观察

目的观察静脉吗啡滴定治疗中重度癌痛的疗效及不良反应。方法选取13例中重度癌痛住院患者进行静脉吗啡滴定,每15分钟通过疼痛数字分级法(NRS)评价患者疼痛变化程度,记录和处理其不良反应,调整静脉用药剂量,24 h后统计静脉吗啡累计剂量,通过与控缓释剂阿片类镇痛药物的剂量转换,改用口服剂型或透皮剂维持镇痛。结果在所有静脉吗啡滴定患者中,在0～3 h内疼痛NRS评分皆下降,3～6 h内NRS评分至少下降3分,24 h镇痛有效率为100%;在毒副作用的观察方面,24 h内发生急性呼吸抑制1例,1～2度急性呕吐5例,3度呕吐1例,头晕8例,经及时治疗后症状好转。结论对于中重度癌痛患者,相比于口服速效类阿片类药物或奥施康定等滴定镇痛,静脉吗啡滴定具有起效快、镇痛效果肯定等特点,对于住院的中重度癌痛患者,应用静脉吗啡滴定安全,毒副作用可控,值得进一步推广应用。     

鞘内注射吗啡对切口痛大鼠脊髓Fos表达的影响

目的: 动态观察鞘内注射(intrathecal,IT)吗啡对大鼠切口疼痛及脊髓Fos蛋白表达的影响。方法: 雄性SD大鼠96只,分成4组,以累积疼痛评分观察大鼠行为学,以免疫组织化学法测定大鼠脊髓Fos蛋白表达。结果: 在术后2 h、24 h、48 h时点,对照组大鼠的累积疼痛评分明显高于假手术组,术前和术后给药组评分较对照组均明显降低(P<0.01),但两组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后第72 h,各手术组之间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后96 h和120 h,各组之间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在术后2 h,对照组大鼠Fos蛋白表达明显增多(P<0.01),而IT吗啡可明显抑制脊髓背角Fos蛋白表达,尤以术前给药为甚;术后24~120 h,各手术组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论: 术前或术后单次IT吗啡,仅在术后早期有镇痛作用并能抑制Fos蛋白表达的增加。     

盐酸羟考酮控释片治疗中、重度癌痛的临床观察

目的观察盐酸羟考酮控释片（奥施康定）治疗晚期中、重度癌痛的临床效果、不良反应及患者生活质量的改善情况。方法102例中、重度癌痛患者给予奥施康定镇痛治疗,初始剂量5～10mg/q12h,正在用吗啡类镇痛药者,按照吗啡1/2剂量换算,使用过多瑞吉贴剂按25ug/h换算奥施康定15mg/q12h计算。根据疼痛情况调整剂量,直至患者疼痛评分≤2分,每位患者至少治疗15d以上,同时进行疼痛强度、生活质量评分及不良反应观察。结果奥施康定的最终滴定剂量为20～240mg/d,中位剂量50mg/d。总疼痛缓解率为91%,其中完全缓解42例（42%）,明显缓解36例（36%）,中度缓解13例（13%）。患者生活质量明显提高,不良反应主要为便秘,治疗后可缓解。结论盐酸羟考酮控释片治疗中、重度癌性疼痛疗效显著,不良反应可耐受,能显著改善癌症患者的生活质量。     

Relief of pain by infusion of morphine after operation: does tolerance develop?

To see whether continuous intravenous infusion of opiates provides more effective postoperative relief of pain than conventional intramuscular injection these regimens were compared in a prospective double blind trial. Thirty patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy were allocated randomly to receive an infusion of morphine or an infusion of placebo (control group) for 24 hours. Both groups were allowed supplementary morphine boluses as requested. During the first 48 hours after operation the degree of pain was almost identical between the groups. Surprisingly, the group that was given the infusion of morphine received as much supplementary morphine as the control group during the first 24 hours and appreciably more during the 24 hours after the infusion had been withdrawn. Nausea and vomiting were more prevalent among the patients given the infusion of morphine. These results suggest that continuous infusion of morphine may be an inferior regimen to intermittent bolus administration in the relief of postoperative pain. This may be explained by the development of tolerance in patients who received the infusion of morphine.     

右美沙芬复合小剂量吗啡用于术后镇痛

[目的]观察不同剂量右美沙芬复合小剂量吗啡用于上腹部手术后镇痛的临床效果。[方法]择期全麻上腹部手术病人131例随机分为4组,即A组(吗啡30 mg 右美沙芬10 mg)、B组(吗啡30 mg 右美沙芬20 mg)、C组(对照组吗啡30 mg)、M组(吗啡50 mg),术后均使用100 ml一次性镇痛泵镇痛。记录术后3、6、24、48 h VAS、Ramsay镇静评分、活动后VAS评分和48 h内使用吗啡总量并记录可能出现的副作用。[结果]术后6、24 h M组、B组VAS明显低于对照(P<0．05),A组6 h明显低于对照(P<0．05)。活动后VAS在6、24 h吗啡与B组明显低于对照(P<0．05),而A组与对照差异无显著性(P<0．05),且在6 h显著高于M组(P<0．05)。各组术后镇静评分无差异(P<0．05)。术后48 h吗啡总量M组明显高于其他3组(P< 0．05),A、B组明显低于C(P<0．05)组。术后恶心呕吐病例吗啡组明显高于其他3组(P<0．05)。[结论]小剂量右美沙芬与吗啡联合应用可增加吗啡的镇痛效果,减少吗啡用量和副作用,发挥节约吗啡作用,并减少自身的副作用。     

小剂量纳洛酮在术后吗啡静脉自控镇痛中的应用

目的研究在术后吗啡静脉自控镇痛(PCA)中加用小剂量纳洛酮对镇痛效果、吗啡用药量及其副作用的影响.方法将59例术后中度以上疼痛的患者随机分为吗啡组和纳洛酮组接受术后静脉PCA治疗.吗啡组为150ml盐水中加入60 mg吗啡(PCA剂量为吗啡1 mg),纳洛酮组为在吗啡组的基础上加入6 μg/kg纳洛酮.记录启动PCA泵后0、2、4、6、8、12、24 h患者的血压、心率、呼吸等生命体征、视觉模拟评分(VAS)、吗啡的消耗量及恶心、呕吐等副作用.结果在启动PCA泵2 h时,吗啡组和纳洛酮组的VAS评分差异无显著性(P＞0.05).但4、6、8 h后安静时吗啡组VAS评分分别为(43.6±5.4)、(38.2±4.6)、(42.3±4.8)mm,纳洛酮组为(37.6±6.0)、(31.8±5.4)、(33.2±6.3)mm;活动时吗啡组VAS为(51.6±6.0)、(42.8±5.6)、(48.3±4.9)mm,纳洛酮组为(49.6±5.8)、(37.2±6.0)、(42.1±5.3)mm,两组VAS在安静和活动时差异均有显著性(P＜0.05).两组24 h吗啡总用药量纳洛酮组(36.6±13.5)mg较吗啡组(43.7±14.6)mg显著减少(P＜0.05);恶心、呕吐在4、8 h时纳洛酮组的发生率较吗啡组低(P＜0.05),头晕、瘙痒及呼吸频率、指脉搏血氧饱和度、术后排气时间、镇静评分两组间差异均无显著性(P＞0.05).结论在术后吗啡PCA治疗药液中加入小剂量纳洛酮可增加吗啡术后镇痛效果,减少吗啡消耗量,降低恶心、呕吐的发生率.     

曲马多和吗啡用于术后PCIA的观察与比较

目的通过对开胸术后剧痛病人行曲马多病人自控镇痛(patient controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA)并与吗啡PCIA比较,评定曲马多对病人镇痛程度和恶心、呕吐等不良反应的发生率以及在呼吸系统和心血管系统方面的安全性.方法择期开胸手术病人60例随机分为曲马多组和吗啡组,每组30例,两组病人全麻诱导术中麻醉维持用药相同,术毕清醒拔管后与外周输液静脉连接PCA泵.镇痛治疗时间48h.PCIA选择负荷剂量 维持剂量 PCIA给药模式.术后4,8,12,24和48h随访并记录BP,P,R及药物用量、疼痛评分、恶心呕吐、皮肤骚痒等情况.结果两组镇痛效果无显著性差异;曲马多组不良反应低于吗啡组.结论曲马多用于术后PCIA与传统的吗啡相比:镇痛效果较好,曲马多用于术后PCIA是一种有效、安全的方法.     

硫酸吗啡控释片治疗晚期癌症疼痛的临床疗效分析

【目的】观察硫酸吗啡控释片对晚期癌症患者中度疼痛的临床疗效及其安全性研究。【方法】选取64例男性中度癌痛患者,口服美施康定片（每片含盐酸硫酸吗啡15mg）止疼治疗,初始剂量每12h为15mg,根据患者的疼痛情况调整用药剂量,直至患者无痛或基本无痛,连续治疗14d,治疗期间进行疼痛强度、生活质量的评分及不良反应的观察并记录结果。【结果】口服美施康定片（以每片含15mg硫酸吗啡计算）的最终滴定剂量为：≤30mg／d的30例（46．87％）,31—45mg／d的22例（34．38％）,46～60mg／cl的8例（12．50％）,61～75mg／d的2例（3．13％）,≥75mg／d的2例（3．13％）,总疼痛有效率96．87％。有轻度头痛、头晕、嗜睡、恶心、呕吐、便秘及皮肤瘙痒等不良反应,但发生率较低。【结论】硫酸吗啡控释片片控制中度癌性疼痛效果显著,不良反应较轻,能很好的改善患者的生活质量。     

硫酸吗啡控释片口服与直肠给药控制癌性疼痛的临床观察

目的采用交叉设计法观察硫酸吗啡控释片口服给药和直肠给药对中、重度癌性疼痛的止痛效果及不良反应。方法将78例中、重度癌性疼痛的患者随机分为A组(39例)、B组(39例)。A组硫酸吗啡控释片先口服给药后再直肠给药,B组先直肠给药后再口服给药,各用5d,重度疼痛者剂量为30mg/12h,中度疼痛者剂量为10mg/12h。结果口服给药总有效率为88.5%,直肠给药总有效率为91.0%,组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。口服给药与直肠给药的不良反应临床表现相同,未见呼吸抑制、成瘾性等严重的不良反应。口服给药不良反应(恶心、呕吐,腹胀、便秘,排尿困难,嗜睡等)总发生率为38.5%,直肠给药总发生率为25.6%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论硫酸吗啡控释片直肠给药的止痛疗效与口服给药相同,不良反应少于口服给药。     

Patient-controlled transdermal fentanyl hydrochloride vs intravenous morphine pump for postoperative pain: a randomized controlled trial

Context  Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with morphine is commonly used to provide acute postoperative pain control after major surgery. The fentanyl hydrochloride patient-controlled transdermal system eliminates the need for venous access and complicated programming of pumps. Objective  To assess the efficacy and safety of an investigational patient-controlled iontophoretic transdermal system using fentanyl hydrochloride compared with a standard intravenous morphine patient-controlled pump. Design, Setting, and Patients  Prospective randomized controlled parallel-group trial conducted between September 2000 and March 2001 at 33 North American hospitals, enrolling 636 adult patients who had just undergone major surgery. Interventions  In surgical recovery rooms, patients were randomly assigned to intravenous morphine (1-mg bolus every 5 minutes; maximum of 10 mg/h) by a patient-controlled analgesia pump (n = 320) or iontophoretic fentanyl hydrochloride (40-µg infusion over 10 minutes) by a patient-controlled transdermal system (n = 316). Supplemental analgesia (morphine or fentanyl intravenous boluses) was administered as needed before and for the first 3 hours after activation of the PCA treatments. Patients then used the PCA treatments without additional analgesics for up to 72 hours. Main Outcome Measures  The primary efficacy variable was patient global assessment of the method of pain control during the first 24 hours. Additional efficacy measures were the proportion of patients discontinuing the study because of inadequate analgesia for any reason, patient-reported pain intensity scores on a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS), and patient global assessments at 48 and 72 hours. Adverse effects were also recorded. Results  Ratings of good or excellent after 24 hours of treatment for the method of pain control were given by 73.7% of patients (233/316) who used transdermal fentanyl PCA and 76.9% of patients (246/320) who used intravenous morphine PCA; treatment difference was –3.2% (95% confidence interval, –9.9% to 3.5%; P = .36). Early patient discontinuations (25.9% fentanyl vs 25.0% morphine; P = .78) and last pain intensity scores (32.7 fentanyl vs 31.1 morphine on the VAS; P = .45) were not different between the 2 treatments. With continued treatment for up to 48 or 72 hours, more than 80% of patient assessments in each treatment group were good or excellent. The incidence of opioid-related adverse events was similar between the groups. Conclusion  An investigational PCA transdermal system using iontophoresis to deliver fentanyl provided postsurgical pain control equivalent to that of a standard intravenous morphine regimen delivered by a PCA pump.      

Epidural morphine decreases postoperative hypertension by attenuating sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity

Twenty-four adults who were undergoing operations on the abdominal aorta were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in which epidural morphine sulfate (6 mg) was employed to attenuate the sympathoadrenal response to surgery to evaluate the possible contribution of sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity to postoperative hypertension. Patients who received epidural morphine required less parenteral morphine in the 24 hours following surgery, had lower analogue pain scores, and had markedly lower plasma norepinephrine levels when compared with patients in the control group who received an identical volume of saline in the epidural space. Epidural morphine had no effect on plasma epinephrine or arginine vasopressin levels. Fewer patients in the morphine group (4 of 12 vs 9 of 12 patients in the saline group) required treatment for hypertension (mean arterial blood pressure, greater than or equal to 110 mm Hg) in the 24 hours following surgery. In addition, patients in the morphine group had lower blood pressures in the 24 hours following surgery. These data suggest that sympathetic nervous system activity and not adrenal epinephrine or pituitary secretion of arginine vasopressin is responsible for the development of hypertension following aortic surgery. Furthermore, epidural narcotics appear to provide a means of attenuating this response.     

癌痛患者吗啡静脉注射的临床研究和护理对策

目的探讨为癌痛患者进行静脉注射吗啡注射液的护理安全性。方法以NCCN癌痛治疗指南为指导,通过对医务人员镇痛教育、患者镇痛理念教育、医患治疗过程中协作等措施,完善一套有地区特色的癌痛患者管理规范的方法。在实施吗啡静脉注射的过程中密切监测患者生命体征变化,严格遵守用药原则,动态观察疼痛评分,使用疼痛护理记录单及时记录疼痛情况,建立癌痛病历跟踪评价实施效果。结果中重度癌症疼痛的患者在短时间内疼痛能得到有效的控制,治疗达到良好的效果,各项措施的实施取得了明显的成效,静脉注射安全有效,缓解疼痛有效率为100%。结论通过规范化的护理措施,确保癌痛患者进行吗啡静脉注射的有效、安全,使重度癌症疼痛的患者在短时间内疼痛能得到有效的控制,有效提高患者的生活质量及患者的治疗依从性,改善患者消极心理,增强了患者的治疗信心,为我市癌痛治疗规范化管理推广做出贡献。     

依托考昔片对全膝关节置换术后患者早期镇痛与提高活动度的效果分析

目的：评价单膝人工关节置换术后在连续硬膜外注射吗啡加术后静点帕瑞昔布钠基础上使用口服依托考昔片对患者早期镇痛及活动度提高的效果,探索较为有效、规范的围手术期镇痛方案。方法66例全膝关节置换术后患者随机分为观察组与对照组。两组术后均使用连硬外注射吗啡与术后48 h 内静点帕瑞昔布钠,观察组在此基础上使用口服依托考昔片,对照组不使用口服镇痛药物。记录并比较术后24、48、72 h 静息和活动时VAS 评分,以及术后第2、3天膝关节最大活动度。结果观察组与对照组术后24、48 h 静息 VAS 评分差异无统计学意义（P ＞0．05）,观察组术后72 h 静息 VAS 评分及术后24、48、72 h 活动时 VAS 评分均低于对照组（P ＜0．05）;观察组术后第2、3天膝关节活动度优于对照组（P ＜0．05）。结论在硬膜外和静脉镇痛方式基础上使用口服依托考昔片可有效缓解全膝关节置换术后患者早期疼痛,同时可提高膝关节活动度,从而有效提升患者术后康复效果。     

吗啡复合氟哌利多颈部硬膜外超前镇痛用于全喉切除患者

目的　观察颈部硬膜外预先注射吗啡、氟哌利多对全喉切除患者术后的镇痛效果及安全性。方法　择期行全喉切除术的男性喉癌患者 4 0例 ,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级 ,随机分为超前镇痛组 (P组 )和对照组 (C组 ) ,每组 2 0例。P组患者在术前硬膜外隙注入吗啡 2mg、氟哌利多 5mg ,用生理盐水稀释到容量为 6ml。C组只注射生理盐水 6ml。观察并记录术前及术后 1、2、8、12、2 4h各时间点的镇痛评分 (VAS)、镇静评分、平均动脉压 (MAP)、脉搏 (P)、呼吸频率 (RR)、脉搏血氧饱和度 (SpO2 )及不良反应。结果　P组患者术后 2 4h内VAS评分明显低于C组 (P <0 .0 1) ;P组MAP、P、RR、SpO2 术后变化不明显 ,与C组相比无明显差异。结论　颈部硬膜外吗啡复合氟哌利多超前镇痛用于全喉切除术 ,镇痛效果确切 ,且对生命体征无明显影响     

经口与经直肠硫酸吗啡控释片治疗癌痛的对比观察

目的比较硫酸吗啡控释片口服和直肠给药对中、重度癌性疼痛的疗效和不良反应。方法中、重度癌痛患者86例随机分为A组（46例）和B组（40例）,分别口服或直肠应用硫酸吗啡控释片治疗癌性疼痛。结果A组和B组的疼痛缓解率（84.8%,39/46例对82.5%,33/40例）和不良反应发生率（34.8%,16/46例对45.0%,18/40例）的差异无统计学意义。结论经直肠应用硫酸吗啡控释片控制癌性疼痛与经口给药一样安全、有效。     

双柏散外敷治疗血循毒蛇伤患者伤肢的疗效观察及护理体会

【目的】比较常规治疗与加用双柏散外敷治疗血循毒蛇伤患者伤肢的疗效。【方法】将100例血循毒蛇咬伤患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各50例。对照组采用常规治疗方法(包括双氧水反复冲洗伤口,扩大创口、放血排毒,糜蛋白酶局部封闭,硫酸镁湿敷患肢,注射抗蛇毒血清、抗破伤风抗毒素、抗生素、速尿、能量合剂等全身综合用药),治疗组在常规治疗的基础上加用双柏散外敷伤肢治疗。2组患者同时均给予包括心理护理、伤口护理、饮食护理、通便问题护理及功能护理等综合护理措施。比较2组患者伤肢的肿胀消退时间及疼痛程度的模拟评分(VAS)情况。【结果】(1)治疗后,治疗组患者伤肢的肿胀消退时间均短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)治疗4 d后及疗程结束后,2组患者VAS值均较治疗前明显降低(P0.05),且在治疗4 d后治疗组的降低作用优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。【结论】常规治疗方法加用双柏散外敷可显著缩短伤肢肿胀消退时间和有效缓解疼痛程度,是治疗血循毒蛇伤的有效方法。     

氯胺酮与吗啡配伍用于硬膜外术后镇痛

目的探讨氟胺酮与吗啡用于硬膜外术后镇痛的临床效果与不良反应。方法ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级90例择期妇科手术患者,随机分为A、B与C3组,每组30例,均采用腰麻一硬膜外联合阻滞。腰麻用药为0．5％重比重布比卡因10mg,然后硬膜外腔置管。A组于腰麻液中加入吗啡0．25mg,B组于硬膜外腔注入吗啡2mg,C组则于硬膜外腔注入吗啡2mg加氟胺酮1．2mg／kg。术后行视觉模拟评分（VAS）,Ramsay镇静评分,BCS（bruggrmann comfortscale）舒适评分,并观察不良反应发生情况。结果C组与A组术后VAS评分均明显低于B组（P〈0．01、P〈0．05）,差异有统计学意义。Ramsay评分和BCS评分两组明显高于B组（P〈0．01、P〈0．05）,差异有统计学意义。A组术后不良反应发生率比其他两组明显增加（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。而A组与C组相比较,两组术后VAS评分、Ramsay评分和BCS评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论硬膜外吗啡联用氯胺酮术后镇痛与蛛网膜下腔吗啡镇痛均有镇痛效果确切、持续时间长、术后镇静满意、患者感觉良好的优点,但硬膜外吗啡联用氯胺酮术后镇痛不良反应发生率明显低于蛛网膜下腔吗啡术后镇痛组,是一种更为切实可行的方法。     

小剂量氯胺酮辅助吗啡静脉自控镇痛用于妇科开腹患者术后的临床研究

目的探讨小剂量氯胺酮辅助吗啡静脉自控镇痛在妇科开腹手术术后中的临床效果及不良作用。方法将90例在硬膜外麻醉下接受全子宫切除术的患者随机分成三组：I组接受吗啡0．02mg／kg,U组接受吗啡0．15mg／kg＋氯胺酮0．04mg／kg,m组接受吗啡0．15mg／kg＋氯胺酮0．06mg／kg静脉术后镇痛治疗。并于术后6、12、24、36、48h记录疼痛评分、镇静评分和发生的不良反应（恶心、呕吐及瘙痒等）。结果Ⅲ组的疼痛评分在各时间点均明显低于I组和Ⅱ组（P〈0．05）,而Ⅱ组和I组之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。三组之间的镇静评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。I组中恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒明显高于Ⅲ和Ⅱ组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论在妇科开腹手术术后小剂量氯胺酮（0．06mg／kg）辅助吗啡静脉自控镇痛能够增强吗啡的镇痛作用,减少吗啡的用量,并能够减少其不良反应。     

针刀治疗椎体成形术后残留腰背痛34例

目的 观察针刀治疗椎体成形术后残留腰背痛的临床疗效。方法 将68例椎体成形术后残留腰背痛患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组34例,对照组使用口服抗骨质疏松药物及针灸治疗,治疗组给予抗骨质疏松药物及针刀治疗,记录患者针刀治疗前、治疗后3 d、治疗后1个月、治疗后6个月视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale,VAS）评分及Oswestry残损指数（oswestry disability index,ODI）评分,观察患者不良反应发生情况。结果 两组患者治疗前VAS和ODI评分比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,具有可比性;两组患者治疗后各个时点VAS评分均低于治疗前,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;治疗组治疗后各时点VAS和ODI评分均显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。术后两组患者均未发现晕针、断针、术口感染及神经根或马尾神经损伤等并发症。结论 针刀治疗可以有效提高椎体成形术后残留腰背痛的治疗效果。     

Use of the Brompton mixture in treating the chronic pain of malignant disease.

Physical, psychological, financial, interpersonal and spiritual factors all modify the appreciation of chronic pain. The Brompton mixture is a highly effective, flexible, safe and convenient means of controlling the chronic pain of malignant disease. The mixture is a solution containing morphine; the dose of narcotic can be varied with the need for analgesia. It is given regularly, usually every 4 hours, with a phenothiazine, the main aims of therapy being prevention of pain rather than treatment, an unclouded sensorium and a normal affect.