两阶段腭咽成形术治疗大龄腭裂患者效果观察

目的探讨两阶段腭咽成形术治疗大龄腭裂患者的效果。方法选取2017-10—2018-07间郑州人民医院收治的90例大龄腭裂患者,根据治疗方案不同分为2组,各45例。对照组采用腭帆提肌重建术,观察组采用腭帆提肌重建术联合咽成形术。比较2组腭咽功能(腭咽闭合、腭咽闭合不全)及鼻腔共鸣、鼻漏气和语音清晰度。结果观察组腭咽闭合率高于对照组,鼻腔共鸣、鼻漏气可闻及率低于对照组,语音清晰度高于对照组。差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论两阶段腭咽成形术治疗大龄腭裂患者,可提高腭咽功能,改善语音效果。     

Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建术联合腭咽肌瓣咽成形术修复大龄患者腭裂的临床研究

目的:探讨Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建术联合腭咽肌瓣咽成形术修复大龄患者腭裂的临床疗效,并观察术后对腭咽功能及语音效果的影响。方法:选择2013年5月-2017年8月在口腔颌面外科就诊的58例大龄腭裂患者为研究对象。实验组:31例,男18例,女13例,年龄(15.3±6.4)岁,均在全麻下行Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建联合腭咽肌瓣咽成形术修复;对照组:27例,其中男16例,女11例,年龄(17.7±7.5)岁,全麻下行Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建术修复。术后随诊6～36个月,采用头颅侧位X线片及鼻咽纤维镜检测腭咽功能,主观语音评估鼻腔共鸣、鼻漏气、语音清晰度。结果:所有患者创口愈合良好,实验组20例获得腭咽闭合,腭咽闭合率61.3%;对照组7例获得腭咽闭合,腭咽闭合率24.4%,两者之间比较有统计学差异(P0.05)。实验组鼻腔共鸣、鼻漏气、语音清晰度症状改善程度优于对照组(P0.05)。结论:Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建术联合腭咽肌瓣咽成形术同期修复大龄腭裂可提高术后的腭咽功能,改善语音效果。     

腭咽闭合功能相关因素的Logistic回归分析

目的:探讨影响初期腭裂修复术后腭咽闭合功能的相关因素。方法:对143例非综合征性腭裂术后患者进行回顾性研究,对可能影响腭咽功能的因素如性别、手术年龄、手术方法、腭裂类型等通过SPSS软件进行单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析。结果:单因素分析发现性别与腭裂术后腭咽功能并无相关性(P>0.1)。多因素Logistic分析表明:手术年龄大于2岁后腭咽闭合不全的风险性增加(OR=2.69,P<0.05);腭帆提肌重建术相对于VonLangenbeck法术后腭咽闭合不全率降低(OR=0.22,P<0.05);单侧完全性腭裂(UCCLP)和软腭裂(SCP)患者术后腭咽闭合率分别高于双侧完全性腭裂(BCCLP)和硬软腭裂(HSCP)患者(P<0.05)。结论:手术年龄、腭裂类型以及腭裂修复方法是影响初期腭裂术后腭咽功能的主要因素。手术年龄适当提前、采用功能性腭帆提肌重建修复方法有助于提高腭咽闭合率。     

两种术式对大龄腭裂患儿术后瘘发生率及语音清晰度改善的影响

目的探讨腭帆单纯提肌重建以及腭帆提肌重建联合带蒂颊脂垫瓣和咽后壁瓣两种术式,对大龄腭裂患儿术后瘘发生率及语音清晰度的影响。方法 60例大龄腭裂患儿(4~9岁),随机分为2组,分别予以单纯腭帆提肌重建(A组)及腭帆提肌重建联合颊脂垫瓣和咽后壁瓣修复(B组),观察并比较术后腭瘘的发生率及语音清晰度情况。结果术后A组瘘发生率明显高于B组(P<0.05);两组术后语音清晰度均较术前提高(P<0.05),且B组优于A组(P<0.05);腭部瘢痕情况B组优于A组(P<0.05)。结论对于大龄腭裂患儿,腭帆提肌重建联合咽后壁瓣及带蒂颊脂垫瓣的术式有效降低了腭瘘的发生率,可获得更好的语音清晰度,并可避免裸露骨面,减少腭部瘢痕形成及对上颌骨生长发育的影响,是一种值得推荐的功能性腭裂修复术式。     

后推、减张、缩咽综合手术修复腭裂

为修复腭裂畸形1992年1月以来,应用硬腭粘膜瓣后推,软腭鼻腔粘膜 Z 成形术,腭帆提肌吊带重建,颊肌粘膜瓣移转修复硬腭裂隙及腭部创面,选择性地施行去神经的(足母)短伸肌游离移植行腭咽环扎等综合手术,修复20例腭裂及腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全患者,效果满意。     

猴腭咽闭合运动模式实验模型的建立

目的：本文鉴于目前缺乏腭咽闭合运动模式的动物模型,利用和人类腭咽结构相似的成年雄性猕猴建立人工电刺激诱导软腭肌肉发生腭咽闭合运动模式的实验模型,为临床优化治疗相关疾病提供依据。方法：对活体成年猕猴软腭部位肌肉的进行手术解剖,准确定位腭帆提肌、腭帆张肌、咽腭肌、舌腭肌,埋植针式电极进行有效刺激,利用鼻咽纤维镜观察软腭肌肉的运动情况。结果：利用针电极刺激猕猴软腭肌肉能诱发有效的肌肉收缩,达到腭咽闭合状态,确定了有效的刺激参数。在刺激电压为3V时,软腭发生收缩;刺激电压为5V时,发生腭咽闭合。结论：针式电极刺激猕猴软腭肌肉能够发生有效收缩,利用猕猴建立的腭咽闭合动物模型可靠。     

改良兰式法同期腭咽肌瓣转移修复大龄腭裂患者的临床研究

目的:探讨改良兰式法同期腭咽肌瓣咽成形术治疗大龄腭裂患者的临床效果,为改善和提高大龄腭裂患者术后的腭咽闭合率及语音清晰度提供更多的临床参考。方法:对33例非综合征大龄腭裂患者行改良兰式法同期腭咽肌瓣咽成形术,术后6～12个月进行随访,对其腭咽闭合率及语音清晰度进行评估。结果:所有患者均达到临床I期愈合,其中14例达到腭咽闭合完全(velopharynegeal competence,VPC),4例达到边缘性腭咽闭合,15例腭咽闭合不全率(rate of velopharyngeal incompetence,RVPI)明显改善,术后语音清晰度均有提高。结论:改良兰式法同期腭咽肌瓣咽成形术具有创伤小、时间短、并发症较少、术后效果稳定可靠,可作为大龄腭裂患者的一种常规术式选择。     

改良兰式法同期腭咽肌瓣转移修复大龄腭裂患者的临床研究

目的:探讨改良兰式法同期腭咽肌瓣咽成形术治疗大龄腭裂患者的临床效果,为改善和提高大龄腭裂患者术后的腭咽闭合率及语音清晰度提供更多的临床参考。方法:对33例非综合征大龄腭裂患者行改良兰式法同期腭咽肌瓣咽成形术,术后6～12个月进行随访,对其腭咽闭合率及语音清晰度进行评估。结果:所有患者均达到临床I期愈合,其中14例达到腭咽闭合完全(velopharynegeal competence,VPC),4例达到边缘性腭咽闭合,15例腭咽闭合不全率(rate of velopharyngeal incompetence,RVPI)明显改善,术后语音清晰度均有提高。结论:改良兰式法同期腭咽肌瓣咽成形术具有创伤小、时间短、并发症较少、术后效果稳定可靠,可作为大龄腭裂患者的一种常规术式选择。     

后推、减张、缩咽综合手术修复腭裂

为修复腭裂畸形１９９２年１月以来，应用硬腭粘膜瓣后推，软腭鼻腔粘膜Ｚ成形术，腭帆提肌吊带重建，颊肌粘膜瓣移转修复硬腭裂隙及腭部创面，选择性地施行去神经的　短伸肌游离移植行腭咽环扎等综合手术，修复２０例腭裂及腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全患者，效果满意。     

腭后推上提和颊肌黏膜瓣修复10岁以上患者过宽腭裂

目的 探索修复10岁以上患者过宽腭裂畸形的手术方法.方法 通过腭后推、上提、腭大孔凿开、腭骨水平板凿断、双侧软腭后推、宋儒耀软腭上提术,结合一侧带蒂颊肌黏膜瓣转移修复过宽腭裂畸形.结果 2002年以来,运用该方法治疗13例10～25岁的腭裂患者,术后颊肌黏膜瓣完全成活,双侧软腭与咽后壁上提的组织瓣愈合良好,软、硬腭同时得到延长,腭咽闭合不全获得充分矫正,语音有明显改善,无腭瘘发生.结论 该方法具有无张力关闭过宽裂隙,软腭延长效果显著、持久,腭咽闭合效果良好,语音改善较明显的优点,尤其适合修复10岁以上患者过宽腭裂畸形.     

Unilateral absence of levator veli palatini muscle: an extraordinary presentation in cleft palate

Levator veli palatini (LVP) is the “key” muscle for velar elevation and speech. All cleft palate repair procedures emphasize on the correction of abnormally positioned levator palatini muscle. We encountered a case of unilateral absence of LVP muscle while operating for cleft palate in a non-syndromic 12-year-old male child. The velar space was in turn occupied by dense connective tissue. We also noticed a hypoplastic tendon of the tensor veli palatine (TVP) on the same side. Palatal repair was done in layers but the LVP “sling” could not be reconstructed. The 2-month-postoperative magnetic resonance imaging scan revealed absence of the velar portion of the LVP muscle and hypoplasia of extravelar portion of LVP and TVP muscles on the same side. Speech evaluation and fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy performed after 3 months of palatoplasty verified the presence of velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI). Superiorly based pharyngeal flap pharyngoplasty was performed to correct VPI. Presently, the child is on speech therapy and the results are encouraging. A thorough search on PubMed and Google on the unilateral absence of LVP muscle in an incomplete cleft palate did not show any similar case report or reference. A somewhat similar and rare clinical condition is unilateral velopharyngeal hypoplasia or hemipalatal hypoplasia. Level of Evidence: Level V, diagnostic study     

The effect of cleft palate repair on contractile properties of single permeabilized muscle fibers from congenitally cleft goat palates

Inherent differences in the levator veli palatini (LVP) muscle of cleft palates before palatoplasty may play a role in persistent postrepair velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI). Contractile properties of LVP muscle fibers were analyzed from young (2-month) normal (YNP), young congenitally cleft (YCP) and again on the same YCP subjects 6 months after palatoplasty, mature repaired palate (MRP). The cross-sectional area and rate of force development (ktr) were measured. Specific force (sF(0)) and normalized power (nP(max)) were calculated. Using k(tr) to determine fiber type composition, YNP was 44% type 1 and 56% type 2, while YCP was 100% type 2. Two MRP subjects shifted to 100% type 1; 1 demonstrated increased resistance to fatigue. No differences in sF(0) were observed. nP(max) increased with presence of type 2 fibers. The persistent state of type 2 fibers following palatoplasty leads to increased fatigue in the LVP of MRP subjects and may cause VPI symptoms.     

A modified procedure for velopharyngeal sphincteroplasty in primary cleft palate repair and secondary velopharyngeal incompetence treatment and its preliminary results.

During cleft repair, velopharyngeal sphincter reconstruction is still a challenge to plastic surgeons. To improve the surgical treatment for cleft palate and secondary velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI), a carefully designed modified procedure for primary palatoplasty and secondary VPI was presented. Fifty-six patients (48 for primary cleft palate repair and eight for secondary VPI of previously repaired clefts) underwent this procedure from 1988 to 2001. The modified procedure is a combination of the tunnelled palatopharyngeus myomucosal flap for dynamic circular reconstruction of the pharyngeal element of the velopharyngeal sphincter and the double-reversing Z-plasty with levator velo palatini muscles reposition in the velar element of the sphincter. The satisfactory velopharyngeal competence (complete velopharyngeal closure and marginal velopharyngeal closure) was achieved in 23 of 25 patients with primary cleft palate repair examined by nasendoscopy and the nasality, speech articulation and intelligibility are also assessed in 25 primary cleft palate repaired patients with 92% satisfactory result (normal speech and speech with mild VPI) in single word test and 88% in continuous speech evaluation. Based on our experience, we believe that this modified procedure is a reasonable choice for primary cleft repair and secondary VPI treatment because it is in accord with normal physiology and anatomy of the velopharyngeal sphincter, can lengthen the soft palate, decrease the enlarged velopharynx, augment the posterior pharyngeal wall, and enhance the relationship between the muscles of velopharyngeal sphincter which results in a dynamic neo-sphincter in palatopharyngoplasty. Further study of the procedure is needed. The theoretical basis, operative highlights, velopharyngeal function, advantages and disadvantages of the modified procedure were discussed.     

Primary palatoplasty

Clefts of the secondary palate, either isolated or accompanying a cleft lip, are characterized by a defect in the palate of varying extent and by abnormal insertion of the levator veli palatini muscles. Repair of the palate should be carried out in one stage, shortly before or after 1 year of age, and should include intravelar veloplasty. The technique of von Langenbeck palatoplasty with intravelar veloplasty has been described. This technique should provide velopharyngeal competency in 80 to 90 per cent of patients with clefts of the secondary palate.     

Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建联合带蒂颊脂垫瓣在完全性腭裂修复中的应用

目的 探讨一种对上颌骨发育影响较小,且能有效降低腭瘘发生率的功能性腭裂修补术。方法 自2013年起,采用Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建联合带蒂颊脂垫瓣修补38例腭裂患者。结果 所有患者均一期愈合,均无腭瘘发生。术后随访1~2年,患者语音清晰度满意。结论 Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建联合带蒂颊脂垫瓣,可有效降低腭瘘的发生率,远期腭咽闭合良好,避免了裸露骨面对上颌骨生长发育的影响,是一种值得推荐的功能性腭裂修复术。     

兰氏和双反Z法腭裂修复术后患儿语音清晰度对比

目的比较兰氏和双反Z法腭裂修复术后患儿的语音清晰度,寻找重建腭咽闭合的最佳手术方法。方法选取2009年至2013年在我院口腔颌面外科就诊的先天性软腭裂患儿69例,其中行双反Z法腭裂修复术35例(双反Z法组),行兰氏法腭裂修复术34例(兰氏法组)。患儿3.5岁后随访,由3名语音师进行单盲性审听,比较两组患儿术后语音清晰度。结果语音测评结果显示,双反Z法组患儿术后患者语音清晰度平均达到88.72%±6.05%,明显高于兰氏法组的71.31%±3.46%,语音改善明显。结论双反Z法能够充分缩小咽腔、延长软腭,重建软腭肌肉结构,更有利于恢复良好的腭咽闭合功能。     

应用岛状颊肌粘膜瓣修复腭裂初步报告

目的：介绍应用岛状颊肌粘膜瓣修复腭裂的临床实践。方法：应用裂缘葶粘骨膜瓣闭合硬腭裂隙的鼻腔侧、软腭后推、软腭鼻侧粘膜Z成形术延长、腭帆提肌吊带重建,再以蒂在后的血管神经蒂岛状颊肌粘膜瓣修复软腭后推后在腭部遗留的横行创面和硬腭裂隙的口腔侧创面。结果：1997年以来共治疗12例,术后岛状颊肌粘膜瓣完全成活,软腭延长显著,无腭瘘形成,无血肿、感染、肋腺导管和面神经损伤及开口功能障碍等并发症发生。结论：岛状颊肌粘膜瓣血运好,易成活;术后早期不需配戴牙垫,不影响恒磨牙的萌出,不干扰咬合,无埯断蒂,不破坏翼下颌皱襞形态和结构,供区易于缝合,感觉功能好。     

The management of velopharyngeal insufficiency with Furlow double-opposing Z-plasty procedure

The aim of the study was an evaluation of Furlow’s method in correction of velopharyngeal insufficiency. A prospective study was conducted by a speech pathologist and a plastic surgeon. Rating of hypernasality and speech intelligibility were completed prior to and after surgical intervention. Nasometric measurements were also performed before and after surgical intervention. From May 2003 through September 2006, the first author performed 44 Furlow surgeries for the treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency in patients with cleft palate. Patients with short, repaired cleft palates but with preserved normal function of pharyngeal sphincter qualified for the operation. The surgery was performed using double-opposing Z-plasty. The method was used in 24 males and 20 females aged from 6 to 25 years (mean age, 12 years). One patient (2%) developed wound dehiscence, and two further patients (4.5%) developed maceration of the wound margins, which delayed the healing process by only several days. Very good, good, or moderate results were obtained in 41 patients (91%). Poor outcome of treatment—excessive hypernasality or poor speech quality after the operation—was still present in four patients (9%). In our opinion, Furlow’s method is a very useful treatment method in patients with velopharyngeal insufficiency especially with sagittal orientation of levator veli palatini muscles.